OSTP -2021

SETP BATCH -01

ASSIGNMENT -01

NAME: KUMAR AYUSH MAIL ID :

ayushkr2612@gmail.com
ISSUED ON : 16 / 08 / 2021 SUBMITTED ON : 25 /
08 / 2021

Introduction:-
A wastewater treatment plant is a facility in which a combination of various
processes (e.g., physical, chemical and biological) are used to treat industrial
wastewater and remove pollutants. Sewage treatment is a type of wastewater
treatment that aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent
that is suitable for discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse
application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges.

1.Define Wastewater? What do you mean by wastewater treatment

and its objective?

Wastewater is essentially the water after it has been fouled by a variety of uses-producing some
undesirable effects to the environment and thereby disturbing the natural dynamic equilibrium of any
ecosystem. Wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid (or water) carrying wastes removed
from residences, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments, together with such
groundwater, surface water, and stormwater as may be present.

In everyday usage, wastewater is commonly a synonym for:

 Sewage (also called domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater) is wastewater that is produced

by a community of people. It is typically transported through a sewer system (sewerage). Sewage
consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public
facilities that exist in the locality.

The generic term may also be used to describe water containing contaminants from other applications and
settings, including:

 Industrial wastewater, wastewater generated from a variety of industrial processes, such as

manufacturing operations, mineral extraction, power generation.

 Leachate, precipitation containing pollutants dissolved while percolating through ores, raw
materials, products, or solid waste

 Agricultural wastewater, generated from confined animal operations and surface runoff

o Return flow, carrying suspended soil, pesticide residues, or dissolved minerals and
nutrients from irrigated cropland

 Surface runoff, the flow of water occurring on the ground surface when

excess rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly
infiltrate the soil.
 o Urban runoff, which is surface runoff of rainwater created by urbanization

Wastewater treatment

It is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be
returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on
the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation). The treatment process takes
place in a wastewater treatment plant. Several kinds of wastewater are treated at the appropriate type of
wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater (also called municipal wastewater or sewage), the
treatment plant is called a sewage treatment plant (STP). For industrial wastewater, treatment either takes
place in a separate industrial wastewater treatment plant or a sewage treatment plant (usually after some
form of pre-treatment). Further types of wastewater treatment plants include agricultural wastewater
treatment plants and leachate treatment plants.

The objective of wastewater treatment: -

The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow sewage and industrial effluents to be
disposed of without danger to human health or damage to the environment. The objective of municipal
and industrial wastewater treatment is to extract pollutants, remove toxicants, neutralise coarse particles,
kill pathogens so that the quality of discharged water is improved to reach the permissible level of water
to be discharged into water bodies or for agricultural land. Treatment of water thus aims at reduction of
BOD, COD, eutrophication etc. of receiving water bodies and prevention of bio-magnification of toxic
substances in the food chain.

• To improve the quality of wastewater

• Elimination of pollutants and toxicants from wastewater
• Preservation of water quality of natural water resources
• To make wastewater usable for other purposes
• Prevention of harmful diseases
2.Briefly explain the need for wastewater treatment? What is
wastewater recycling?

Water treatment facilities are designed to speed up the natural process of purifying water. With billions of
people and even more wastewater, the natural process is overloaded. Without wastewater treatment, the
amount of wastewater would cause devastation, as it still does today in developing countries. Globally,
over 80 per cent of all wastewater is discharged without treatment.1 In the countries that do have water
treatment facilities, they use various methods to treat water with one common goal: purify water as much
as possible and send it back into the environment to keep humans and the Earth safe and thriving.

To summarize, we need a wastewater treatment plant because: -

• Untreated wastewater containing a large amount of organic matter, if discharged into a river or
stream, will deplete the dissolved oxygen of the stream, which may cause fish kills and other
undesirable effects leading to disturbed the natural ecological balance.
• The production of large quantities of malodorous gases from the decomposition of the organic
compounds presents.
• Wastewater may also contain nutrients, which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and
algal blooms, thus leading to eutrophication of the lakes and streams.
• Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic, or disease-causing microorganisms
and toxic compounds, that may severely affect the public as well as community health and also
many times it may spread epidemics like malaria, typhoid. Further, these may contaminate the
land or the water body, where such sewage is disposed of.

Wastewater recycling or water reclamation is the process of converting municipal wastewater

(sewage) or industrial wastewater into water that can be reused for a variety of purposes.

Types of reuses include: -

Urban reuse

Agricultural reuse (irrigation)

Environmental reuse
Industrial reuse

Planned potable reuse

De-facto wastewater reuse.

For example, reuse may include irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing surface water
and groundwater. Reused water may also be directed toward fulfilling certain needs in residences (toilet
flushing), businesses, and industry, and could even be treated to reach drinking water standards. Reusing
wastewater as part of sustainable water management allows water to remain as an alternative water source
for human activities. This can reduce scarcity and alleviate pressures on groundwater and other natural
water bodies.

3.Explain the terms: Biodegradability, Feed Flow, MLSS and

Retention Time.

Biodegradability - The capacity for biological degradation of organic materials by living organisms
down to the base substances such as water, carbon dioxide, methane, basic elements and biomass.
Conventional biological treatment of wastewater under aerobic conditions includes activated sludge
process (ASP) and trickling filters. The ASP consists of an aeration tank, where organic matter is
stabilized by the action of bacteria under aeration and a secondary sedimentation tank (SST), where the
biological cell mass is separated from the effluent of the aeration tank and the settled sludge is recycled
partly to the aeration tank and remaining is wasted.

Feed Flow – Sewage addition may be done at a single point at the inlet end of the tank or it may be at
several points along with the aeration tank. The sludge return is carried out from the underflow of the
settling tank to the aeration tank. The sludge wastage can be done from the return sludge line or from the
aeration tank itself. Sludge wasting from the aeration tank will have better control over the process,
however, higher sludge waste volume needs to be handled in this case due to lower concentration as
compared to when wasting is done from the underflow of SST. The compressed air may be applied
uniformly along the whole length of the tank or it may be tapered from the head of the aeration tank to its
end.
Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) - The concentration of suspended solids, in an aeration tank
during the activated sludge process, which occurs during the treatment of wastewater. Mixed liquor is a
combination of raw or unsettled wastewater or pre-settled wastewater and activated sludge within an
aeration tank. The total weight of MLSS within an aeration tank can be calculated by multiplying the
concentration of MLSS (Kg/m3) in the aeration tank by the tank volume (m3).

Retention Time or Solid Retention Time (SRT) or Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT) – The
performance of the ASP in terms of organic matter removal depends on the duration for which the
microbial mass is retained in the system. The retention of the sludge depends on the settling rate of the
sludge in the SST. If sludge settles well in the SST proper recirculation of the sludge in the aeration tank
is possible, this will help in maintaining the desired SRT in the system.

4. What do you mean by the F/M ratio? How does it relate to

incoming BOD and MLSS? Explain its significance concerning
BOD/COD removal.

The food/microorganism ratio, or F/M, is a measurement of the food entering the activated sludge
process and the microorganisms in the aeration tank(s). The F/M ratio is a process control number that
helps you to determine the proper number of microorganisms for your system. The F/M ratio is
responsible for the decomposition of organic matter. The type of activated sludge system can be defined
by its F/M ratio as below:

• Extended Aeration, 0.05<F/M<0.15

• Conventional activated sludge system, 0.2<F/M<0.4
• Completely mixed, 0.2<F/M<0.6
• High rate, 0.4<F/M<1.5

The F/M of an activated sludge process can be calculated by dividing the pounds of food as BOD applied
to the microorganisms or MLVSS present in one-line aeration tanks.

F/M = Pounds BOD to aeration tank/Pounds MLVSS in the aeration tank.

F/M = [BOD of wastewater (g/m 3)] [Influent flow rate (m3/d)] / [Reactor volume (m3)] [Reactor biomass
(g/m3)]

Significance – The F/M ratio is the main factor controlling BOD removal. Lower F/M values will give
higher BOD removal. The F/M can be varied by varying MLVSS concentrations in the aeration tank.

5. Characterize the following industry wastewater concerning

inorganic or organic sources: Cement, Electroplating, Food
Processing, Tannery and Textile. How does it relate to COD, BOD
value or ratio BOD/COD?
SL Industry Wastes Produced Source
No.
1. Cement Particulate matter (dust). Smoke. Inorganic (lime or calcium silicate-
based)
2. Electroplating Liquid wastes. Organic (copper is used)
3. Food Processing Liquid and solid wastes. Both organic and inorganic
4. Tannery Solid waste contains a high Organic – trivalent chromium and
concentration of ammonia, vegetable tannins extracted from
chromium, dye and another chemical specific tree barks Inorganic
solvent. - Systems
5. Textile Used oils and colouring agents. Organic – cotton, wool
Fabrics soaked in oils and grease. Inorganic – chemicals for
colouring

COD or Chemical Oxygen Demand is the total measurement of all chemicals (organic & inorganic) in
the water/wastewater.

BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that requires for the bacteria to degrade the organic
components present in water/wastewater.

The ratio of BOD/COD is about; COD is higher than that of BOD. Maximum up to 4 times in medium
scale industries but it varies based on the industrial process and nature of the raw materials used.