BUILDING SERVICES I

MODULE 2 – SEWERAGE SYSTEM.

SANITATION

SEWERAGE SYSTEM

“THE END OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

IS THE STARTING OF SANITATION”

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 2
DEFINITION:
SANITATION GENERALLY REFERS TO THE PROVISION
OF FACILITIES AND SERVICES FOR THE SAFE DISPOSAL OF
HUMAN EXCRETA. THE WORD 'SANITATION' ALSO REFERS
TO THE MAINTENANCE OF HYGIENIC CONDITIONS,
THROUGH SERVICES SUCH AS GARBAGE COLLECTION AND
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL.

SANITATION INCLUDES FOUR OF THESE ENGINEERING

INFRASTRUCTURE ITEMS:

EXCRETA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS FOR RAINWATER
(STORM-WATER DRAINAGE).

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 3
TERMINOLOGIES TO BE REMEMBERED:
1. BACTERIA :
AEROBIC : REQUIRE LIGHT AND OXYGEN FOR THEIR
EXISTENCE.
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA : DO NOT REQUIRE LIGHT AND
FREE OXYGEN FOR THEIR EXISTENCE.
2. INVERT : THE LOWERMOST LEVEL OF A SEWER IS KNOWN AS
ITS INVERT.
3. REFUSE: GARBAGE, STORM WATER, SEWAGE, SULLAGE ETC..
4. SEWER :THE UNDERGROUND CONDUITS OR DRAINS
THROUGH WHICH THE SEWAGE IS CONVEYED.
5. SEWERAGE : THE ENTIRE PROCESS OF COLLECTING AND
CARRYING SEWAGE BY WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEMS
THROUGH SEWERS IS KNOWN AS SEWERAGE.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 4
 SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SEWAGE SEWER SEWERAGE

SEWAGE : MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER (DOMESTIC SEWAGE, STORM

WATER, OR INFILTRATED GROUND WATER.

SEWERAGE : SYSTEM FOR THE COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE

OF THE MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER TO THE STP OR TO THE POINT
OF DISPOSAL.

 SEWER : CONDUIT CARRYING THE SEWAGE.

SANITARY SEWERS, STORM SEWERS, COMBINED SEWERS.
SANITARY SEWERS CARRY SEWAGE FROM RESIDENTIAL,
COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER, INFILTRATION
WATER ETC.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 5
CONVEYANCE OF SEWAGE:
THE DRAINAGE OF THE LOCALITY IS BROADLY DIVIDED
INTO TWO CATEGORIES:

1. PUBLIC DRAINAGE.
2. PRIVATE DRAINAGE.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 6
PRIVATE DRAINAGE : HOUSE DRAINAGE
THE PRIVATE LAND HOLDERS CONSTRUCT THE SEWER LINE IN THEIR
OWN LAND AND ITS FINAL POINT IS THEN JOINED TO THE PUBLIC SEWER.

THE PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED WHILE

CONSTRUCTING AND LAYING SEWER LINES IN PRIVATE BUILDINGS ARE
REFERRED TO BY THE GENERAL TERM CALLED AS HOUSE DRAINAGE.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 7
PRIVATE DRAINAGE : HOUSE DRAINAGE

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 8
PRINCIPLES :
FOR A PROPER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE
DRAINAGE THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES HAS TO BE FOLLOWED.
1. LAY THE SEWERS BY THE SIDE OF THE BUILDING.

2. THE DRAINS SHOULD BE LAID STRAIGHT BETWEEN THE INSPECTION

CHAMBERS. SHARP BENDS TO BE AVOIDED.
3. THE HOUSE DRAIN SHOULD BE CONNECTED TO THE PUBLIC SEWER ONLY IF
THE LEVEL PERMITS.

4. THE HOUSE DRAIN LEVEL SHOULD BE ABOVE THE PUBLIC SEWER LEVEL IF
NEGLECTED THERE WILL BE CHANCES OF REVERSE FLOW.

5. THE ENTIRE SYSTEM TO BE WELL VENTILATED FROM THE STARTING POINT

TO THE FINAL POINT OF DISPOSAL.

6. THE HOUSE DRAINAGE SHOULD CONTAIN ENOUGH NUMBER TRAPS AT

SUITABLE POINTS FOR EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF IT.

7. THE HOUSE DRAIN SHOULD BE DISCONNECTED FROM THE PUBLIC SEWER

BY THE PROVISION OF AN INTERCEPTING TRAP SO AS TO NOT ALLOW FOUL
GASES FROM THE PUBLIC SEWER TO ENTER THE HOUSE.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 10
PRINCIPLES :
FOR A PROPER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE
DRAINAGE THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES HAS TO BE FOLLOWED.

8. THE JOINTS OF THE SEWER SHOULD BE WATER TIGHT AND SHOULD

BE PROPERLY TESTED BEFORE PUTTING THE DRAINAGE LINE IN USE.

9. THE LATERAL SEWERS SHOULD BE LAID AT PROPER GRADIENT SO THAT

THEY WILL DEVELOP THE SELF CLEANSING VELOCITY.

10.THE LAYOUT OF HOUSE DRAINAGE SYSTEM SHOULD PERMIT EASY

CLEANING AND REMOVAL OF OBSTRUCTION.
11.THE SEWAGE FORMED SHOULD BE CONVEYED AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE
AFTER ITS FORMATION.

12.THE SIZE OF THE LATERAL SEWERS SHOULD BE SUCH THAT THEY WILL
NOT OVERFLOW AT THE TIME OF MAXIMUM DISCHARGE.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 10
PRINCIPLES :
FOR A PROPER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE
DRAINAGE THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES HAS TO BE FOLLOWED.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 1
1
TRAPS:
DEFINITION

A TRAP IS A BENT SANITARY FITTING WHICH ALWAYS REMAINS FULL

OF WATER. IT IS TECHNICALLY TERMED TO CONTAIN THE WATER SEAL
WHICH IS MEASURED AS THE VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN CROWN AND
DIP OF A TRAP.
FUNCTION :
THE FUNCTION OF A TRAP IN A DRAINAGE SYSTEM IS TO PREVENT
THE PASSAGE OF FOUL AIR OR GASES THROUGH IT. AT THE SAME TIME IT
ALLOWS THE SEWAGE TO PASS THROUGH IT.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TRAP GENERALLY DEPENDS UPON
THE DEPTH OF WATER SEAL. THE GREATER THE DEPTH OF THE WATER
SEAL THE MORE EFFECTIVE IS THE TRAP.

THE DEPTH OF WATER SEAL IN PRACTICE VARIES FROM 25MM TO

75MM. THE TRAP SHOULD CONTAIN WATER SEALS AT ALL TIMES.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 12
SEWERAGE SYSTEM 13
TYPES OF TRAPS
THE TRAPS ARE CLASSIFIED IN THE FOLLOWING TWO WAYS:
1. ACCORDING TO SHAPE.
a. P TRAP
b. Q TRAP
c. S TRAP

2. ACCORDING TO USE.
a. FLOOR TRAP
b. GULLY TRAP
c. INTERCEPTING TRAP

A TRAP MAY BE MANUFACTURED AS AN INTEGRAL TRAP WITH THE

APPLIANCE AS IN SOME MODELS OF EUROPEAN WC, OR IT MAY BE A
SEPARATE FITTING CALLED AN ATTACHED TRAP, WHICH IS CONNECTED TO
WASTE OR FOUL WATER OUTLET OF APPLIANCES.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 14
SEWERAGE SYSTEM 15
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD TRAP:
i. IT SHOULD BE CAPABLE OF BEING EASILY CLEANED.
ii. IT SHOULD BE EASILY FIXED WITH THE DRAIN.

iii. IT SHOULD BE FREE FROM ANY INSIDE PROJECTIONS WHICH ARE LIKELY
TO OBSTRUCT THE PASSAGE OF FLOW OF SEWAGE.
iv. IT SHOULD BE OF A SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION.

v. IT SHOULD POSSESS ADEQUATE WATER SEAL TO FULFIL THE

PURPOSES OF ITS
INSTALLATION.

vi. IT IS POSSESS SELF CLEANSING PROPERTY.

vii. THE INTERNAL & EXTERNAL SURFACES SHOULD BE OF SMOOTH FINISH.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 16
TRAPS ACCORDING TO SHAPES
P - TRAP
i. AS ITS NAME SUGGESTS, THE P-TRAP VAGUELY
RESEMBLES THE LETTER “ P ” WHEN TURNED
TOWARDS THE SIDE.
ii. THE LEGS OF THE TRAPS ARE AT RIGHT
ANGLES TO EACH OTHER.
iii. ONE LEG OF THE TRAP EXITS AT THE DRAIN
OFTHE SINK/WASH BASIN.
iv. AND THE OTHER ONE EXITS INTO THE WALL
BEHIND THE SINK.
v. THE OTHER LEG CONTAINS THE WATER SEAL.

vi. OFTEN USED FOR EXPOSED PLUMBING AS IT

LOOKS MORE ATTRACTIVE.

vii. GENERALLY USED FOR WASH BASINS.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 17
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO SHAPES

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 18
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO SHAPES
Q - TRAP
i. THIS TRAP HAS A SHAPE OF THE
LETTER “Q”.

ii. THE LEGS OF THE TRAP MEET AT AN

ANGLE
OTHER THAN RIGHT ANGLE.
iii.
THESE TRAPS ARE GENERALLY USED
IN TOILETS IN THE UPPER STOREY.
IV. IT IS ALMOST SIMILAR TO S-TRAP

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 19
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO SHAPES

S - TRAP
i. THE TRAP HAS THE SHAPE OF LETTER “S”.
ii. THE LEGS OF THE TRAP ARE PARALLEL.

iii. THE “S” SHAPE TRAPS WATER SO THAT

ODOURS FROM THE SEWER DON’T COME UP
THROUGH THE DRAIN.

iv. THE BENEFIT FROM THE SHAPE IS THAT IT

CAN TRAP HEAVIER OBJECTS, SUCH AS
RINGS, THAT FALL INTO THE DRAIN.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 20
SEWERAGE SYSTEM 21
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

FLOOR TRAP
i. A FLOOR TRAP IS MADE OUT OF CAST
IRON OR PVC, AND IS PROVIDED AT THE
POINTS OF ENTRY OF WASTE WATER OF
THE HOUSE.

ii. IT IS PLACED IN BATHROOMS,

KITCHENS, SINKS.

iii. A FLOOR TRAP FORMS THE STARTING

POINT OF THE WASTE WATER FLOW.
iv. A COVER WITH GRATING IS PROVIDED AT
ITS TOP TO AVOID THE ENTRY OF SOLID
ITEMS.

v. THE COVER CAN BE REMOVED FOR

THE CLEANING OF THE TRAP.
vi. THE MINIMUM WATER SEAL SHOULD BE
50MM.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 22
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE
FLOOR TRAP

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 23
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 24
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

GULLY TRAP
i. A GULLY TRAP IS USUALLY MADE OF A STONE AND IS PROVIDED WITH
THE CASTE IRON GRATING AT THE TOP.
ii. IT IS FITTED INSIDE A MASONRY CHAMBER.
iii. A WATER SEAL OF ABOUT 60MM TO 70MM IS MAINTAINED IN THE
GULLY TRAP.
iv. THE GULLY TRAP FORMS THE STARTING POINT OF THE HORIZONTAL
FLOW OF THE SEWAGE.
v. IT IS GENERALLY SITUATED NEAR THE EXTERNAL FACE OF THE WALL,
AND IS KEPT AT SLIGHTLY HIGHER LEVEL FROM THE GROUND LEVEL OR
IN LINE WITH THE PAVEMENT OR GROUND LEVEL.
vi. THE GULLY TRAP LEADS THE SEWAGE EITHER TO THE SEWER, TO THE
INSPECTION CHAMBER OR TO THE MANHOLE.
vii. A WELL DESIGNED GULLY TRAP SERVE TWO OR THREE CONNECTIONS
FROM THE NAHNI TRAP.
viii. IT IS ALWAYS ADVISABLE TO HAVE SEPARATE GULLY TRAPS FOR
SULLAGE AND SOIL WASTES.
ix. THE TOP CAST IRON COVER CAN BE TAKEN OUT EASILY FOR THE
PURPOSE OF CLEANING.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 25
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE
GULLY TRAP

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 26
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

GULLY TRAP

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 27
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

INTERCEPTING TRAPS.
i. THE INTERCEPTING TRAPS ARE PROVIDED AT THE JUNCTION OF A
HOUSE SEWER AND THE MUNICIPAL SEWER.
ii. IT IS PROVIDED AT THE LAST MAN HOLE OF THE HOUSE DRAINAGE
SYSTEM.

iii. THE MAIN IDEA OF PROVIDING A INTERCEPTING TRAP IS IT AVOID THE

ENTRY OF FOUL GASES INTO THE HOUSE DRAINS.

iv. THE INTERCEPTING TRAP ALSO KNOWN AS INTERCEPTOR /

DISCONNECTING TRAP AS IT CONTAINS AN INSPECTING ARM FOR THE
PURPOSE OF CLEANING OR INSPECTION.
v. THE INSPECTION ARM IS ALWAYS KEPT CLOSE BY THE PLUG / LID.

vi. A FRESH AIR INLET IS ALSO PROVIDED IN THE MAN HOLE CONTAINING AN
INTERCEPTING TRAP.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 28
 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE
INTERCEPTING TRAPS.

MANHOLE WITH THE INTERCEPTING

TRAP.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 29
BUILDING SERVICES I
MODULE 2 – SEWERAGE SYSTEM (PART 2)
 SEWER ACCESSORIES:
IN ORDER TO MAKE THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION EASY AND
TO HAVE EFFICIENT WORKING AND MAINTENANCE, THE SEWER
SYSTEM REQUIRES VARIOUS ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES. THESE
STRUCTURES ARE KNOWN AS SEWER APPURTENANCES
( ACCESSORIES).
THESE INVOLVE :
i. CATCH BASINS.
ii. CLEAN OUTS.
iii. MAN HOLES.
iv. FLUSHING TANKS.
v. GREASE OR OIL TRAPS.
vi. INLETS.
vii. STORM WATER REGULATORS.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 GREASE TRAPS.
THESE ARE THE TRAPS PROVIDED
ON THE SEWER LINES TO EXCLUDE
GREASE AND OIL FROM SEWAGE
BEFORE IT ENTERS THE MAIN
SEWER LINE.

THESE ARE LOCATED NEAR THE SOURCES

CONTRIBUTING GREASE AND OIL TO THE
SEWAGE. THEY ARE THUS LOCATED AT
PLACES LIKE AUTOMOBILE REPAIR SHOPS,
GREASE AND OIL PRODUCING
INDUSTRIES, GARAGES , KITCHENS OF
HOTELS ETC.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 3
WHY DO WE NEED GREASE TRAPS?
I. IF GREASE AND OIL ARE ALLOWED TO ENTER THE SEWER, THEY
STICK TO THE SIDES OF THE SEWER AND CONSEQUENTLY THE
CAPACITY OF THE SEWER IS REDUCED.
II. THE PRESENCE OF GREASE AND OIL IN SEWAGE ALSO
ADDS TO THE POSSIBILITIES OF EXPLOSIONS IN SEWERS.
III. THE PRESENCE OF GREASE AND OIL IN SEWAGE IS
ALSO OBJECTIONABLE FROM THE VIEW POINT OF
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE.
THEY ADVERSELY AFFECT THE BIO-CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
IV. THE SUSPENDED MATTER WHICH WOULD OTHERWISE
HAVE BEEN TRANSPORTED MAY STICK TO THE SEWER DUE
TO STICK NATURE OF THE OIL.
V. THE LAYER OF GREASE OR OIL DOES NOT ALLOW OXYGEN TO
PENETRATE. HENCE, THE AEROBIC BACTERIA WILL NOT SURVIVE
AND THE ORGANIC MATTER WILL NOT BE DECOMPOSED. THIS
LEADS TO MALODOUR.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
GREASE TRAPS - WORKING
THE PRINCIPLE ON WHICH
THESE TRAPS WORK IS
VERY SIMPLE. THE
GREASE AND OIL BEING
LIGHT IN WEIGHT FLOAT
ON THE SURFACE OF
SEWAGE. HENCE, IF
OUTLET DRAWS SEWAGE
FROM THE LOWER LEVEL,
THE GREASE AND OIL
ARE EXCLUDED.

THUS THE OUTLET LEVEL

IS AT THE BOTTOM AND
THE INLET LEVEL IS AT THE
TOP OF THE TRAP.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 MANHOLES:

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
MANHOLES:
A MANHOLE IS DEFINED AS THE INSPECTION CHAMBER
CONSTRUCTED TO CONNECT THE GROUND LEVEL WITH THE HOLE OR
OPENING MADE IN THE SEWER LINE AT THE SUITABLE INTERVAL SO
THAT A MAN CAN EASILY, CONVENIENTLY AND SAFELY ENTER
THROUGH IT AND CARRY OUT THE USUAL MAINTENANCE,
INSPECTION, CLEANING AND RECTIFICATION OPERATIONS.
THE MANHOLES ARE PROVIDED AT EVERY BEND, JUNCTION, CHANGE OF
GRADIENT OR DIAMETER.

THE STRAIGHT ALIGNMENT OF SEWER ALSO REQUIRES MANHOLES

AT REGULAR INTERVALS, THE DISTANCE MAINLY DEPENDS ON THE
DIAMETER OF THE SEWER LINE.
FOR 600MM – 75M INTERVAL
FOR 900MM – 120M. INTERVAL
FOR 1500MM – 250M INTERVAL.
< 1500 MM – 300M INTERVAL.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF MANHOLES:
1. THE MANHOLE SHOULD BE STRUCTURALLY STABLE.
2. IT SHOULD ALLOW THE SEWAGE TO FLOW SMOOTHLY.
3. IT SHOULD BE SAFE FOR WORKERS TO ENTER.
4. THE WALLS AND FLOOR SHOULD BE IMPERVIOUS.
5. THE INTERNAL LAYER SHOULD BE COATED WITH CEMENT
PLASTER.
6. IF INLET AND OUTLET SEWERS ARE OF DIFFERENT
DIAMETER, THE CROWN OF SEWERS SHOULD BE KEPT
AT NEARLY SAME LEVEL. THIS IS DONE BY GIVING
NECESSARY SLOPE IN THE INVERT OF MANHOLE
CHAMBER. IF THIS PRECAUTION IS NOT TAKEN, THERE
WILL BE BACK FLOW IN SMALLER SEWERS, WHEN
LARGER SEWERS ARE RUNNING FULL.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
TYPICAL DETAIL OF A MANHOLE.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
BACKFLOW
BACKFLOW : BACKFLOW IS THE UNWANTED REVERSE FLOW OF
WATER.
THE CONVENIENT WAY TO AVOID THE BACKFLOW OF UNWANTED
WATER INTO THE POTABLE WATER IS TO PROVIDE AN AIR GAP.

AN AIR GAP IS SIMPLY AN OPEN VERTICAL SPACE BETWEEN ANY

DEVICE THAT CONNECTS TO A PLUMBING SYSTEM (LIKE A VALVE OR
FAUCET) AND ANY PLACE WHERE CONTAMINATED WATER CAN
COLLECT.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
BACKFLOW PREVENTER
AT CERTAIN PLACES WHERE AIR GAP CANNOT BE ACHIEVED
AND THERE COULD BE BACK FLOW DUE TO DECREASED
PRESSURE IN THE MAIN LINE, HENCE ONCE THE PRESSURE AT
THE INLET DECREASES , THE WATER AT THE OUTLET NEAR THE
FAUCETS FLOW BACK, HENCE TO AVOID SUCH CONDITIONS A
BACK FLOW PREVENTOR IS INSTALLED.
A BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICE OR THE BACKFLOW PREVENTER IS
USED TO PROTECT POTABLE WATER SUPPLIES FROM CONTAMINATION
OR POLLUTION DUE TO BACKFLOW.
A BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICE PROTECTS DRINKING WATER
FROM CONTAMINATION DUE TO BACKFLOW.
BACKFLOW CAN OCCUR WHEN THE WATER SYSTEM PRESSURE
DECREASES (SUCH AS IN THE CASE OF A WATER MAIN BREAK).

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
BACKFLOW PREVENTER

AT THE JUNCTION OF THE COLD

WATER INLET AND THE WATER
HEATER.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
MATERIALS USED FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERAGE
NETWORK

• PVC PIPES

• uPVC PIPES

• HDPE PIPES

• CORRUGATED PP PIPES.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 PVC PIPES
• PVC PIPES HAVE BEEN IN USE FOR OVER 60 YEARS. WHEN
COMPARED WITH TRADITIONAL PIPE MATERIALS, PVC OFFERS
VALUABLE ENERGY SAVINGS DURING PRODUCTION, LOW COST
DISTRIBUTION AND A MAINTENANCE FREE LIFETIME OF SERVICE.

• PVC PIPES WILL NOT DEGRADE TO DAMAGE THE ENVIRONMENT

AND SUFFER FEWER BREAKS / LEAKS THAN ANY OTHER
ALTERNATIVES.

• PVC IS WIDELY SPECIFIED FOR PIPELINE SYSTEMS OF WATER,

WASTE AND DRAINAGE DUE TO ITS THEORETICAL SERVICE LIFE
OF HUNDREDS OF YEARS OF BURIED PIPES.

• PVC PIPES SUFFER NO BUILD-UP, PITTING, SCALING OR

CORROSION AND PROVIDE SMOOTH SURFACES REDUCING
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR PUMPING.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
PVC PIPES

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
u-PVC PIPES
• UPVC STANDS FOR UN-PLASTICIZED POLY VINYL CHLORIDE
PIPES.

• UPVC, IS STIFF, RIGID AND STRONG MATERIAL.

• THIS MATERIAL DOES NOT HAVE PLASTICIZERS ADDED.

• IT IS USED IN PIPES, WINDOW FRAMES, AS A REPLACEMENT

FOR WOOD IN CONSTRUCTION AND IN MEDICAL OR DENTAL
APPLIANCES.

• IT IS ALSO USED IN PLASTIC PIPES AS UPVC FEATURES

SMOOTH INNER WALLS FOR IMPROVED WATER FLOW AND IT IS
RESISTANT TO CHEMICAL EROSION.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
u-PVC PIPES

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 HDPE PIPES
• HDPE PIPES ALSO CALLED AS HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
PIPES.
• CORROSION RESISTANCE. DOES NOT RUST, NOR CORRODE.
• LEAK TIGHT,HEAT-FUSED JOINTS CREATE A HOMOGENOUS,
MONOLITHIC SYSTEM. THE FUSION JOINT IS STRONGER THAN THE
PIPE.
• MAINTAINS OPTIMUM FLOW RATES. DOES NOT TUBERCULATE, HAS
A HIGH RESISTANCE TO SCALE OR BIOLOGICAL BUILD-UP.
• EXCELLENT WATER HAMMER CHARACTERISTICS. DESIGNED TO
WITHSTAND SURGE EVENTS.
• HIGH STRAIN ALLOWANCE. VIRTUALLY ELIMINATES BREAKAGE DUE
TO FREEZING PIPES.
• ADDITIONAL COST SAVINGS ARE ACHIEVED BY LOWER INSTANCE OF
REPAIRS.
• WITH NO EXFILTRATION OR INFILTRATION, POTABLE WATER LOSSES AND
GROUNDWATER NUISANCE TREATMENT COSTS ENCOUNTERED IN
TRADITIONAL PIPING SYSTEMS ARE ELIMINATED.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
HDPE PIPES

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SEWAGE TREATMENT
SEWAGE TREATMENT IS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING
CONTAMINANTS FROM WASTEWATER, PRIMARILY FROM
HOUSEHOLD SEWAGE.

IT INCLUDES PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

TO REMOVE THESE CONTAMINANTS AND PRODUCE
ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE TREATED WASTEWATER
( OR TREATED EFFLUENTS).

A BY-PRODUCT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT IS USUALLY A

SEMI- SOLID WASTE OR SLURRY, CALLED SEWAGE SLDUGE, THAT
HAS TO UNDERRGO FURTHER TREATMENT BEFORE BEING
SUITABLE FOR DISPOSAL OR LAND APPLICATION.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SEWAGE TREATMENT
SEWAGE CAN BE TREATED CLOSE TO WHERE THE SEWAGE IS
CREATED, WHICH MAY BE CALLED A "DECENTRALIZED" SYSTEM
OR EVEN AN "ON-SITE" SYSTEM (IN SEPTIC TANKS, BIO FILTERS OR
AEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS).

ALTERNATIVELY, SEWAGE CAN BE COLLECTED AND TRANSPORTED BY A

NETWORK OF PIPES AND PUMP STATIONS TO A MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
PLANT. THIS IS CALLED A "CENTRALIZED" SYSTEM.

SEWAGE IS GENERATED BY RESIDENTIAL, INSTITUTIONAL, COMMERCIAL

AND INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. IT INCLUDES HOUSEHOLD WASTE
LIQUID FROM TOILETS, BATHS, SHOWERS, KITCHENS, AND SINKS DRAINING
INTO SEWERS.

IN MANY AREAS, SEWAGE ALSO INCLUDES LIQUID WASTE FROM

INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. THE SEPARATION AND DRAINING
OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE INTO GREYWATER AND BLACKWATER IS
BECOMING MORE COMMON IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD, WITH
TREATED GREYWATER BEING PERMITTED TO BE USED FOR
WATERING PLANTS OR RECYCLED FOR FLUSHING TOILETS

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT
• FREE SEWAGE OF DISEASE-CAUSING PATHOGENS;
• STOP IT FROM SMELLING AND MAKE IT LOOK PLEASANT;
• MAKE IT SUITABLE FOR DISCHARGE TO RIVER OR OTHER BODY OF
WATER;
• RENDER IT FIT FOR RE-USE;
• COMPLY WITH LEGAL REQUIREMENTS;
• CONVERT SEWAGE LOAD INTO A STABLE FORM AND DISPOSE OF IT
IN A SAFE MANNER;
• ELIMINATION OF ALL POLLUTANT DISCHARGES TO NAVIGABLE
WATERS,
• MAINTAINING CLEAN WATERS FOR THE PROPAGATION AND
SURVIVAL OF FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC LIFE,
• PROTECTION OF WATERS FOR PERSONAL BATHING AND
RECREATIONAL USE,
• PRESERVATION OF WATERS FOR ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION, AND
• CONSERVATION OF WATER.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM OF
SEWAGE TREATMENT
SEPTIC TANK:

A SEPTIC TANK IS A KEY COMPONENT OF A SEPTIC SYSTEM, A

SMALL-SCALE SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM COMMON IN
AREAS THAT LACK CONNECTION TO MAIN SEWAGE PIPES
PROVIDED BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS OR PRIVATE CORPORATIONS.

OTHER COMPONENTS MAY INCLUDE PUMPS, ALARMS, SAND

FILTERS, AND CLARIFIED LIQUID EFFLUENT DISPOSAL METHODS
SUCH AS A SEPTIC DRAIN FIELD, PONDS, NATURAL STONE FIBRE
FILTER PLANTS OR PEAT MOSS BEDS.

THE TERM "SEPTIC" REFERS TO THE ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL

ENVIRONMENT THAT DEVELOPS IN THE TANK WHICH
DECOMPOSES OR MINERALIZES THE WASTE DISCHARGED INTO
THE TANK.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SEPTIC TANK:

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SEPTIC TANK:

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SEPTIC TANK:

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
AEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS:
• AN AEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEM OR ATS, OFTEN CALLED
(INCORRECTLY) AN AEROBIC SEPTIC SYSTEM, IS A SMALL
SCALE SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM SIMILAR TO A SEPTIC
TANK SYSTEM, BUT WHICH USES AN AEROBIC PROCESS FOR
DIGESTION RATHER THAN JUST THE ANAEROBIC PROCESS USED
IN SEPTIC SYSTEMS.

• THESE SYSTEMS ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN RURAL AREAS

WHERE PUBLIC SEWERS ARE NOT AVAILABLE, AND MAY BE
USED FOR A SINGLE RESIDENCE OR FOR A SMALL GROUP OF
HOMES.

• UNLIKE THE TRADITIONAL SEPTIC SYSTEM, THE AEROBIC

TREATMENT SYSTEM PRODUCES A HIGH QUALITY SECONDARY
EFFLUENT, WHICH CAN BE STERILIZED AND USED FOR SURFACE
IRRIGATION.

• THIS ALLOWS MUCH GREATER FLEXIBILITY IN THE PLACEMENT

OF THE LEACH FIELD, AS WELL AS CUTTING THE REQUIRED SIZE
OF THE LEACH FIELD BY AS MUCH AS HALF

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
AEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS –
THE PROCESS

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 AEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS –
THE PROCESS
THE ATS PROCESS GENERALLY CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING
PHASES:

PRE-TREATMENT STAGE TO REMOVE LARGE SOLIDS AND OTHER

UNDESIRABLE SUBSTANCES.

AERATION STAGE, WHERE AEROBIC BACTERIA DIGEST BIOLOGICAL

WASTES.

SETTLING STAGE ALLOWS UNDIGESTED SOLIDS TO SETTLE. THIS

FORMS A SLUDGE THAT MUST BE PERIODICALLY REMOVED FROM
THE SYSTEM.

DISINFECTING STAGE, WHERE CHLORINE OR SIMILAR

DISINFECTANT IS MIXED WITH THE WATER, TO PRODUCE AN
ANTISEPTIC OUTPUT.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
AEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS –
THE PROCESS
THE DISINFECTING STAGE IS OPTIONAL, AND IS USED WHERE A
STERILE EFFLUENT IS REQUIRED, SUCH AS CASES WHERE THE
EFFLUENT IS DISTRIBUTED ABOVE GROUND.
THE DISINFECTANT TYPICALLY USED IS TABLETS OF CALCIUM
HYPOCHLORITE, WHICH ARE SPECIALLY MADE FOR WASTE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
THE TABLETS ARE INTENDED TO BREAK DOWN QUICKLY IN
SUNLIGHT. STABILIZED FORMS OF CHLORINE PERSIST AFTER THE
EFFLUENT IS DISPERSED, AND CAN KILL PLANTS IN THE LEACH
FIELD.
SINCE THE ATS CONTAINS A LIVING ECOSYSTEM OF MICROBES
TO DIGEST THE WASTE PRODUCTS IN THE WATER, EXCESSIVE
AMOUNTS OF ITEMS SUCH AS BLEACH OR ANTIBIOTICS CAN
DAMAGE THE ATS ENVIRONMENT AND REDUCE TREATMENT
EFFECTIVENESS.
NON-DIGESTIBLE ITEMS SHOULD ALSO BE AVOIDED, AS THEY WILL
BUILD UP IN THE SYSTEM AND REQUIRE MORE FREQUENT
SLUDGE REMOVAL.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 SEWAGE TREATMENT –
CENTRALIZED SYSTEM

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 THANK YOU

SEWERAGE SYSTEM 33