BT Final Reviewer

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY- 1
AR. MARY CLAIRE G. YALUNG, uap

INSTRUCTOR
ADDITIONAL NOTES
9.0 WATERPROOFING
9.1 DAMP-PROOFING
9.2 TERMITE CONTROL SYSTEM
9.3 INSULATION
2
3
4
5
6
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7
8
THANKS!
Any questions?
BT-1 INSTRUCTOR
REFFERENCE: ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS 9th EDITION by

RAMSEY/ SLEEPER
9
INSTRUCTOR
9.0 WATERPROOFING
9.1 DAMP-PROOFING
9.3 INSULATION
WATERPROOFING
WHAT IS WATERPROOFING?
Waterproofing is the process Water
of making an object or structure resistant and waterproof often refer
waterproof or water-resistant so to penetration of water in its liquid
that it remains relatively state and possibly under pressure,
unaffected by water or resisting whereas damp proof refers to
the ingress of water under resistance to humidity or
specified conditions. Such dampness. Permeation of water
items may be used in wet vapour through a material or
environments or underwater to structure is reported as a moisture
specified depths. vapor transmission rate (MVTR).)
11
WATERPROOFING OF FOUNDATIONS
12
13
PLAZA MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS
OVER OCCUPIED SPACE
GENERAL
THE BASIC COMPONENTS, SUBSYSTEM, AND FEATURES FOR A
DECK PROOFING SYTEM ARE THE STRUCTURAL BUILDING DECK
OR SUBSTRATE TO BE WATERPROOFED, WATERPROOFING
MEMBRANE AND WEARING COURSE.
SUBSTRATE
THE SUBSTRATE REFERRED TO IS REINFORCED CAST-IN-PLACE
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE. PRE-CAST CONCRETE SLABS POSE
MORE TECHNICAL PROBLEMS THAN CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
AND THE PROBABILIT OF LASTING WATERTIGHTNESS IS
GREATLY DIMINSHED AND DIFICULT TO ACHIEVE BACAUSE OF
THE MULTITUDE OF JOINTS WHICH HAVE THE CAPABILITY OF
MOVEMENT AND MUST TREATED ACCORDINGLY. 14
SLOPE FOR DRAINAGE
A MONOLITHIC CONCRETE SUBSTRATE SLOPE OF A
MINIMUM 11mm/m SHOULD BE MAINTAINED. SLOPE IS
BEST ACHIEVED WITH MONOLITHIC STRUCTURAL SLAB
AND NOT WITH A SEPARATE CONCRETE FILL LAYER.
MEMBRANE
DETECTION OF LEAKAGE CAN BE A SIGNIFICANT
PROBLEM WHEN THE MEMBRANE IS NOT BONDED
TO THE STRUCTURAL SLAB OR WHEN ADDITIONAL
LAYERS OF MATERIALS SEPARATE IT FROM THE
STRUCTURAL SLAB. THEREFORE, ONLY
MEMBRANES THAT CAN BE BONDED TO THE
SUBSTRATE SHOULD BE.
15
WHEN THE MEMBRANE IS TURNED
IS UP ON A WALL, IT IS
“
PREFERABLE TO TERMINATE IT
ABOVE THE WEARING SURAFACE
TO ELEIMINATE THE POSSIBILITY OF
PONDED SURFACE WATER
PENETRATING THE WALL ABOVE
THE MEMBRANE AND RUNNING
DOWN BEHIND IT INTO THE
BUILDING.
PENETRATION SHOULD BE
AVOIDED WHEREVER POSSIBLE.
FOR PROTECTION AT SUCH
CRITICAL LOCATIONS, PIPE
SLEEVES SHOULD BE CAST INTO
THE STRUCTURAL SLAB AGAINST
WHICH THE MEMBRANE CAN BE
TERMINATED BY FLASHING ONTO
THE PIPE SLEEVE.
16
PROTECTION BOARD
THE MEMBRANE SHOULD BE
PROTECTED FROM DAMAGE
THROUGHOUT CONSTRUCTION.
PROTECTION BOARD SHOULD BE
APPLIED AFTER THE MEMBRANE IS
INSTALLED. THE PROPER TIMING OF
APPLICATION AFTER PLACEMENT
OF THE MEMBRANE IS IMPORTANT
AND VARIES WITH THE TYPE OF
MEBRANE USED.
17
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DRAINAGE SHOULD BE
CONSIDERED AS A TOTAL SYSTEM
FROM THE WEARING SURFACE
DOWN TO THE MEMBRANE,
INCLUDING USE OF MULTILEVEL
DRAINS.
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19
INSULATION
WHEN REQUIRED, INSULATION
SHOULD BE LOCATED ABOVE THE
MEMBRANE, BUT NOT IN DIRECT
CONTACT WITH IT.
20
PROTECTION FROM SLAB
A CONCRETE SLAB COULD BE PLACED SOON AFTER THE
MEMBRANE, PROTECTION BOARD, DRAINAGE COURSE, AND
INSULATION, IF REQUIRED, HAVE BEEN INSTALLED.
WEARING COURSE
THE MAJOR REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WEARING COURSE ARE
STABLE SUPPORT OF SUFFICIENT STRENGTH, RESISTANCE
AGAINST LATERAL THRUST, ADEQUATE DRAINAGE TO AVOID
PONDING OF WATER, AND PROPER TREATMENT OF JOINTS.
UNDER THE THICK-SET MORTAR BED SUPPORTING MASONRY
UNITS, A PREFERABRICATED DRAINAGE COMPOSITE HELPS
RESISTS FREEZE-THAW DAMGAE TO THE WEARING COURSE BY
EXPIDITING WATER FLOW DOWN TO THE SUBSURAFCE
DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
21
PLAZA BUILT-UP BITUMINOUS MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING
SYSTEMS
SUBSTRATE
THE BUILDING DECK OR SUBSTRATE
REFERRED TO IS REINFORCED CAST-
IN-PLACE STRUCTURAL CONCRETE.
MEMBRANE
A BUILT-UP BITUMINOUS
WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE
CONSISTS OF COMPONENTS JOINED
TOGETHER AND BONDED TO ITS
SUBSTRATE AT THE SITE. THE MAJOR
MEMBRANE COMPONENTS INCLUDE
PRIMERS, BITUMENS,
REINFORCEMENTS AND FLASHING
MATERIALS.
22
PLAZA BUILT-UP BITUMINOUS MEMBRANE
WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS
23
PLAZA LIQUID-APPLIED ELASTOMETRIC
MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS
SUBSTRATE
POLYMERIC, LATEX OR OTHER ORGANIC CHEMICAL-
BASED ADMIXTURES OR MODIFIERS CAN COAT THE
CONCRETE PARTICLES AND REDUCE THE ABILITY OF THE
MEMBRANE TO BOND TO THE SUBSTRATE. ADMIXTURES
SHOULD NOT BE USED IN THE CONCRETE UNLESS
DETERMINED THAT THEY ARE ACCEPTABLE FOR USE WITH
THE MEMBRANE.
MEMBRANE
THE MEMBRANE SHOULD BE APPLIED UNDER DRY,
FROST-FREE CONDITIONS ON THE SURFACE AS WELL AS
THROUGHOUT THE DEPTH OF THE CONCRETE SLAB.
24
TERMINATION ON WALLS
A LIQUID-APPLIED MEMBRANE, BECAUSE
OF ITS INHERENT ADHESIVE PROPERTIES,
MAY BE TERMINATED FLUSH ON THE WALL
WITHOUT THE USE OF A REGLET..
TERMINATION AT DRAIN
DRAINS SHOULD BE DESIGNED WITH A
WIDE FLANGE OR BASE A AN INTEGRAL
PART. THE DRAIN BASE SHOULD BE SET
FLUSH WITH THE STRUCTURAL SLAB.
VEHICULAR SUPPORTING DRAINS
GENERALLY REQUIRE ADDITIONAL WEEP
HOLES DRILLED INTO THEM (SEE DETAIL)
25
TREATMENT AT REINFORCED JOINTS
ONE RECOMMENDED TREATMENT OF
REINFORECED CONCRETE JOINTS IN THE
STRUCTURAL SLAB IS TO APPLY A
DOUBLE LAYER OF MEMBRANE OVER THE
CRACK.
TREATMENT AT NON-REINFORCED JOINTS
SINCE THE JOINTS ARE NOT HELD
TOGETHER WITH REINFORCING STEEL,
SOME MOVEMENT, HOWEVER SLIGHT,
SHOULD BE ANTICIPATED AND PROVIDED
FOR, SINCE THE LIQUID APPLIED
MEMBRANE HAS LIMITED ABILITY TO TAKE
MOVEMENT.
26
TREATMENT AT EXPANSION JOINTS
GASKETS AND FLEXIBLE PREFORMED SHEETS LEND
THEMSELVES BETTER TO ABSORBING LARGE AMOUNTS
OF MOVEMENT. SINCE SUCH MATERIALS, WHEN USED AT
AN EXPANSION JOINT, MUST BE JOINED TO THE LIQUID-
APPLIED MEMBRANE, THE WATERSHED CONCEPT
SHOULD BE USED.
PROTECTION BOARD
THE LIQUID-APPLIED MEMBRANE SHOULD BE
PROTECTED FROM DAMAGE PRIOR TO AND DURING THE
REMAINDER OF DECK CONSTRUCTION. THE PROPER
TIMING OF THE APPLICATION OF THE BOARD IS
IMPORTANT AND THE MANUFACTURER’S PRINTED
INSTRUCTIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED.
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29
NEXT TOPIC “DAMP PROOFING”
30
THANKS!
Any questions?
BT-1 INSTRUCTOR

RAMSEY/ SLEEPER
31
INSTRUCTOR
9.0 WATERPROOFING
9.1 DAMP-PROOFING
9.2 INSULATION
DAMP PROOFING
DAMPPROOFING or WATERPROOFING IS GENERALLY
RECOMMENDED FOR BASEMENT AND FOUNDATION WALLS.
IT MAY ALSO BE USED FOR RETAINING WALLS AND SIMILAR
STRUCTURES. WATERPROOFING IMPLIES THE PREVENTION
OF AN ACTUAL FLOW OF WATER THROUGH THE
STRUCTURE. DAMPPROOFING IS INTENDED TO PREVENT MOISTURE
PENETRATION BY CAPILLARY.
WATER ABSORBED BY CONCRETE OR MASONRY MAY BE
DISTRIBUTED BY CAPILLARY FORCES THROUGH THE WALLS
UNTIL SATURATION OCCURS OR EVAPORATION BALANCES
THE INFLOW. IF THERE IS A CONTINOUS SUPPLY OF FREE
WATER AVAILABLE ON ONE SIDE OF A WALL AND
EVAPORATION IS TAKING PLACE ON THE OTHER, THERE
WILL BE CONTINOUS PASSAGE OF WATER. WITH ADQUATE
EVAPORATION, MOISTURE ON THE INTERIOR SURFACE MAY
NOT BE PRESENT.
33
THE APPEARANCE OF MOISTURE ON THE WALL IS NOT
ALWAYS CAUSED BY THE PASSAGE OF WATER
THROUGH THE WALL. DAMPNESS ON INTERIOR
SURFACES IS OFTEN MISTAKENLY ATTRIBUTED TO
MOISTURE PENETRATION. IN FACT, IT MAY BE THE
RESULT OF MOISTURE FROM INTERIOR AIR CONDENSING
ON THE COOL INTERIOR WALL SURFACE.
GENERALLY, THE REMEDY IS TO SEAL THE UNEXPOSED
EXTERIOR SURFACE OF THE WALL. HOWEVER, NEITHER
DAMPPROOFING OR WATER PROOFING WILL PREVENT
CONDENSATION FROM FORMING ON THE INTERIOR
SURFACE. FOR CLIMATES AND CONDITIONS THAT ARE
CONDUCIVE TO CONDENSATION, INTERIOR DRAINAGE
TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY EMPLOYED TO
ACCOMMODATE THE MOISTURE CONDENSATION ON THE
INTERIOR SURFACE.
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THE THREE 3 COMMON MATERIALS USED FOR DAMP PROOFING
Materials widely used for damp proofing include: Flexible materials like butyl
rubber, hot bitumen (asphalt), plastic sheets, bituminous felts, sheets of
lead, copper, etc.
39
DAMPPROOFING COURSES AND DAMP CHECKS
DAMPPROOFING METHODS DID NOT ALWAYS

INCLUDE EXTERIOR WALL SURFACE
COATINGS. OFTEN DAMP CELLARS WERE USED
FOR STORAGE AND COOLING, AND
DAMPPROOFING METHODS WERE LIMITED TO
PREVENTING WATER FROM RISING BY
CAPILLARY ACTION TO THE TOP OF THE
FOUNDATION WALL WHERE ITS PRESENCE
COULD DAMAGE WOOD PORTIONS OF THE
STRUCTURE.
40
“
41
SYSTEM SELECTION
SELECTION OF A SYSTEM SHOULD CONSIDER
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF THE FOUNDATION
WALL, THERMAL PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS, THE
USE OF THE SPACES CONTAINED BY THE
FOUNDATIONS WALLS, AND THE PRESENCE OR LACK
OF GROUNDWATER ABOVE THE FOOTER.
WHEN DAMPPROOFING IS PROVIDED, RIGID FIBROUS
BOARDS MAY ALSO SERVE AS A DRAINAGE SYSTEM
TO HELP REDUCE THE POTENTIAL FOR ANY DIRECT
CONTACT WITH WATER AT THE SURFACE OF A
FOUNDATION WALL.
42
DAMPPROOFING DETAILS
Brian E. Trimble, E.I.T; Brick Institute of America; Reston, Virginia
Stephen S. Szoke, P.E; national Concrete Masonry Association; Herndon, Virginia
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DAMPPROOFING ON RESIDENTIAL
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DAMPPROOFING ON RESIDENTIAL
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BUILDING INSULATION
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BUILDING INSULATION
THE WORD INSULATE COMES FROM THE LATIN
“INSULA” MEANING ISLAND, ie., AN ISOLATED AND /
OR SEPARATED PLACE OR CONDITION. AN
INSULATING MATERIAL IS ONE THAT ISOLATES
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY, HEAT, OR SOUND
ENERGY. BUILDING INSULATION SHOULD
EFFECTIVELY ISOLATE HEAT, SOUND OR BOTH.
VAPOR AND MOISTURE
IN CONJUNCTION WITH THERMAL INSULATORS IS THE NECESSARY
CONCERN FOR VAPOR RETARDERS AND BARRIERS. ALTHOUGH
HEAT ENERGY MOVES IN A VARIETY OF WAYS SUCH AS DIRECT
RADIATION, CONVECTION, AND CONDUCTION, ONE PRIMARY
VEHICLE FOR HEAT TRANSFER IS AIR. AIR EXPANDS WHEN IT IS
HEATED AND GAINS THE CAPACITY TO HOLD MORE WATER
VAPOR. WHEN WARM AND MOIST AIR IS COOLED, IT CONDENSES
AND LOSES THE CAPACITY TO HOLD THE SAME AMOUNT OF
VAPOR.
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3 TYPES OF INSULATION
The most common types of materials used for

loose-fill insulation include cellulose, fiberglass,
and mineral (rock or slag) wool.
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GLASS FIBERS
THE FIBER GLASS INSULATION HAVE FIRM AND CYLINDRICAL
CROSS SECTIONS THAT ONLY TOUCH AT TANGENT POINTS.
THEREFORE, THERE IS A LITTLE HEAT TRANSMITTED BY
CONDUCTION. IN ADDITION, GLASS FIBER TRAP A LARGE
AMOUNT OF AIR, WHICH INCREASES INSULATION POTENTIAL.
50
GLASS FIBERS
51
GLASS FIBERS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE
52
GLASS FIBERS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE
53
CELLULOSE FIBERS
THE FIBERS OF CELLULOSE AND OTHER BLOWN HAND
PACKED INSULATORS ARE SOFTER FIBERS THAT HAVE WIDER
CONTACT POINTS. THIS PERMITS MORE HEAT TRANSFER
THROUGH CONDUCTION THAN GLASS FIBERS. THESE FIBERS
ALSO TRAP A LARGE QUANTITY OF AIR THAT INCREASES
INSULATION VALUE.
54
CELLULOSE FIBERS
55
56
GRANULAR
CELLULAR
VERMICULITE AND PERLITE INSULATION ARE COMPOSED OF

SMALL, ROCK-LIKE, ROUNDED GRANULES THAT HAVE SMALL
CONTACT POINTS THAT LIMIT HEAT CONDUCTION. SPACES
BETWEEN THE GRANULES CONTAIN INSULATING AIR.
EXTRUDED, MOLDED, AND FOAMED PLASTIC INSULATIONS ARE
CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB. WALLS OF THE CELLS CONDUCT
HEAT AROUND THE CELLS. CELLS CONTAIN A LARGE VOLUME
OF AIR THAT GREATLY INCREASES INSULATION VALUE.
57
IF FIBROUS INSULATION IS USED, THE DIRECTION OF THE
FIBERS IN RELATION TO THE DIRECTION OF THE HEAT
FLOW WILL AFFECT THE RATE OF HEAT MOVEMENT.
UNDER EQUAL CONDITIONS, FIBERS PERPENDICULAR TO
HEAT FLOW TRANSMIT HEAT SLOWER THAN SLOWER THAN
FIBERS PARALLEL TO HEAT FLOW.
58
What is the main purpose of insulation?
Insulation in your home provides resistance to heat flow and
lowers your heating and cooling costs. Properly insulating
your home not only reduces heating and cooling costs, but also
improves comfort.
59
What insulation is best for house?
Overall, if you are looking for the best long-term solution, foam insulation products will
create the air seal in your home that will make it more comfortable while saving you
money on your monthly energy bills. Foam insulation doesn't settle or sag and it fills all
the nooks and crannies where it is installed.
60
IF THERE ARE MANY SMALL FIBERS OF INSULATION MATERIAL WITHIN A
GIVEN SPACE, THEY PROVIDE MORE SURFACE AREA THAN LARGER FIBERS
IN THE SAME AREA. SINCE THICKNESS OF AIR FILMS SORROUNDING ANY
FIBER IS ESSENTIAL THE SAME UNDER STILL AIR CONDITIONS, SMALLER
FIBERS PROVIDE MORE SURFACE AND MORE AIR. LARGER FIBERS MAY
LEAVE LARGER GAPS AND PATHS THAT ALLOW AIR TO FLOW BY MEANS
OF CONVECTION. GRANULAR AND CELLULOSE INSULATION ALSO
POSSESS AIR FILMS. IF THE CELL OR SPACE BETWEEN GRANULES IS TOO
LARGE, CONVECTION CURRENTS CAN OCCUR THAT WILL TRANSMT HEAT
ACROSS THE SPACE.
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63
NEXT TOPIC “TERMITE CONTROL”
64
THANKS!
Any questions?
BT-1 INSTRUCTOR

RAMSEY/ SLEEPER
65
INSTRUCTOR
9.0 WATERPROOFING
9.1 DAMP-PROOFING
9.2 INSULATION
SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES OR SOMETIMES
CALLED "WHITE ANTS" DUE TO SOME
SIMILARITIES. THEY ARE A HIGHLY
DESTRUCTIVE TIMBER PEST, CAUSING MAJOR
STRUCTURAL TIMBER DAMAGE TO
DOMESTIC/COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS.
ANAY (TERMITE) PROOFING BY SOIL
POISONING- IT IS IMPORTANT TO POISON THE
SOIL AGAINST ANAY (WHITE ANTS) IN ORDER
TO STOP THE ANAY FROM INFESTING THE MAIN
POSTS, WALLS AND FLOORING.
TERMITES ARE SMALL IN SIZE (ABOUT HALF
THE SIZE OF MATCH-HEAD - 4-11 MM) AND SOFT-
BODIED INSECTS. THEY BUILD A CENTRAL
COLONY NEST FROM WHICH THEY CONSTRUCT
UNDERGROUND TUNNELS THAT RADIATE
WITHIN A 90-METER RADIUS FROM A CENTRAL
COLONY NEST IN SEARCH OF A TIMBER
(CELLULOSE) FOOD SOURCE.
67
Worker Termites
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Termite Shelter Tubes
The necessity of leaving their comfy underground nests to go find wood to eat presents
several problems for termites:
First of all, subterranean termites are very susceptible to dehydration and need a high
humidity level in order to survive.
Secondly, termites are also very sensitive to light and need to avoid it at all costs. Termites
don't tan in the sun. They die. That's probably one of the reason why there are no termite
tanning salons.
Finally, many insects and other animals (including some humans, believe it or not) consider
termites a delicacy, so they need to protect themselves against being eaten. Their daily
excursions to find food put them at risk of becoming food.
The solution termites have come up with is pretty
ingenious and industrious: They build shelter tubes
(sometimes called "mud tubes" or "termite tunnels")
between the soil and the wood. The shelter tubes provide
sufficient humidity, protection from light, and some
protection from predators. More mature termite colonies
even station soldier termites in the tubes to fight off predators who breach the tubes while
the worker termites rebuild the tubes.
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TERMITE CONTROL OPTIONS
70
TERMITE BAITING SYSTEM
Several companies manufacture termite baiting systems
that use solid baits rather than liquid treatments.
IT is actually pretty easy. It consists mainly of placing bait
stations in the ground around the house at intervals
specified by each system's manufacturers. Most
professionals who use termite baiting systems place them
every 8 to 10 feet (every 2.4 to 3 meters) around the house,
sometimes with extra stations near sites of known termite
activity (such as old tree stumps, for example). The stations
are installed directly into the ground (or in holes bored
through concrete patios, if necessary) with their tops flush
with the surface
71
A. Pre-Construction Treatment
Mix 2 liters of Hometrek* TC and 100 liters of water. Apply an
overall treatment under entire surface of floor slab including porch
floors and entrance platform at the rate of 4 liters solution per
square meter. If fill is washed gravel or other coarse material,
apply at the rate of 7 liter solution per square meter.
Hollow block foundation or voids of masonry should be treated to
make a continuous chemical barrier in the voids. Apply at the rate SOIL POISONING
of 7 liters per 3 linear meters.
B. Post-Construction Treatment
Mix 2 liters of Hometrek* TC and 100 liters of water.
Apply 5 liters solution per linear meter of trench
1 to 2 feet deep around building being treated. Treat soil for
backfill and soil under and around porches and piers.
C. Retreatment
Mix 2 liters of Hometrek* TC and 100 liters of water.
Retreatment for subterranean termites should only be made when
there is evidence of reinfestation subsequent to the initial
treatment or there has been a disruption of the chemical barrier in
the soil due to construction, excavation, landscaping, etc.
D. For All Treatments
Cover the treated soil with a layer of untreated soil or other suitable
barriers like polyethylene sheeting.
72
WOOD PRESERVATIVE (POWDER POST TERMITES)- A CHEMICAL
LIQUID PAINTED AND APPLIED TO LUMBER TO PRESERVE IT FOR
YEARS. IT PROTECTS WOOD AGAINST POWDER POST BEATLES
(BUKBOK), POWDER POET TERMITE (UNOS), DECAY CAUSING
FINGI, SUCH AS SAP STAIN AND SRYROT.
Direct wood treatment for termites is another approach to termite control,
but it's not very practical as a standalone termite control method in an
existing home. It would be difficult or impossible to get the product to the
most vulnerable parts of the home such as inside wall voids or on the
bottom of the sill plates. But it's an outstanding solution for pre-treatment of
new structures or extensions to existing ones
.
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RATPROOFING- A METHOD OF
PROTECTING ROOMS AGAINST THE
INTRUSION OF RATS AND OTHER
SMALL DESTRUCTIVE ANIMALS
FROM GNAWING THE WOODEN
PARTS OF THE HOUSE, HABITATING
ON CEILINGS AND FLOORS OF
HOUSES AND BUILDING.
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RATPROOFING
75
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Any questions?
BT-1 INSTRUCTOR
REFFERENCE: AR. ARNEL P. RAMOS

IMAGES ON WEB
76
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1:
10.0 PAINTS & PAINT PRODUCTS

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1- INSTRUCTOR
PAINTS AND PAINT PRODUCTS
Paint is a fluid material that has the ability to spread on

a solid surface. This material on drying will form a film.
The paint is applied in different layers over the surface.
Paint protects the surface from the adverse impact of
atmospheric action, and gives an attractive appearance
to the surface.
78
TYPES OF PAINT
1. Oil Paint
-are comprised of pigments suspended in a
binder, generally linseed oil. Depending on the
manufacturer, other ingredients may be added as
well, such as stabilizers or dryers.
79
OIL PAINT
- uses white lead as a base
- applied in three coats: primer,
undercoat, and finish coat
- 2 types of finish: mat and glossy
- If the surface of application is
smooth, a glossy finish is
recommended.
80
OIL PAINT
FAMOUS OIL PAINTINGS- ART

Starry Night (1889) – Vincent Van Gogh
made by the dutch post-impressionist artist. 81
2. Enamel paint
- is mostly used for painting the
exterior walls of the house while acrylic
paint is used to paint the interior of the
house. Enamel paint finish takes a
comparatively longer period to dry than
acrylic paint. Enamel paint is an oil-
based paint finish while acrylic paint is
a water-based paint.
Enamel paint
- prepared by the addition of
lead or zinc to varnish
- pigments are added for color
- Before application, it is
necessary to have a titanium
coat.
- can be used for both interior
and exterior walls, metals, and
wood
- hard, washable, and glossy
finish
Enamel paint
◉ 3. Emulsion paint “
For the most part, emulsion paint is
exclusively for interior walls and
ceilings. It's the most common type of
interior paint. You can use emulsion
paint on previously painted interior
walls or newly plastered walls
85
◉ “
3. Emulsion paint
- uses polyvinyl acetate and polystyrene as binding materials
- contains driers like cobalt and manganese
- can be water or oil based
- pigments are added for color
- fast drying and hardening
- good color retention and alkali resistance
86
4. Cement Paint
Masonry paint (also called elastomeric paint or elastomeric wall coating) is a

good choice for concrete painting because it contains binders that contract
and expand with the concrete. Exterior house paint can crack and peel on
concrete.
87
Cement Paint
* available in powder form, mixed with water to achieve paint consistency
- base material is white or colored
cement, and may also contain
pigments, accelerators, and other
additives
- durable and waterproof
- commonly used in rough internal and external surfaces
88
Cement Paint
89
5. Bituminous Paint
- made from dissolved asphalt or
tar or vegetable bitumen in oil or
petroleum, which gives it a black color
- waterproof and alkali resistant
- not suitable for applications exposed to the
sun (deteriorates if exposed)
- commonly used in underwater ironworks,
concrete foundations, wooden surfaces, and
iron pipes
- provides rust resistance
90
Bituminous Paint
91
6. Aluminum paint
is a high-class product that gives a protective metallic
luster o metal surfaces. You can use it to safeguard surfaces
like metal grills, gates, roof, and pipes from corrosion due to
its water permeable nature.
92
Aluminum paint
- produced by mixing aluminum
particles with oil varnish
- resistant to corrosion, electricity,
and weather exposure
- commonly used for metals and
wood, gas tanks, oil tanks, water
pipes, and radiators
93
7. Anti-corrosive Paint
- is ideally applied to protect solid
metal surfaces and, in some
occasions, various non-metals.
Corrosion engineers are
continuously developing different
types of anti corrosion paints for
various kinds of service exposures.
94
Anti-corrosive Paint-
- chemical resistant
- made from linseed oil, zinc,
chrome, and fine sand
- black in color
- normally used for metallic
surfaces and pipes
95
8. Synthetic Rubber Paint
- made from dissolved synthetic resins, can
include pigments
- chemical resistant, fast drying, and
weather resistant
- used for concrete surfaces, including fresh
concrete
96
Synthetic Rubber Paint
97
9. Cellulose Paint
Industrial Cellulose paint is a high quality fast
drying paint that is used for classic cars and
industrial applications. It gives an excellent
gloss finish and is a spray gun application
paint. The mixing ratio for industrial cellulose
paint is 1 part cellulose paint to 1 part
cellulose thinner.
98
Cellulose Paint
- produced from celluloid sheets, amyl
acetate and photographic films
- adhesive property is increased by adding
castor oil
- used for painting cars and airplanes
- resistant to water, smoke and acids
- quick drying, hard, smooth finish
99
10. Plastic paint-
is water-based paint that, like other water-based paints, is
odourless and blends easily with water. Experts usually
recommend this colour for painting the ceiling, although there is
no prohibition on using it on walls and other surfaces, due to the
differences between the colour of the wall and the ceiling, the
colour of plastic will have a better result on the ceiling. However,
plastic paint is used as a cost-effective paint for painting different
surfaces, which is one of the advantages of plastic paint. Plastic
paint is also known as washable paint and this feature is one of
the advantages of this type of paint. This type of paint is available
in various colours in the market.
100
Advantages of Plastic Paint
• One of the advantages of plastic paint is that it is washable, which makes it

very easy and hassle-free to clean. With a damp cloth, you can dust and clean
the walls painted with plastic paint. If it is not cleaned with a towel, it is
possible to wash the wall with water.
• Eco-friendly and non-toxic is another benefit of plastic paint. Due to the water-
based nature of this type of paint and the non-use of petroleum derivatives
and chemicals that are harmful to human health, this paint has many
applications in building painting. Therefore, you can easily use plastic paint in
places that may not be well ventilated.
101
Advantages of Plastic Paint
• They are quick-drying paints or instant paints that dry quickly and uniformly
within a few hours after painting. Drying plastic paints takes between 2 to 4
hours. However, the drying of oil paints takes at least 24 hours. So if space
you want to paint needs to be prepared very quickly, water-based and plastic-
based paints are often used.
• Bright colours of plastic absorb the temperature and make the room
temperature more balanced in summer. If you are painting the wall of a room
that is exposed to direct sunlight, using light plastic paint can be a good option.
102
Disadvantages of Plastic Paint
• Although we mentioned the advantages of this paint in its fast-drying,

if this paint is used in temperate and humid areas, its drying speed
will be reduced. In this case, the colour may be layered and you will
not get the desired result from using it.
• Although these paints are available in matte and glossy types, they
do not have the lustre of oil and acrylic paints.
Although this paint has relatively high durability in general, it is still less
durable than oil and acrylic paints.
103
11. Silicate Paint
are inorganic zinc-rich paints that have high content of zinc present in
them and are non-flammable. The silicate present in these paints
acts as a mineral binding agent, imparting these paints with a strong
long-lasting bond with the substrate material. Such paints are
considered to be environmentally friendly, durable and weather
resistant.
104
11. Silicate Paint
- made from a mixture of
silica and resinous
substance
- has good adhesion,
hardness,
heat resistance, and
chemically unreactive with
metals
105
12. Casein Paint
- made from casein mixed with white pigments
- available in powder and paste form
- pigments can be added for color
13. Asbestos Paint

- fibrous asbestos is present
- mainly applied to avoid the leakage of
metal roofs, spouts, gutters, and for damp-
proofing of surfaces in basement walls
106
14. Paint Thinner
- is a solvent used to thin oil-based
paints, solvents labeled "paint thinner"
are usually mineral spirits having
a flash point at about 40 °C
(104 °F),the same as some popular
brands of charcoal starter
107
Find more maps at slidescarnival.com/extra-free-resources-icons-and-maps
15. WOOD STAIN FINISH
The difference between stain and
finish is actually quite simple. Wood
stains add color to natural wood,
while finishes seal the wood and
protect it from moisture. ... That wood
has been stained a particular color and
then coated with some sort of
polyurethane or lacquer to create that
still-wet look
108
Find more maps at slidescarnival.com/extra-free-resources-icons-and-maps
Thanks for
Listening!
BUILDING TECH.1- INSTRUCTOR
Ref: www.prodyogi.com/ www.ny-engineers.com
109
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY-1
11.0 PLASTIC AND

SYNTHETIC MATERIALS

BT-1 INSTRUCTOR
The plastics used in the construction
industry are generally low-density non-
load-bearing materials. Unlike metals,
they are not subject to corrosion, but they
may be degraded by the action of direct
sunlight, with a corresponding reduction
in mechanical strength. Many plastics are
flammable unless treated; the majority
PLASTIC emit noxious fumes in fires.
111
Plastic Roofs
Types of Plastic Roofs:
1. Polycarbonate- is a high-impact, strong material, which
blocks harmful UV rays. Its lightweight properties make it
easier to install. Polycarbonate roofs are often used in decks,
patios, and garages to allow for transparency while
maintaining durability.
112
Plastic Roofs
Natural Lighting
- Color Choices:
- - Transparent
- - Translucent
Types of Plastic Roofs:

1. Polycarbonate- is a high-impact, strong material, which
blocks harmful UV rays. Its lightweight properties make it
easier to install. Polycarbonate roofs are often used in decks,
patios, and garages to allow for transparency while
maintaining durability.
113
a.) Hallow core- brittle and fragile
b.) Corrugated-There are a variety of polycarbonate sheets available, out of

which corrugated polycarbonates are one of the most advantageous ones.
These sheets are two layered sheets with a ribbed-like structure. They are
wave-like in appearance and can be reinforced with chopped glass fiber
lightweight,
“
c.) Solid polycarbonate-
durable and
is a
safe
alternative to glass. ... Solid
polycarbonate is a lightweight, durable
and safe alternative to glass. It is for
this reason that solid polycarbonate
sheets are used on a huge variety of
roofing projects. These include
conservatories, carports, lean to's and
much more 115
◉ - also known as Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride, is a
low-maintenance building material used as a
substitute for painted wood, mostly for window
frames and sills when installing double glazing in
UPVC
new buildings, or to replace older single glazed
windows. It has many other uses including fascia,
and siding or weatherboarding. The same material
has almost entirely replaced the use of cast iron for
plumbing and drainage, being used for waste pipes,
drain pipes, guttering and downpipes. These
products are often referred to collectively in the
home improvement industry as “Roofline“.
116
◉ UPVC is a cheaper alternative to expensive
hardwood timber and aluminum. It is popular
material due to its durability and it being a cost-
effective option.
◉ UPVC has amazing strength , versatility and low
UPVC
maintenance comes from being manufactured using
vinyl polymer which is bound to chlorine atoms so
the window frames are not actually plastic and can
work well with steel.
◉ Currently, all UPVC windows and doors must be
energy rated and are available in choice of attractive
colors and wood grain timber effect finishes.
117
Acrylic/ Fiberglass
Acrylic material is heated plastic stretched over
a mold. Fiberglass is sprayed with a gel coated
mixture over a mold. Bottom line, the acrylic
process makes the product more custom and not
as manufactured as a fiberglass tub. ... Acrylic is
much more durable than a fiberglass tub
118
Expanded PVC Foam Board- is a lightweight,
rigid PVC sheet that is used for a variety of
applications including signs and displays, exhibit
booths, photo mounting, interior design,
thermoforming, prototypes, model making, and
much more. It can be easily sawed, stamped,
punched, die -cut, sanded, drilled, screwed,
nailed, riveted or bonded using PVC adhesives.
Expanded PVC foam sheets and panels offer
excellent impact resistance, very low water
absorption and high corrosion resistance. It is
suitable for printing, especially screen printing.
(ABS)
119
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Able to resist deterioration, Acme's

HDPE plastic products are long-
lasting, resilient, and strong. HDPE
plastic is an incredibly sturdy
material, which has only a slightly
greater density, yet a higher level of
durability than low density
polyethylene. Acme offers a variety of
HDPE plastics to fit your needs
120
UHMW Polyethylene
Acme's UHMW
polyethylene plastic
products are
- incredibly durable and
resistant to erosion
- - great impacts, and
many chemicals
121
PET-G
PETG (Polyethylene terephthalate glycol) Plastic
provides excellent toughness, chemical resistance
and is easy to thermoform. While PETG plastic is a
high impact, co-polyester material, it does not hold
up well in outdoor applications.
122
Plastic Rods
Plastic rods are solid plastic shapes
made from the process of plastic
extrusion. Plastic extrusion is a process
where the raw plastic material is melted
and pushed through a die to form a
shape which hardens during cooling.
Plastic rods and tubes are made using
the extrusion process but differ; plastic
rods are solid while plastic tubes are
hollow.
- are used to for manufacturing of
bearing, rollers, gears, seals and other
precision plastic parts.
123
What are Plastic Rod for?
There are many different types of
plastic rods, each rods are lightweight,
provide excellent optical clarity and
have good impact strength. These
characteristics make it a popular choice
of Signage, point of Purchase Display
and Lighting Components. Nylon plastic
rods have good chemical resistance,
dimensional stability and can operate
without lubricant making it ideal for
bushing, bearings, rollers and gears.
124
Polypropylene
-Versatile,
- durable, and
- flexible,
- can be used in a countless number of ways.
- also used for piping and fittings
Polypropylene plastic is made

by combining propylene
monomers. This thermoplastic
can be used in numerous
different applications, including
consumer packaging material,
plastic hinges, waterproofing
insulation, and more.
125
Is Polypropylene Plastic Food Safe?
-it is also used in food containers will not leach harmful
chemicals into the food or liquid they store. Marked with
either a type 4 or 5 symbol.
How Strong is Polypropylene

Plastic?
Polypropylene plastic is a strong
and rigid material that can
effectively retain its strength
across a variety of different
applications, In fact,
polypropylene plastic is so
strong, that pound-for-pound,
products made from the material
are on average, three times
stronger than those made of 126
Styrene
High-impact styrene- is an excellent and inexpensive material for
vacuum forming and display fabrication. Clear styrene plastic is an
inexpensive, thin gauged material widely used in the framing industry
127
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) is an economical thermoplastic that is very
durable and long-lasting.
- PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) is a thermoplastic that is very dense and rigid
with extremely good tensile strength. PVC is one of the most widely
produced thermoplastics and is available as rigid and flexible forms. Rigid
PVC comes in two grades, type 1 which is for general purpose use and type
2 which has increased impact resistance.
Rigid PVC is commonly used for construction applications such as
Electrical Conduits and pipes for handling liquids. Flexible PVC is found in
electrical cable insulation, garden hoses, and waterproofing membranes.
128
SYNTHETIC MATERIALS
FIVE EXAMPLES OF SYNTHETIC MATERIALS
1. Polyester- is a synthetic fiber created from coal and petroleum..
2. Rayon - is a semi-synthetic fiber made from reconstituted wood
pulp
3. Spandex. Also known as Lycra or elastane, Spandex is a synthetic
fiber characterized by its extreme elasticity.
4. Acrylic fibers
5. Microfibers
129
THANKS FOR LISTENING!
Any questions?

BT 1- INSTRUCTOR
130
12.0
Indigeneous Material
12.
Non-conventional Material
INSTRUCTOR
The Indigenous Material.
Is an adjective meaning "originating in
and characteristic of a particular region
or country". Indigenous materials,
therefore, are materials that are naturally
and locally found in a specific place or
area.
132
Indigenous Materials are materials that are
naturally and locally found in a specific place such
as timbers, canes, grass , palms, and rattan.
Other indigenous raw materials in the country that
are commonly known and used creatively in crafts
and decoration are capiz, pearls, corals,
and seashells, being an archipelago naturally
abundant in beaches and marine resources.
133
1. Abaca- is a natural leaf fiber that
comes from a relative of the banana
tree family native to the Philippines that
grows throughout tropical regions. It is
also called Manilla hemp, though it is
not related to actual hemp
134
2. Coconut Lumber
While palm trees have grown in the
different parts of the Philippines
since the early portion of the 20th
century, these were primarily just
for the harvesting of coconuts.
When trees stopped bearing fruit, it
was commonly just felled to give
way for the plantation of new trees.
135
3. Santol Wood-
Quite common in
“ the
Philippines, santol is mostly
known for its fruit that is
popularly consumed and used
as an ingredient in places all
over the country. What most
don’t realize is that the tree that
the fruit grows from is also an
ideal wood alternative.
136
4. Rice Hull
Of course, it is no longer practical to build a full-on bamboo bahay kubo,
particularly in the metro, due to the risk to fire safety and durability.
Concrete is essential for modern homes, and given that the standard variety
has ingredients of volcanic origin, it can be costly, particularly in copious
amounts.
137
5. Bamboo
Bamboo comprises 80–90 percent
of a bahay kubo. The material is very
versatile, used as strips, split, or
whole timber varieties. Unfairly
given the moniker of “poor man’s
lumber” and relegated for use in
furniture, bags, and wall décor,
bamboo has experienced a
renaissance as a building material
thanks to increased public interest
in going green.
138
6. Sawdust (or wood dust)
is a by-product or waste product of woodworking operations such as sawing,
sanding, milling, planing, and routing. It is composed of small chippings of wood.
These operations can be performed by woodworking machinery, portable power
tools or by use of hand tools. Wood dust is also the byproduct of certain animals,
birds and insects which live in wood, such as the woodpecker and carpenter ant. In
some manufacturing industries it can be a significant fire hazard and source of
occupational dust exposure.
139
140
Non Conventional Materials
Biobased Materials, Renewable Materials, Non-
polluting Materials, Sustainability, Wood,
Agricultural Waste, Grasses, Natural Plant
Fibers, Lignocellulosic Materials,
Carbohydrates, Sugars, Lignin, Cellulose,
Vegetable Oils, Proteins, Bamboo, Vegetable
Fibers, Soil Composites, Recycled Materials,
Rice Husk Ash
141
Thanks!
Any questions?
References[edit]
^ "Use of indigenous filipino materials and methods in building green homes". Buensalido Architects. 2015.
^ "Indigenous Materials". Danielle Anne H. Mauricio. scribd. 2005.
^ "Green by Design: Sustainable Living through Filipino Architecture". Eric S. Caruncho. Inquirer Magazine. 2012.
^ "Filipino Handicrafts cultural features". Matthieu. Insight Guides.
^ "4 Indigenous Materials Used in Filipino Architecture". Bahay Philippines. 2016.
^ "innovative school design made of bamboo, other indigenous materials". FELINO A. PALAFOX, JR. The Sunday
Times. 2014
Ar. Mary Claire G. Yalung, uap

BT1- Instructor
142
13.0 FUNDAMENTALS OF BUILDING PROCESSES,

METHODS and TECHNIQUES IN CONSTRUCTION,
ERECTION, ADDITION, REPAIRS AND RENOVATION
OF BUILDINGS/ STRUCTURES:

INSTRUCTOR
CONSTRUCTION
-THE MANNER IN WHICH MATERIALS ARE ORDERED, ASSEMBLED AND
UNITED INTO A WHOLE AS FRAME CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM BUILDING
- A CONSTRUCTION PROCESS USING A HIGH DEGREE OF FABRICATION IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF STANDARDIZED UNITS OR COMPONENTS TO
SPEED ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION OF A BUILDING.
144
1. PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION
1.1 STAKING-OUT THE BUILDING
Staking-out -the process of relocating the point of boundaries and
property line of the site where the building is to be constructed.
1. Measure the required setback from the front corner monuments. Drive
two stakes and stretch a string between them to represent the front
building line.
2. Measure the required side setback from one of the side lot lines along
the front building line. Drive stake A which will represent the first corner
of the building. From Stake A, measure the width of the building and
mark with stake B to obtain the other front corner.
3. Estimate right angles from stakes A and B and measure the length of
the building. In those two points, drive two temporary stakes C and D
which will mark the rear corners of the building. C-D should be equal to
A-B.
4. Draw lines along the diagonals A-D and B-C and ensure that these are
equal.
5. Transfer the building lines to batter boards.
Stakes – are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the
ground to serve as boundaries or supports of the batter boards.
Strings – are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung across batter boards
and used to indicate the outline of the building wall and foundation. 145
1.2 LAYING THE BATTERBOARDS
BATTER BOARDS
• horizontal boards
• establishes height of the footing trenches
and foundations
• establishes height of finish floor levels
LEVELING
• done with a line level or carpenter’s level, or
with a transit
• height of the batter boards may be level with
or a little higher that the top of the finished
foundation.
Batter Boards – wood sticks or boards nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as
the horizontal plane where the reference point of the building measurements are
established.
Notes:
“
Spirit Level – an instrument or tool capable of
vertical and horizontal line
check.
Plumb Bob – a weight attached to a string,

used for vertical line check.
Plastic Hose Filled With Water – a method of

leveling horizontally batter boards without
transit.
3-4-5 Multiples With the Use of Steel Tape

Measure – a manual method of squaring the
corners of building lines in staking.
PLUMB BOB
147
1.3 FORMWORK AND SHORING
Formwork - used to shape and support fresh concrete
until cured and able to support itself.
Shoring - temporary supports designed to carry forms

for beams and slabs.
FORMS FOR CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION.
Materials used for form construction are:
1.LUMBER FORMS
• should only be partially seasoned.
2.PLYWOOD FORMS.
•used where a smooth surface is required
•should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at least ½”
thick.
3.STEEL FORMS
•may be in the form of pans for concrete joist
construction or steel decking or corrugated steel
for concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction. Phenolic resin or phenol-formaldehyde resin –
is a thermosetting, waterproof, low-cost, mold-
4.FIBER BOARDS resistant, high strength synthetic resin made from
phenol and formaldehyde; has good resistance to
5.PHENOLIC BOARDS aging; used extensively in the manufacture of
adhesives, exterior and marine plywood, laminated
148
products, and molded articles.
TWO MAJOR MATERIALS USED FOR SHORING
CONSTRUCTION ARE:
(1) LUMBER AND (2) STEEL.
1.3.1 Lumber Forms and Shoring

• partially seasoned and to some extent slightly • crude oil and petroline used to prevent concrete
wet in order to prevent swelling and distortion of from adhering to the wood and preserve the
the forms; forms against damage by alternate wetting and
drying; on forms against surfaces which are to be
• dressed at least one side and both edges even plastered, wetting with water will be sufficient
for non-exposed surfaces; since oiling prevents adhesion of the plaster;
• joints in forms for columns, beams, and girders • wire ties or bolts and rods are used to hold wall
made tight by dressing the lumber true to edge, forms together; rods are preferred and should be
forming square or butt joints; arranged that upon removal of the forms, no
tight joints in floor and wall panels obtained by metal shall be within one inch of any surface;
using tongue-and grooved stock; wire ties should be used only on light and
unimportant work where discoloring will not be
• sizes of lumber used are: 2-in.stock for columns, objectionable;
beams and girder bottoms; 1-in. stock for floor
panels and beam and girder sides; 2x4s for struts, • plywood forms used where a smooth surface is
posts, shores, and uprights; 1 or 2-inch stock for required; should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at
cleats; least ½” thick.
149
PLYWOOD FORMS
Knee
Brace
Ledger
Kicker Metal or
Blocking Stringers
Wood Joists
Jack
Adjustable
Metal Shores
Braced T-
and L-heads Bracing
Single Post
Wood Shore
WOOD SHORING METAL SHORING
Sills
150
COLUMN FORMS
WOOD FORMWORKS
Reusable forms may have
a square or rectangular
cross section
YOKES are clamping devices for

keeping column forms and tops of
wall forms from spreading under
the fluid pressure of newly placed
concrete
WALL FORMS
SPREADERS usually
of wood, space and
keep the wall or forms
apart
FORM TIES
PLYWOOD SHEATHING
HORIZONTAL WALERS
WOOD STUDS
151
FORM TIES
SNAP TIES have notches or crimps
that allow their ends to be snapped off
below the concrete surface after
stripping off the forms
small, truncated cones of wood, steel
or plastic attached to form ties to
space and spread wall forms, leave a
neatly finished depression in the
concrete surface to be filled or left
exposed
SHE BOLTS consist of waler rods that
are inserted through the form and
threaded onto the ends of an inner rod.
After striping, the waler rods are
removed for reuse while the inner rod
remains in the concrete
a variety of wedges and slotted

devices tighten the formwork and
transfer the force in a form tie to the
walers
152
1.3.2 Steel Forms and Shoring
Shoring is also used to support scaffolding works. Scaffolds
are temporary platforms designed to support workers and
materials on the face of a structure and to provide access to
work areas above the ground. Any elevated platform is called
a scaffold.
The major components of metal shoring
are:
a) The ledger or the horizontal
brace
b) The brace or the diagonal.
This component may be of the
adjustable and the fixed type.
c) The standard or the vertical
component.
d) Accessories: heads, jacks
and bases.
153
SHORING COMPONENTS
Standards
Ledgers
Adjustable
Braces
Fixed Braces
154
SHORING COMPONENTS
Rapidshor Heads Adjustable Jacks
Base & Tilt Base
155
1. Ensure the ground and sleepers are 2. Assemble tower of 4 standards 3. Loosely fit the remaining
adequately prepared, and the base, jacks and ledgers. Fix braces to components until majority of first
and standards are in correct positions. stabilize. level complete. Check standards
for verticality and tighten ledgers.
4. Position scaffold boards and ladders. 5. Additional ledgers and braces 6. Once all levels are complete,
can now be added, with additional jacks and heads can now be
braces. positioned.
7. Jack head levels finalized and any jack 8. Primary beams can be 9. Secondary beams can be
bracing required is now fitted. positioned, clamped and levels positioned and clamped to primary
checked. beams, plywood decking to follow.
156
1.4 CONSTRUCTION TOOLS & EQUIPMENT
Tools and equipment employed in construction are grouped into four:
1. Hand Tools are the tools that use power

delivered by man only.
2. Power Tools are those that employ power

supplied by forces other than that coming from
humans.
3. Equipment is a term that refers to large,

complex tools and machines that is designed to
do a particular job.
4. Heavy Equipment is equipment which is very

large and very powerful.
157
1. Hand Tools c. Framing square is
a layout tool that is
A pry bar is used used to measure 90-
to force open degree angles at the
boards used in corners of framework
forming concrete. and joints. They can
also be employed to
Measurement and determine cutting
layout tools are the angles on dimension
following: lumber.
a. Folding rule d. Level is a long,

and tape measure straight tool that
are the most contains one or more
common tools for vials of liquid and
measuring boards, used to determine if
pipe, wire, etc. the horizontal or
vertical is exact.
b. Digital rule is
used to measure e. Chalk line or chalk
relatively long box is used for
distances such as marking lines.
those in highway
construction.
158
Types of hammers Types of screwdrivers are:
are the following:
a. Standard screwdriver has
a flat tip and is designed to fit a
a. Claw hammer is an
standard slotted screw.
ordinary hammer used to
drive or remove nails.
b. Phillips screwdriver has an

X-shaped tip and is used to
turn Phillips-head screws only.
b. Sledgehammer is a heavy
hammer used to drive stakes
into the ground and to break up
concrete and stone. c. Spiral ratchet screwdriver
is that which relies on a
pushing force rather than a
twisting force.
159
Types of handsaws
are the following:
a. Ripsaw has chisel-like
teeth designed for ripping or
cutting with the grain of c. Backsaw is a
wood. special type of
handsaw that has a
very thin blade and
makes very straight
cuts such as those on
trims and mouldings.
b. Crosscut saw is used to

cut across the grain of wood.
d. Hacksaw is used to
cut metals.
160
Types of Chisels: b. Pipe wrench is
used to turn round
a. Wood chisel is used to trim objects like pipes.
wood and clear away excess
material from wood joints.
c. Brick trowel is
used to place and
trim mortar between
b. Cold chisel is used to trim bricks or concrete
metals. blocks.
d. Bull float is used

to smoothen out the
surface of wet
Types of specialized hand tools concrete.
are the following:
a. Nail set is used to drive

finishing nails below the surface of e. Blind riveter is
a wooden trim or molding. used to fasten
pieces of sheet
metal together.
161
b. Table saw is used for
cutting large sheets of
wood and wood
2. Power Tools composites and consists
of a blade mounted on
Power drill is used an electric motor beneath
to drill holes in wood, a table-like surface.
metal and concrete.
c. Portable circular saw Table saw.
Power drill.
Power screwdriver is used for cutting
or screwgun is used materials that are difficult
to install and remove to cut with stationary
screws. tools.
Types of power d. Power miter saw is a Portable circular

Power screwdriver. circular saw mounted saw.
saws are the
following: over a small table used
to cut various angles in
a. Radial arm saw wood.
is used for e. Saber saw is used to
crosscutting wood cut curves or holes in
and consists of a floors and roofs for pipes Power miter saw.
motor-driven saw and has a small knife-
blade that is hung on shaped blade that moves
an arm over a table. up and down.
Radial arm saw.
Saber saw. 162

Type of power Type of power
hammers are: nailers and
staplers are the
a. Pneumatic following:
hammer or
jackhammer is a. Nailers or nail
used to break up Pneumatic nailer guns fasten
concrete or materials together
asphalt paving. by shooting nails
Pneumatic hammer.
into the building
material.
b. Rotary hammer is like an electric
drill that operates with both rotating
b. Powder-actuated
and reciprocating actions and is used
stud driver is a kind
to drill holes in concrete. Powder-actuated
stud driver.
of nailer that is
powered by
gunpowder and is
used to drive long
pins into wood, steel
or concrete.
Stapler. c. Staplers are like

nailers but are
Rotary hammer. loaded with u-
shaped staples
instead of nails for 163
3. Equipment
Types of surveying
Conveyor is an equipment which equipment:
moves materials other than fluids.
a. Transit is an
equipment used by
Transit. surveyors to
measure horizontal
and vertical angles to
obtain land elevation.
b. Surveyor’s level
Surveyors level.
is that which is used
to determine an
unidentified elevation
from a known one.
Conveyors are used for transporting
materials unto large roofs.
c. Construction
laser flashes a
narrow, accurate
beam of light to
make a baseline for
Construction additional
laser.
measurements and
is used as a level or
as an alignment tool. 164
Types of pumps are:
a. Water pump is used to pump

water out of holes in the ground
so that construction work can
commence.
b. Concrete pump is used to move

concrete from the concrete mixer to
the concrete form.
Water pump.
165
Concrete Mixer (Cement Mixer)
A machine that mixes concrete
ingredients by means of a rotating
drum. Raw materials are introduced
into the mixing drum through its open
end and discharged by tilting the
mixing drum to allow the concrete to
pour out.
Types of welding
machines are the b. Laser-powered welder is
following: used to weld material by
employing a laser to heat the
a. Arc welding metal.
machine is used
to weld materials
by melting
portions of the
metal.
Weld made by a laser-

Arc welding machine. powered welder.
166
4. Heavy Equipment
a. Crawler crane is a crane mounted on metal treads
so that it can move over rough terrain.
Bulldozer is a tractor with a pushing
blade which moves earth and clears
land of bushes and trees.
Bulldozer.
Cranes are b. Truck crane is mounted on a truck frame so that it

machines that can be driven in the site.
lift large and
heavy c. Tower crane or climbing crane is used in the
materials. The construction of tall building because it has a built-in
types of jack that raises the crane from floor to floor as the
cranes are: building is constructed.
640-foot crane. 167

Excavator is a machine used for
digging or scooping earth from a
place and depositing it in another.
Types of excavators are:
a. Backhoe is used for general

Backhoe.
digging which is usually mounted
on either a crawler or truck frame.
b. Trencher is a special kind

which digs trenches or long,
narrow ditches for pipelines or
cables.
Trencher-excavator.
c. Front-end loader is a large
shoveling machine that can scoop
or deposit a large amount of
material.
Front-end loader.
168
Highway construction equipment
are:
a. Scraper is a machine that loads,

hauls and dumps soil over medium
to long distances.
Scraper.
b. Grader is an earthworking
machine that grades or levels the
ground.
c. Compactor or roller is a
machine that compacts soil to
prepare for road paving. Grader.
d. Paver is a machine that places,

spreads and finishes concrete or
asphalt paving material.
Compactor
169
1.5 MAJOR PARTS OF A BUILDING
The major parts of a building are:
1. Superstructure – the portion of the
building above the ground.
2. Substructure – the habitable SUPERSTRUCTURE
portion of the building found below

the ground.
3. Foundation – the structural portion
of the building that transfer the
STRUCTURE
buildings load into the soil.
FOUNDATION
The three types of substructures

are:
1. Slab on Fill – slab which rests on

ground and not suspended.
BASEMENT
2. Crawl Space – in a building
without a basement, an unfinished CRAWL SPACE
accessible space below the first
floor which is usually less than a SLAB ON FILL
full story height.

3. Basement – the lower story of a
building, either partly or entirely
below grade.
170
1.6 SITE INVESTIGATION
Before any design is made, the architect is required to get as much

valuable data about site excavation and building erection at the project
site in order to determine the character of the materials which will be
encountered at the level of a foundation bed.
1.7.1 METHODS OF
EXPLORATION
1. Test pits. For shallow work, an
open pit is the most suitable method
since it calls for an actual inspection of
the undisturbed material over a
considerable area.
2. Test borings. For excavations that

are carried no deeper than the
proposed level, the underlying material
may be investigated by test boring. Soil Boring Rig. SPT Sample.
1.7.2 LOADING TESTS

Loading tests of the materials forming
the foundation bed are made to assist
in determining its safe bearing
capacity.
171
1.8 SOIL MECHANICS
1.8.1 CLASSES OF SOIL
There are two broad classes of soil:
A. Course-grained soil – consist

of relatively large particles,
visible to the naked eyes.
B. Fine-grained soil –
consist of much smaller
particles, such as silt and clay.
172
1.8.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL
SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYMBOL DESCRIPTION PRESUMPTIVE PERMEABILITY
BEARING AND
CAPACITY DRAINAGE
psf kPa
Gravels Clean Gravels GW Well-graded gravel 10000 479 Excellent

6.4 – 76.2mm
GP Poorly graded gravel 10000 479 Excellent
Gravels with GM Silty Gravel 5000 239 Poor

fines
GC Clayey Gravel 4000 192 Poor
Sands Clean SW Well-graded sand 7500 359 Excellent

0.05 – 6.4mm Sands
SP Poorly graded sand 6000 287 Excellent
Sands with SM Silty Sand 4000 192 Fair

fines
SC Clayey Sand 4000 192 Poor
Silts LL>50§ ML Inorganic Silt 2000 96 Poor

0.002-0.05mm
CL Inorganic Clay 2000 96 Impervious
Clays LL<50§ OL Organic Very poor Impervious

<0.002mm Silt-Clay
MH Elastic inorganic silt 2000 96 Poor
CH Plastic inorganic clay 2000 96 Impervious
OH Organic clay & silt Very poor Impervious
Pt Peat unsuitable Poor
173
1.8 EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORKING
These processes entail the following:
1. Excavating is the process of digging

the earth to provide a place for the
foundation of the building.
2. Leveling and Grading are processes

that change land elevation and slope by
filling in low spots and shaving off high
spots.
3. Stabilizing the Soil is the process of

compacting the soil on which the
structure will rest.
4. The protection of adjoining

structure is a law that provides that any
person making an excavation is
responsible for resulting damage to
adjoining property.
174
5. Shoring is a process of
transferring a portion of the
load of the wall to temporary
footings and done when the
excavation does not go much
below the adjoining footings
and when the material is
fairly solid.
It consists of the following members:

a) sheet piles, which are timber, steel, or pre-cast planks driven side by side to retain earth and
prevent water from seeping into the exaction and
b) wales or continuous horizontal beams which tie the sheet piles in place or
c) soldier piles, which are steel H-sections driven vertically into the ground to support
d) lagging or heavy timber planks joined together horizontally to retain the face of an excavation.
e) crossbracing or rakers are diagonals which support the wales and soldier piles bearing on
heel blocks or footings.
f) tiebacks secured to rock or soil anchors are resorted to when crossbracing or rakers would
interfere with the excavation procedure.
175
SHEET PILING
SOLDIER PILES/BEAMS
(STEEL H-SECTIONS)
LAGGING refers to the heavy

timber planks joined together
side by side to retain the face of
an excavation
STEEL
PRECAST
SHEET PILING AND SOLDIER

TIEBACKS BEAMS WITH LAGGING
176
6. Needling and underpinning
is a process where needles or
girders are used in cases where
part or all of the weight of the wall
has to be carried, as when the
old footing is removed and the
wall underpinned or carried down
to a new footing at a greater
depth.
NEEDLE; a short beam passed

through a wall as a temporary
support while the foundation or
part beneath is repaired, altered
or strengthened
DEAD SHORE; an upright timber

for supporting a dead load during
the structural alteration of a
building, esp. one of two supports
for a needle
177
7. Dewatering refers to the process of lowering a water table
or preventing an excavation from filling with groundwater. It is
accomplished by driving perforated tubes called wellpoints
into the ground to collect water from the surrounding area so
it can be pumped away.
DEWATERING
EXISTING
WATER TABLE
WATER TABLE
AFTER PUMPING
178
1.10 SITE DRAINAGE
- necessary to prevent erosion and collection of excess surface
water or groundwater resulting from new construction.
Surface Water – Groundwater –
1. Rainfall which runs over the surface of the Water, near the surface of the
ground. ground , which passes through the
2. Water carried by an aggregate except that held subsoil.
by absorption within the aggregate particles
themselves.
BASIC TYPES OF SITE DRAINAGE
A. SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE –
consists of an underground network of piping for conveying groundwater
to a point of disposal, as a storm sewer system or a natural outfall at a
lower elevation on the site. Excess groundwater can reduce the load-
carrying capacity of a foundation soil and increase the hydrostatic
pressure on a building foundation. Waterproofing is required for
basement structures situated close to or below the water table of a site.
179
Components of the sub-surface drainage system are:
Catch Basins
receptacles for the runoff of SWALES
surface water. They have a basin

or sump that retains heavy
sediment before it can pass into
an underground drainpipe. AREA DRAIN
Culverts
are drains or channels passing under
a road or walkway.
CATCH BASINS
Foundation drainage tile or pipe

Tile or piping for the collection of sub- CULVERTS
surface water, dispersion of septic
tank effluent, and the like.
Drainage tile
is a hollow tile, usually laid end to end
as piping (with open joints) in soil in
order to drain water saturated soil, or
CATCHMENTS
used to permit fluid in the hollow-tile
pipe to disperse into the ground (as in
an absorption field).
180
B.SURFACE DRAINAGE
refers to the grading and surfacing of a site in order to divert rain and
other surface water into natural drainage patterns or a municipal
storm sewer system. Grass and lawn areas are sloped 1.5% to 10%;
while paved parking areas, 2% to 3%. A holding pond may be
necessary when the amount of surface runoff exceeds the capacity
of the storm sewer system.
Components of the surface drainage system are:
Swales
shallow depressions formed by the
intersection of two ground slopes,
designed to direct or divert the runoff
of surface water. Grass swales slope
1.5% to 2%; while paved swales, 4%
to 6%.
SWALES
181
B.SURFACE DRAINAGE
refers to the grading and surfacing of a site in order to divert rain and
other surface water into natural drainage patterns or a municipal
storm sewer system. Grass and lawn areas are sloped 1.5% to 10%;
while paved parking areas, 2% to 3%. A holding pond may be
necessary when the amount of surface runoff exceeds the capacity
of the storm sewer system.
Components of the surface drainage system are:
Swales
shallow depressions formed by the
intersection of two ground slopes,
designed to direct or divert the runoff
of surface water. Grass swales slope
1.5% to 2%; while paved swales, 4%
to 6%.
SWALES
182
1.11 SLOPE PROTECTION AND RETAINING
STRUCTURES
1. The need for stabilizing a sloping

ground can be reduced by
diverting the runoff at the top of
the slope or by creating a series
of terraces to reduce the velocity
of the runoff.
2. Natural means of stabilization

include soil binders --- plant
materials that inhibit or prevent
erosion by providing a ground
cover and forming a dense
network of roots that bind the soil.
183
3. Riprap is a layer of irregularly broken
and random-sized stones placed on the
slope of an embankment. RIPRAP
Depth of layer should be greater
than the maximum size of stone
FILTER FABRIC or GRADED

SAND and GRAVEL for drainage
4. Cribbing is a cellular framework of squared steel,

concrete, or timber members, assembled in layers at
right angles, and filled with earth or stones.
5. A Bin Wall is a type of gravity retaining wall

formed by stacking modular, interlocking
pre-cast concrete units and filling the voids
with crushed stone or gravel.
184
6. Gabions are galvanized or PVC coated wire
baskets filled with stones and stacked to form
an abutment or retaining structure.
GABIONS
Filter fabric or graded

sand and gravel for
drainage
7. Retaining Structures. When a desired change in

ground elevation exceeds the angle of repose of the
soil, a retaining wall becomes necessary to hold the
mass of earth on the uphill side of the grade change.
The types of RC retaining walls are as follows:
a) Gravity Retaining Wall - resists

overturning and sliding by the
sheer weight and volume of its
mass.
185
b) T-type Cantilevered Retaining Wall – limited to a height of
20’ (6 M); beyond this height a counterfort wall is employed.
8” (205)
Batter refers to backward
sloping face of a wall as it
rises to offset illusion of face
leaning forward
Temperature steel for walls

more than 10” (255) thick
Drainage mat w/ filter fabric
0.6H or porous gravel backfill
(0.9H w/ surcharge)
2” (51 mm) o weepholes @
4’-6’ (1220-1830mm) o.c. or
perforated drainpipe sloped
to outlet away from wall
2” (51) min
3” (75) min
Structural Steel
reinforcement
Footing should extend

below the frostline or
2’ (610mm) below the
grade level,
whichever is higher
186
c) Counterfort Retaining Wall– utilizes
triangular-shaped cross walls to stiffen the
vertical slab and add weight to the base. The
counterforts are spaced at equal intervals
equal to one-half the wall height.
d) L-type Cantilevered Retaining Wall – used

when the wall abuts a property line or other
obstruction.
187
1.12 PAVEMENTS
Paving provides a wearing surface for pedestrian or vehicular traffic in the

landscape. It is a composite structure whose thickness and construction
are directly related to:
• type and intensity of traffic and loads to be carried

• bearing capacity and permeability of the subgrade
1.12.1 TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
1. Flexible Pavements – consists of

unit pavers of concrete, brick, or
stone laid on a sand setting bed,
are somewhat resilient and
distribute loads to the subgrade in
a radiating manner. Requires
wood, steel, stone, masonry, or
concrete edging to restrain
horizontal movement.
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
188
2. Rigid Pavements – are
reinforced concrete slabs or
paving units mortared over a
concrete slab, distribute the
loads internally and transfer
them to subgrade over a broad
area. Requires reinforcement
and an extension of the base
material along their edges.
RIGID PAVEMENTS
1.12.2 TYPES OF PAVERS
189
1.12.3 PAVING PATTERNS
190
191
Thank You for
Listening!
INSTRUCTOR BT-1
REF.: CDEP/ DK CHING 192

13.0 FUNDAMENTALS OF BUILDING PROCESSES, METHODS and

TECHNIQUES IN CONSTRUCTION, ERECTION, ADDITION, REPAIRS
AND RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS/ STRUCTURES:
13.1 CARPENTRY AND JOINERY

INSTRUCTOR
CARPENTRY
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the

primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and
installation of building materials during the
construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges,
concrete formwork.
Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and

did rougher work such as framing, but today many
other materials are also used[1] and sometimes the
finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are
considered carpentry.
194
SOME OF THE TYPES OF CARPENTRY WORK INCLUDE:
1. Rough carpentry.
Rough carpenters specialize in planning, building
and maintaining structures of buildings rather than home-use
additions like cabinets or shelving units.
2. Joister
Joisters construct floor joists, where they fix floor surfaces.
Similar to rough carpentry, this category of carpentry requires less
detailed work in favor of structural integrity and durability.
3. Trim Carpentry-
Trim carpenters specialize in building trims and moldings of a
room. They also are a specialized type of carpenter that may have a
specific preference in materials and uses of materials
195
4. Cabinet Carpentry-
Cabinet makers specialize in carpentry that focuses on
building cabinets for kitchens, laundry rooms, bathrooms and
other areas of a building. Cabinet makers can also focus on
building other furniture that involves woodworking, such as patio
furniture and indoor furniture sets.
5. Ship Carpentry-
Ship carpenters primarily focus on shipbuilding. They
can ensure that ships meet all client demands, both structurally
and in appearance. Shipbuilders may construct replicas of
previously built ships, while others focus on building modern-day
ship portions for cruise liners, freight ships or smaller boats.
196
6. Framer
Framers exclusively build framing for housing or other
buildings. The difference between a framer and a rough carpenter is
that a framer specializes in only framework and is often individually
hired for lone projects or on a contract.
7. Roofer
Roofers specialize in planning, building and maintaining the
rafters, trusses and beams involved in a building's roof construction.
They can ensure that roofs, inside and out, are structurally sound to
maintain a durability factor required by clients. Roofers specialize in
roof related carpentry only, unlike rough carpenters, who may work
on both framing and roofing simultaneously.
197
◉ HAND TOOLS
◉ To perform their duties with accuracy and work efficiently,
carpenters use a variety of hand tools, including:
◉ Claw hammers
◉ Tape measures
◉ Measuring squares
◉ Chisels
◉ Mallets
◉ Handsaws
◉ Backsaws
198
◉ POWER TOOLS
◉ FOR BOTH PRECISE AND POWERFUL WORK, CARPENTERS

NEED TO BE ABLE TO SAFELY OPERATE SOME OF THE
FOLLOWING POWER TOOLS:
◉ Power drills
◉ Jigsaws
◉ Circular saws
◉ Routers
◉ Sanders
◉ Biscuit joiners
199
JOINERY
-THE ART OR CRAFT OF FORMING JOINTS ESPECIALLY
IN WOODWORK.
WOOD WORK
- THE WORK PRODUCED BY THE CARPENTER’S AND
JOINER’S ART, GENERALLY APPLIED TO OBJECTS OR
PARTS OF A WOODEN STRUCTURE, AS STAIRWAYS,
FURNITURE OR MOULDINGS.
200
TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS 210
Thank You for
Listening!
INSTRUCTOR BT-1
REF.: DK CHING
https://www.indeed.com
211
13.2 HARDWARE and

IRONMONGERY

INSTRUCTOR
HARDWARE
HARDWARE- METAL PRODUTCS USED IN

CONSTRUCTION, SUCH AS BOLTS, HINGES, LOCKS,
TOOLS, ETC.
THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS;

FINISHING HARDWARE- HARDWARE, SUCH AS HINGES
LOCKS, CATCHES, ETC. THAT HAS A FINSHED
APPEARANCE AS WELL AS FUNCTION, ESP. THAT USED 21
3
WITH DOORS, WINDOWS AND CABINETS. MAYBE
CONSIDERED PART OF THE DECORATIVE TREATMENT OF
A ROOM OR BUILDING.
ROUGH HARDWARE- IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION,
HARWARE MEANT TO BE CONCEALED, SUCH AS BOLTS,
NAILS, SCREWS, SPIKES, RODS AND OTHER METAL
FITTINGS.
SOME FINISHING
HARDWARE BRANDS:
1. SARGENT
2. STANLEY
3. YALE
4. CORBIN
5. SCHLAGE
6. KWIKSET 21
4
7. RABBIT
8. UNIVERSAL
9. EAGLE
10. MASTER
11. ALPHA
12. YETI
DOORS- AN ENTRANCE WAY
TYPES OF DOOR:
• FLUSH DOOR- A SMOOTH SURFACED
DOOR HAVING FACES WHICH ARE
PLANE WHICH CONCEAL ITS RAIL
AND STILES OR OTHER STRUCTURE;
WHEN USED INSIDE IT IS OF
21
HALLOW CORE, WHEN USED FOR 5
EXTERIOR IT IS SOLID CORE.
•PANEL DOOR- A DOOR HAVING STILES,

RAILS AND SOMETIMES MUNTINS
WHICH FORM ONE OR MORE
FRAMES AROUND RECESSED
THINNER PANELS.
KINDS OF DOORS
• SWINGING DOOR
“
• OVERHEAD SWING-UP GARAGE DOOR- A RIGID OVERHEAD DOOR
WHICH OPENS AS AN ENTIRE UNIT.
• OVERHEAD ROLL-UP GARAGE DOOR- A DOOR WHICH, WHEN OPEN
ASSUMES A HORIZONTAL POSITION ABOVE THE DOOR OPENING, MADE
OF SEVERAL LEAVES.
• ROLL-UP DOOR- (SOLID OR SEE-THROUGH ALUMINUM SHUTTERS) A
DOOR MADE UP OF SMALL HORIZONTAL INTERLOCKING METAL SLATS
WHICH ARE GUIDED IN A TRACK.
• ACCORDION DOOR- A HINGED DOOR CONSISTING OF A SYSTEM OF
PANELS WHICH ARE HUNG FROM AN OVERHEAD TRACK. WHEN THE
DOOR IS OPEN, THE FACES OF THE PANELS CLOSE FLAT AGAINST EACH
OTHER. WHEN THE DOOR IS CLOSED, THE EDGES OF ADJACENT PANELS
BUTT AGAINST EACH OTHER TO FORM A SOLID BARRIER.
217
•BI-FOLDING DOOR- ONE OR TWO OR MORE DOORS WHICH ARE HINGE
TOGETHER SO THAT THEY CAN OPEN AND FOLD IN A CONFINED SPACE.
• REVOLVING DOOR- AN EXTERIOR DOOR CONSISTING OF FOUR LEAVES
WHICH PIVOT ABOUT A COMMON VERTICAL AXIS WITHIN A
CYLINDRICALLY SHAPED VESTIBULE . PREVENTS THE DIRECT PASSAGE
OF AIR THROUGH VESTIBULE. THEREBY ELIMINATING DRAFTS FROM
OUTSIDE.
• SLIDING DOOR- A DOOR MOUNTED ON TRACK WHICH SLIDES IN A
21
HORIZONTAL DIRECTION USUALLY PARALLEL TO ONE WALL. 8
•BY-PASSING SLIDING DOOR- A SLIDING DOOR WHICH SLIDES TO COVER

A FIXED DOOR OF THE SAME WIDTH OR ANOTHER SLIDING DOOR.
• SLIDING POCKET DOOR- A DOOR WHICH SLIDES INSIDE HOLLOW OF
THE WALL.
• DUTCH DOOR- A HINGED WHICH IS DIVIDED TO TWO. THE UPPER PART
CAN BE OPENED WHILE THE LOWER PORTION IS CLOSED.
• FRENCH DOOR
FINISHING HARDWARE
A. TO A HUNG A DOOR
HINGE- A MOVABLE JOINT USED TO
ATTACH SUPPORT AND TURN A DOOR
ABOUT A PIVOT. CONSIST OF TWO
PLATES JOINED TOGETHER BY A PIN
WHICH SUPPORT THE DOOR AND
21
CONNECT IT TO ITS FRAME. ENABLING 9
IT TO SWING OPEN AND CLOSED.

TYPES OF HINGES:
1. BUTT HINGE- CONSISTS OF TWO
RECTANGULAR MEAT PLATES WHICH ARE
JOINED WITH A PIN IN LARGE HINGE. THE
PIN IS REMOVABLE IS A SMALL HINGES IT
IS FIXED.
BUTT HINGE
• FULL SURFACE
• FAST PIN
HINGE- A
HINGE- A HINGE
HINGED • LOOSE JOINT
IN WHICH THE
DESIGNED FOR HINGE- A DOOR
PIN IS
ATTACHMENT HINGED HAVING
FASTENED
ON THE TWO KNUCKLES.
PERMANENTLY
SURFACE OF ONE OF WHICH
IN PLACE.
DOOR AND JAMB HAS VERTICAL
WITHOUT PINTHAT FITS IN A
MORTISING. CORRESPONDING
HOLE IN THE 2
OTHER BY 2
0
LIFTING THE
DOOR UP OFF THE
VERTICAL PIN.
• LOOSE PIN HINGE- THE DOOR MAYBE
•REMOVED WITHA
A HINGE HAVING A
OLIVE KNUCKLES-
REMOVABLE PIN UNSCREWING HINGE
PAUMELLE THE
WHICH A SINGLE
JOINT OF THE HINGED. KNUCKLES
WITH
FORMING AN OVAL
PIVOT TYPE
SHAPE.
USUALLY OF
MODERN DESIGN.
2. SPRING HINGES
A HINGE CONTAINING ONE OR

MORE SPRINGS WHEN A DOOR IS
OPENED, THE HINGE RETURNS IT
TO OPEN POSITION
AUTOMATICALLY MAY ACT IN ONE
DIRECTION ONLY OR IN BOTH
DIRECTIONS. 2
21
• DOUBLE ACTION- EXCELLENT
FOR USE IN RESTAURANTS,
HOSPITALS, KITCHEN. THE DOOR
OPENS BY JUST PUSHING IT
WITH THE SHOULDER OR FEET.
• SINGLE ACTIONS
3. PIVOT HINGE- THE AXLE OR PIN
ABOUT WINDOW OR DOOR ROTATES.
• VERTICAL SPRING PIVOT HINGE- A

SPRING HINGE FOR A DOOR WHICH IS
MORTISED INTO THE HEEL OF THE
DOOR IS FASTENED TO THE FLOOR AND
DOOR HEAD WITH PIVOTS
222
B. TO FIX ONE SASH
TYPES OF BOLT AND FASTENER
• CHAIN HEAD AND FOOT BOLT
• DOOR OR BARREL BOLT
• FLUSH BOLT
• CHAIN DOOR FASTENER
C. TO LOCK THE DOOR

LOCKSET – A COMPLETE LOCK SYSTEM INCLUDING THE BASIC LOCKING
MECHANISMS AND ALL THE ACCESSORIES, SUCH AS KNOBS 2
ESCUTCHEONS, PLATES, ETC. 2
3
• BUTTON- A SMALL REJECTING MEMBER USED TO FASTEN
THE FRAME OF A DOOR OR WINDOW.
• KNOB- A HANDLE, MORE OR LESS SPHERICAL USUALLY FOR
OPERATING A LOCK.
• ESCUTCHEON- A PROTECTIVE PLATE SORROUNDING THE
KEYHOLE OF A DOOR.
• PLATES- A THIN FLAT SHEET OF MATERIAL.
• STRIKES- A METAL PLATE OR BOX WHICH IS SET IN A
DOORJAMB AND IS EITHER PLACED OR RECESSED TO RECEIVE THE BOLT
OR LATCH OF A LOCK FIXED DOOR.
• LIP STRIKES- THE PROJECTION FROM THE SIDE OF A TRIKE
PLATE WHICH THE BOLT OF A LOCK STRIKES FIRST.
KIND OF LOCKSET
• INTEGRALLOCK- A TYPE OF MORTISE LOCK HAVING
ITS CYLINDER IN THE KNOB.
• CYLINDER KNOB- A BORED LOCK WHICH HA A
CYLINDRICAL CASE INTO WHICH A SEPARATE LATCH
CASE FITS.
LATCH- A SIMPLE FASTENING DEVISE HAVING A LATCH BOLT. BUT
NOT A DEAD BOLT CONTAINS NO PROVISIONS FOR LOCKING WITH A
KEY.
2
2
LIFT LATCH- A TYPE OF DOOR LATCH WHICH FASTENS A DOOR BY 4
MEANS OF A PIVOTED BAR THAT ENGAGES A HOOK ON THE DOOR
JAMB.
RABBETED LOCK- A LOCK OR LATCH IN WHICH THE FACE IS FLUSH

WITH RABBET ON A RABBETED DOOR JAMB.
ROLLER LATCH- A LOCK OR LATCH HAS A ROLLER UNDER SPRING

TENSION INSTEAD OF A BEVELED SPRING BOLT. THE ROLLER
ENGAGES A STRIKE PLATE HAVING A RECESS FORMED TO RESIST.
SCREEN DOOR LATCH- A SMALL LOCKING OR DEAD BOLT- A TYPE OF DOOR LOCK, THE BOLT
LACHING DEVICE USED ON SCREEN DOORS AND WHICH IS SQUARE IN SECTION IS OPERATED BY
GENERATED BY A KNOB OR LEVER HANDLE , THE DOOR KEY OR A TURN PIECE.
SOMETIMES EQUIPPED WITH A DEAD BOLT.
HASP- A FASTENING DEVICE CONSISTING OF A LOOP

OR STAPL,E AND A SLOTTED HINGE PLATE
NORMALLY SECURED WITH A PADLOCK.
MAGNETIC PADLOCK- A KIND OF LOCK WHICH

OPENS BY USING THE CORRESPONDING MAGNET
WHICH GOES WITH IT.
HASPLOCK- A KIND OF HASP THAT HAS A BUILT-IN

LOCKING DEVICE WHICH CAN BE OPENED ONLY
WITH A KEY.
BORED LOCK- A LOCK INTENTED FOR INSTALLATION

IN A CIRCULAR HOLE IN A DOOR.
CREMONE BOLT- A TYPE OF DOOR LOCK TO FASTEN

UPPER AND LOWER DOOR.
225
TYPES OF AUTOMATIC DOOR CLOSER OFFSET HINGE- USED FOR HANGING LIPPED OR
- PNEUMATIC TYPE OVERLAPPING DOORS. AVAILABLE IN SEMI-
- SEMI-CONCEALED OVERHEAD TYPE CONCEALED AND SURFACE MOUNTED STYLES.
- CONCEALED TYPE
- OVERHEAD LIQUID TYPE PIVOT HINGES- MADE FOR BOTH FLUSH AND
OVERLAPPING DOORS.
TYPES OF CABINET HINGED DOOR
- FLUSH INVISIBLE HINGES- DON’T SHOW FROM THE FRONT
- OVERLAPPING AND IS EXPENSIVE. THEY CAN BE USED FOR BOTH
- OFFSET FLUSH AND OVERLAPPING DOOR.
FLUSH COUNTER- FOR A DROP DOWN DOOR THAT
CAN BE LOWERED TO SERVE AS WORK SURFACES
TYPES OF CABINET HINGES
REQUIRES A CHAIN OR STAY SUPPORT TO HOLD THE
- BUTT HINGES
DOOR’S WEIGHT WHEN IT’S OPEN.
- COMMON BUTT
- LOOSE PIN
CATCHES FOR CLOSING OF CBAINET DOORS IN
- T-HINGE
PLACE; KINDS OF CATCHES:
- PIANO HINGE
- FRICTION CATCH
- DECORATIVE HINGE
- MAGNETIC CATCH
- BULLET CATCH
226
TYPES OF KNOBS:
- SCREW-IN-KNOB OHER COMMON HAMMER DRIVER FASTENER:
- BOLT-ON KNOB - SCOTCH NAILS
- FLUSH KNOB - STAPLES
- FLUSH RING - SCREWS
- PULL - BRADS
- TACKS
CLASSIFIED BY GAUGE (DIAMETER) LENGTH, HEAD TYPE AND METALIC MAKE-
OTHER ACCESSORIES: UP
- GRAB BAR
TYPES OF SCREW HEAD:
- SELF BRACKET
- FLAT HEAD SCREW
- METAL BRACKET 2
- OVAL HEAD SCREW 27
- SPRING DOOR CLOSER
- PHILIPPS HEAD
- DOOR STOPPER
- SHEET-METAL SCREW
- ROUND HEAD SCREW
ROUGH HARDWARES: - LAG SCREW
NAILS
- COMMON WIRE NAIL -WITH HEAD AND FOR WASHERS:
STRENGTH - FLAT
- FINISHING NAIL - WITHOUT HEAD AND FOR - COUNTER SUNK
BETTER APPEARANCE - FLUSH
- MASONRY OR CONCRETE NAIL- USED FOR
CONCRETE, MORTAR AND BRICK SURFACE.
BOLTS-
BOLTS HAVE THREADED SHAFTS THAT RECEIVE
NUTS TO USE THEM A HOLE IS DRILLED, PUSHING A
BOLT THROUGH AND ADDING A NUT.
NUTS
- FLAT SQUARE NUT
- HEX NUT
- SQUARE NUT
- ACORN NUT
- T-NUT
- KNURLED NUT 2
2
- WING NUT 8
HUNGER BOLTS- FOR HANGING FIXTURES FROM

WALLS.
U-BOLTS- TOP ATTACH FLAT SURAFCE TO ROUND
POLES AND PIPES.
JOINERY BRACKETS
- MENDING PLATE
- T-PLATE
- FLAT CORNER PLATE
- L-BRACKET.
AWNING WINDOW- ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTED WINDOW
BAY WINDOW- A WINDOW WHICH PROJECTS OUTSIDE THE MAIN LINE OF A BUILDING
HOPPER WINDOW- A WINDOW SASH WHICH OPENS INWARD AND ITS HINGED AT THE BOTTOM.
ORIEL WINDOW- A PROJECTED WINDOW BEYOND BUILDING WALL CARRIED BY A CORBEL.
BATTEN DOOR- A DOOR WITHOUT STILES WHICH IS CONSTRUCTED OF A VERTICAL BOARDS

HELD TOGETHER BY HORIZONTAL BATTENS.
STILE- VERTICAL FRAMES OF PANELLED DOOR
ANCHOR BOLT- A STEEL BOLT USUALLY FIXED IN A BUILDING STRUCTURE WITH ITS THREADED 2
2
PORTION PROJECTING. 9
PLATE BOLT- A BOLT IN A BUILDING FOUNDATION WHICH SECURES THE PLATE OR SILL.
MACHINE BOLT- A THREADED BOLT HAVING A STRAIGHT SHANK AND A CONVENTIONAL HEAD
SUCH AS A SQUARE, HEXAGONAL BUTTON OR COUNTERSANK.
CARRIAGE BOLT- A BOLT WITH NECK FOR NON-ROTATING MOUNTING.
LAG SCREW- COMMON HARDWARE FASTENER FOR TRUSS BRACES.

THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING! 2
3
Any questions? Feel free to ask.

0

BT-I INSTRUCTOR
13.3
SHEET METAL and
TINSMITHRY

INSTRUCTOR
SHEET METAL
A METAL FORMED INTO THIN PIECES IS CALLED SHEET
METAL AND HAS MANY APPLICATIONS IN BUILDING
AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.
TINSMITHRY
A tinsmith is a person who makes and repairs things made
of tin or other light metals. The profession may sometimes also
be known as a tinner, tinker, tinman, or tinplate
worker; whitesmith may also refer to this profession, though the
same word may also refer to an unrelated specialty of iron-
smithing. By extension it can also refer to the person who deals
in tinware, or tin plate. Tinsmith was a common occupation in pre-
industrial times.
232
ROOF- THE EXTERNAL UPPER
COVERING OF A BUILDING.
INCLUDING THE FRAME FOR
SUPPORTING THE ROOFING.
TYPES OF ROOF
1. FLAT ROOF- A ROOF HAVING NO
SLOPE, OR INE WITH ONLY A SLIGHT
PITCH SO AS TO DRAIN RAINWATER.
1. PITCHED ROOF- A ROOF HAVING ONE

OR MORE SLOPES.
233
3. GABLE ROOF- A ROOF
SLOPING DOWNWARD IN TWO
PARTS FROM CENTRAL RIDGE,
SO AS TO FORM A GABLE AT
EACH END.
4. HIP ROOF- THE TRIANGULAR

PORTION OF WALL ENCLOSING
THE END OF A PITCHED ROOF
FROM CORNICE OR EAVES TO
RIDGE
234
5. CURB ROOF
A ROOF DIVIDED ON EACH SIDE OF THE
RIDGE INTO TWO OR MORE SLOPES, AS
A GAMBREL OR MANSARD.
6. MANSARD - A ROOF HAVING ON

EACH SIDE A STEEPER LOWER PART
AND A SHALLOWER UPPER PART.
235
7. BUTTERFLY ROOF
“
A ROOF HAVING TWO SLOPES
EACH DESCENDING INWARD
FROM THE EAVES.
8. SHED ROOF- A ROOF HAVING

A SINGLE SLOPE
---LEAN TO- A SHED ROOF WITH THE
HIGHER END ABUTTING A WALL OR
LARGER BUILDING.
---PENTHOUSE- A SHED ROOF
PROJECTING FROM WALL OR THE
SIDE OF A BUILDING AS TO SHELTER
A DOOR. ALSO CALLED APPENTICE,
PENT, PENTICE.
236
9. PAVILLION ROOF
A PYRAMIDAL HIP ROOF
10. GAMBREL ROOF- A RIDGED ROOF

DIVIDED ON EACH SIDE INTO A SHALLOWER
SLOPE ABOVE A STEEPER ONE.
11. RAINBOW ROOF- A GABLE ROOF IN THE

FORM OF AS BROAD GOTHIC ARCH WITH
GENTLY SLOPING CONVEX SURFACES.
12. BARREL ROOF- A ROOF OR CEILING

HAVING A SEMICYLINDRICAL FORM.
13. SAWTOOTH ROOF- A ROOF COMPOSED

OF A SERIES OF SMALL PARALLEL ROOFS OF
TRIANGULAR CROSS SECTION, USUALLY
ASYMMETRICAL WITH THE SHORTER SLOPE
GLAZED.
237
PARTS OF ROOF
238
DORMER- A PROJECTING STRUCTURE BUILT OUT FROM A SLOPING ROOF,
USUALLY HOUSING A VERTICAL WINDOW OR VENTILLATING LOUVER.
CHEEK- EITHER OF TWO SIMILAR SIDES OF A PROJECTION, AS A DORMER OR
BUTTRESS.
SHED DORMER- A DORMER HAVING A SHED ROOF
GABLE DORMER- A DORMER HAVING A GABLE ROOF
LINK DORMER- A LARGE DORMER THAT HOUSES A CHIMNEY OR JOINS ONE PART
OF A ROOF TO ANOTHER.
EYEBROW- A LOW DORMER HAVING A ROOF THAT IS AN UPWARDLY CURVING
CONTINUATION OF THE MAIN ROOF PLANE.
ROOF DRAIN- A DRAIN DESIGNED TO RECEIVE WATER COLLECTING ON THE
SURFACE OF A ROOF AND TO DISCHARGE IT INTO A LEADER OR A DOWNSPOUT.
GUTTER- A CHANNEL OF METAL OR WOOD AT THE EAVES OR ON THE ROOF OF A
BUILDING, FOR CARRYING OFF RAINWATER.
239
ROOFING MATERIALS
SHINGLE- A THIN USUALLY OBLONG PIECE OF WOOD

ASPHALT MATERIAL, SLATE, METAL OR CONCRETE LAID IN
OVERLAPPING ROWS TO COVER THE ROOF AND WALLS OF
BUILDINGS.
ASPHALT SHINGLE- A COMPOSITION SHINGLE
HAVING AN ASPHALT IMPREGNATED FELT BASE, SURFACE
ON THE WEATHER SIDE WITH COLORED MINERAL GRANULES
EMBEDDED IN AHOT ASPHALT COATING.
FIBER GLASS SHINGLE- A COMPOSITION SHINGLE
HAVING AN INORGANIC FIBERGLASS BASE, SATURATED
WITH ASPHALT AND SURFACED ON THE WEATHER SIDE WITH
COLORED CERAMIC GRANULES.
240
ROOFING MATERIALS
ROOFING TILE- ANY VARIOUS CLAY OR CONCRETE TILES FOR

COVERING A ROOF.
CORRUGATED ROOFING- A ROOF COVERING OF CORRUGATED
SHEETS OF GALVANIZED IRON, COATED STEEL ALUMINUM,
FIBERGLASS, OR REINFORCED PLASTIC.
COPPER ROOFING- A ROOF COVERING SHEETS, JOINED BY
STANDING SEAMS.
TIN ROOFING- A ROOF COVERING OF FLEXIBLE TINPLATE OR
TERNEPLATE.
TILE TIE- A TWISTED WIRE TIE EXTENDING FROM THE EAVES TO
THE RIDGE OF A ROOF TO WHICH ROOFING TILES ARE SECURED.
MISSION TILE- A TAPERED, SEMICYLINDRICAL ROOFING TILE
LAID CONVEX SIDE UP TO OVERLAP FLANKING, SIMILAR TILES
LAID CONCRETE SIDE UP. ALSO CALLED SPANISH TILE
TEGULA- A TAPERED, SEMICYLINDRICAL ROOFING TILE LAID
CONCAVE SIDE UP. 241
CORRUGATED ROOFING INSTALLATION
VALLEY GUTTER
TOP RIDGE ROLL

242
DETAIL OF GUTTER
INSIDE GUTTER
243
RAFTER- ANY OF A SERIES OF SMALL, PARALLEL
BEAMS FOR SUPPORTING THE SHEATHING AND
COVERING OF A PITCHED ROOF.
JACK RAFTER- ANY RAFTER THAT IS SHORTER

THAN THE FULL LENGTH OF THE ROOF SLOPE, AS
ONE MEETING IN A HIP OR A VALLEY.
VALLEY JACK- A JACK RAFTER EXTENDING FROM A
VALLEY RAFTER TO RIDGE.
VALLEY RAFTER- A RAFTER CONNECTING THE
RIDGE TO THE WALL PLATE ALONG A VALLEY.
CRIPPLE JACK- A RAFTER JOINING A HIP TO A
VALLEY. ALSO CALLED DOUBLE JACK RAFTER.
HIP JACK- A JACK RAFTER FORMING THE JUNCTION
OF THE SLOPING SIDES OF A HIP ROOF. 244
Thanks for Listening!
Any questions?
References[edit]
ARCHIECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARD/ DK CHINGTimes. 2014
Ar. Mary Claire G. Yalung, uap

BT1- Instructor
245

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY- 1

AR. MARY CLAIRE G. YALUNG, uap

REFFERENCE: ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS 9th EDITION by

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Paint is a fluid material that has the ability to spread on

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• Although we mentioned the advantages of this paint in its fast-drying,

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Types of Plastic Roofs:

b.) Corrugated-There are a variety of polycarbonate sheets available, out of

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AR. MARY CLAIRE G. YALUNG, uap

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13.0 FUNDAMENTALS OF BUILDING PROCESSES,

AR. MARY CLAIRE G. YALUNG, uap

5. Transfer the building lines to batter boards.

Plumb Bob – a weight attached to a string,

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WOOD SHORING METAL SHORING

YOKES are clamping devices for

a variety of wedges and slotted

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Base & Tilt Base

Tools and equipment employed in construction are grouped into four:

1. Hand Tools are the tools that use power

2. Power Tools are those that employ power

3. Equipment is a term that refers to large,

4. Heavy Equipment is equipment which is very

a. Folding rule d. Level is a long,

b. Phillips screwdriver has an

b. Crosscut saw is used to

d. Bull float is used

a. Nail set is used to drive

Types of power d. Power miter saw is a Portable circular

Saber saw. 162

Stapler. c. Staplers are like

a. Water pump is used to pump

b. Concrete pump is used to move

Weld made by a laser-

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640-foot crane. 167

Types of excavators are:

a. Backhoe is used for general

b. Trencher is a special kind

a. Scraper is a machine that loads,

d. Paver is a machine that places,