New Syllabus Mathematics Workbook 1 5.

Fundamental Algebra

Chapter 5: Fundamental Algebra

---Summary--------------------------------------------

1. In algebra, we use symbols, e.g. 𝑎𝑎, 𝑥𝑥 2 and 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, to represent numbers and variables. We add or subtract
the like terms by adding or subtracting the coefficients, e.g. 2𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑎𝑎 = 7𝑎𝑎 and 7𝑏𝑏 − 3𝑏𝑏 = 4𝑏𝑏. We do
not add the coefficients of unlike terms, so adding 3𝑥𝑥 and 4𝑦𝑦 gives 3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦.

2. When an expression of arithmetic operations contains brackets, work with the expressions within the
brackets first. (If there are brackets within brackets, work with the innermost pair of brackets first.)

3. If an expression within brackets is multiplied by a number, each term within the brackets must be
multiplied by that number when the brackets are removed, e.g. 2(𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑏𝑏) = 2𝑎𝑎 + 6𝑏𝑏.

4. Factorization of algebraic expressions can be done by

(a) extracting common factors from all terms of the given expression,

(b) grouping terms in such a manner that the new terms obtained have a common factor.

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Practice Questions

Write an algebraic expression for each of the following.

1. Seven times x plus 3 times y.

2. Three x cubed plus two y squares.

3. Twice x² minus 4 times the cube root of y.

4. The cost of y apples which are sold at 3 for a dollar.

5. Nine times the product of x and 3h minus the quotient when k is divided by 2y.

6. The cube of the sum of x and y minus the square root of the sum of 5x and 3y.

If 𝑎𝑎 = 3, 𝑏𝑏 = 2 and 𝑐𝑐 = −1, find the value of each of the following.

7. 𝑎𝑎3 + 𝑏𝑏3 + 𝑐𝑐 3 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

8. (2𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐 )(4𝑏𝑏 − 3𝑐𝑐 )

9. (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏)2 − (𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐 )2

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𝑎𝑎+1 𝑏𝑏+𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐−𝑎𝑎

10. − +
2 4 3

11. 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎

12. 2𝑎𝑎 − 3𝑏𝑏2 + 3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 2

𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎−𝑐𝑐
13. −
𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏

𝑎𝑎²−𝑏𝑏² 𝑎𝑎³−𝑐𝑐
14. −
𝑐𝑐² 𝑐𝑐−3𝑏𝑏

15. Find the value of 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑦 3 when 𝑥𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦𝑦 = −1.

𝑥𝑥+1 2𝑥𝑥−1
16. Find the value of + when 𝑥𝑥 = −2.
𝑥𝑥−1 2𝑥𝑥+1

17. Find the value of (2𝑥𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥𝑥 + 3) when 𝑥𝑥 = −3.

Simplify the following expressions.

18. 5𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑎𝑎 − 6𝑎𝑎

19. 3𝑎𝑎 − (5𝑎𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑎)

20. 3𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏

21. 12𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑏𝑏 − 7𝑎𝑎 − 14𝑏𝑏 − 9𝑎𝑎

22. 5𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧

23. 2𝑝𝑝 − 5𝑞𝑞 + 7𝑟𝑟 − 4𝑝𝑝 + 2𝑞𝑞 − 3𝑟𝑟

24. 12𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 13𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

25. 7𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 4𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 6𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

26. 3𝑎𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑎𝑎2 − 7𝑎𝑎 + 4

27. 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥

1 3 1
28. 5𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
2 4 4

Simplify each of the following.

29. 3(𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦) − 2(3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) + 6(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)

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30. 2(3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) − 5[3(𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦) − 4(2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)]

31. 2𝑥𝑥 − 3{2(5𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) − 4[𝑥𝑥 − (7𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)]}

32. 5𝑝𝑝 + 3𝑞𝑞 − 4𝑟𝑟 − (6𝑞𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑝 + 𝑟𝑟)

1 1 1 1 1
33. 5𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑏𝑏 − 3𝑐𝑐 + �3 𝑎𝑎 + 2 𝑏𝑏 − 3 𝑐𝑐� − �2𝑎𝑎 − 1 𝑏𝑏 + 1 𝑐𝑐�
2 2 2 2 2

34. 𝑎𝑎 (5𝑎𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑎 − 3) − 𝑎𝑎2 (4𝑎𝑎 − 1) + 𝑎𝑎(1 − 2𝑎𝑎2 )

Simplify each of the following.

4 2
35. ÷
3𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏 9𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏2

5 3
36. 𝑥𝑥 2 ÷ 𝑥𝑥
6 4

37. 14𝑥𝑥 6 ÷ 2𝑥𝑥 2

2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 9𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 6 4𝑥𝑥 3

38. � � ÷� ÷� �
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 8 3𝑧𝑧

2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 15𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦

39. × ÷
3𝑧𝑧 4𝑦𝑦 8𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

9𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑦𝑦
40. � ÷
36𝑦𝑦 4 9𝑥𝑥 2

3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 4𝑥𝑥 2

41. � � ÷ ×� �
𝑧𝑧 5𝑧𝑧 15𝑦𝑦

Simplify the following algebraic fractions.

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥−4
42. + −
2 3 4

𝑥𝑥+𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥+5𝑦𝑦 5𝑥𝑥−4𝑦𝑦

43. − +
2 4 8

2𝑥𝑥−3𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥−6𝑦𝑦 5𝑥𝑥+6𝑦𝑦

44. − +
5 10 15

5𝑥𝑥−6𝑦𝑦 3𝑥𝑥−4𝑦𝑦 7𝑥𝑥+9𝑦𝑦

45. + −
7 14 21

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Find the sum of the following expressions.

46. 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐, 2𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐, 3𝑐𝑐 + 𝑎𝑎

47. 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2 − 𝑐𝑐 2 , 2𝑐𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑎𝑎2 , 5𝑎𝑎2 + 7𝑐𝑐 2

48. 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, 5𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 5𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 5𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

49. 5𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 7𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 4𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 4𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

1 1 1 1
50. 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦, 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 3 4 6

Subtract

51. 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 3 from 7𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 − 5.

52. 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑥 from 3𝑥𝑥(2𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 7).

53. 12𝑥𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 9 from 2𝑥𝑥(3𝑥𝑥 2 − 5).

54. 2𝑎𝑎(3𝑎𝑎2 − 5𝑎𝑎) + 5 from 6𝑎𝑎(2 − 3𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑎𝑎2 ) − 4(𝑎𝑎2 + 5).

55. Subtract 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 3 − 5 from the sum of (2𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 7) and (2𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥 3 + 4) .

56. Subtract the sum of (2𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 + 4) and (5𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 7) from the sum of (3𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 9) and
(15 − 4𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 3 .

Factorize each of the following.

57. 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥 + 3) + 2(𝑥𝑥 + 3)

58. 3𝑥𝑥(𝑦𝑦 − 2) − 4(𝑦𝑦 − 2)

59. 3𝑥𝑥(2𝑦𝑦 − 3) − 2(2𝑦𝑦 − 3)

60. 2𝑥𝑥(3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) − 5(3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)

61. 3𝑥𝑥(𝑝𝑝 + 5𝑞𝑞) − 5(5𝑞𝑞 + 𝑝𝑝)

62. 4ℎ(3𝑝𝑝 + 2𝑞𝑞) − 8(2𝑞𝑞 + 3𝑝𝑝)

63. 2ℎ(3𝑥𝑥 + 2) − 6𝑘𝑘(3𝑥𝑥 + 2)

64. (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)(𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑞𝑞) + (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)(𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑞𝑞)

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65. (3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)(3ℎ + 4𝑘𝑘) − (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)(3ℎ + 4𝑘𝑘)

66. 5𝑥𝑥(3𝑝𝑝 + 2𝑞𝑞 − 𝑟𝑟) − 10𝑦𝑦(3𝑝𝑝 + 2𝑞𝑞 − 𝑟𝑟)

Factorize each of the following. Where there are no factors, state so.

67. 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 10 + 5𝑥𝑥

68. 3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 6𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

69. 15𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 10𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 2𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

70. 3ℎ𝑥𝑥 + 7ℎ𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 14𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

71. 3𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 2𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 2𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

72. 8ℎ𝑣𝑣 − 9𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 12𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 6ℎ𝑢𝑢

=== End of Practice Questions ===

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ANSWERS

1. A 25. A 49. A

2. A 26. A 50. A

3. A 27. A 51. A

4. A 28. A 52. A

5. A 29. A 53. A

6. A 30. A 54. A

7. A 31. A 55. A

8. A 32. A 56. A

9. A 33. A 57. A

10. A 34. A 58. A

11. A 35. A 59. A

12. A 36. A 60. A

13. A 37. A 61. A

14. A 38. A 62. A

15. A 39. A 63. A

16. A 40. A 64. A

17. A 41. A 65. A

18. A 42. A 66. A

19. A 43. A 67. A

20. A 44. A 68. A

21. A 45. A 69. A

22. A 46. A 70. A

23. A 47. A 71. A

24. A 48. A 72. A

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