BUILDING SERVICES I

MODULE 2 – SEWERAGE SYSTEM.

PREPARED BY
AR. ANUSHA PATIL
Asst professor
B.G.S.S.A.P
Contents:
• Recap – SANITATION.
• TERMINOLOGIES TO REMEMBER.
• COMPOSITION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS.
• PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DRAINAGE.
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRAPS.

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Defn:
Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and
services for the safe disposal of human excreta. The word 'sanitation'
also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through
services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

Sanitation includes four of these engineering infrastructure items:

➢Excreta management systems.

➢Wastewater management systems.
➢Solid waste management systems.
➢Drainage systems for rainwater (storm-water drainage).

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Terminologies to be remembered:
1. Bacteria :
Aerobic : require light and oxygen for their existence.
Anaerobic Bacteria : do not require light and free oxygen for
their existence.
2. Invert : the lowermost level of a sewer is known as its invert.
3. Refuse: garbage, storm water, sewage, sullage etc..
4. Sewer : the underground conduits or drains through which the
sewage is conveyed.
5. Sewerage : the entire process of collecting and carrying sewage by
water carriage systems through sewers is known as sewerage.

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 SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SEWAGE SEWER SEWERAGE

 SEWAGE : MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER (domestic sewage, storm water,

or infiltrated ground water.

 SEWERAGE : System for the collection and conveyance of the municipal

waste water to the STP or to the point of disposal.

 SEWER : Conduit carrying the sewage.

Sanitary Sewers, Storm Sewers, Combined Sewers.
sanitary sewers carry sewage from residential, commercial, industrial
waste water, infiltration water etc.

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CONVEYANCE OF SEWAGE:
The drainage of the locality is broadly divided into two categories:

1. PUBLIC DRAINAGE.
2. PRIVATE DRAINAGE.

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PRIVATE DRAINAGE : HOUSE DRAINAGE
The private land holders construct the sewer line in their own land and its final
point is then joined to the public sewer.
The principles and procedures to be followed while constructing and laying sewer
lines in private buildings are referred to by the general term called as house
drainage.

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PRIVATE DRAINAGE : HOUSE DRAINAGE

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PRINCIPLES :
For a proper design and construction of the house
drainage the following principles has to be followed.

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 PRINCIPLES :
For a proper design and construction of the house
drainage the following principles has to be followed.
1. Lay the sewers by the side of the building.
2. The drains should be laid straight between the inspection chambers. Sharp bends to be
avoided.
3. The house drain should be connected to the public sewer only if the level permits.
4. The house drain level should be above the public sewer level if neglected there will be
chances of reverse flow.
5. The entire system to be well ventilated from the starting point to the final point of
disposal.
6. The house drainage should contain enough number traps at suitable points for efficient
functioning of it.
7. The house drain should be disconnected from the public sewer by the provision of an
intercepting trap so as to not allow foul gases from the public sewer to enter the house.

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 PRINCIPLES :
For a proper design and construction of the house
drainage the following principles has to be followed.
8. The joints of the sewer should be water tight and should be properly tested before
putting the drainage line in use.
9. The lateral sewers should be laid at proper gradient so that they will develop the self
cleansing velocity.
10. The layout of house drainage system should permit easy cleaning and removal of
obstruction.
11. The sewage formed should be conveyed as early as possible after its formation.
12. The size of the lateral sewers should be such that they will not overflow at the time of
maximum discharge.

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Traps:

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 Traps: definition
A trap is a bent sanitary fitting which always remains full of water. It
is technically termed to contain the water seal which is measured as the
vertical distance between crown and dip of a trap.
FUNCTION :
The function of a trap in a drainage system is to prevent the passage
of foul air or gases through it. At the same time it allows the sewage to pass
through it.
The effectiveness of the trap generally depends upon the depth of
water seal. The greater the depth of the water seal the more effective is the
trap.
The depth of water seal in practice varies from 25mm to 75mm. The
trap should contain water seals at all times.

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 Requirements of a good trap:
i. It should be capable of being easily cleaned.
ii. It should be easily fixed with the drain.
iii. It should be free from any inside projections which are likely to
obstruct the passage of flow of sewage.
iv. It should be of a simple construction.
v. It should possess adequate water seal to fulfil the purposes of its
installation.
vi. It is possess self cleansing property.
vii. The internal & external surfaces should be of smooth finish.

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 Types of traps
THE TRAPS ARE CLASSIFIED IN THE FOLLOWING TWO WAYS:
1. According to shape.
a. P TRAP
b. Q TRAP
c. S TRAP

2. According to use.
a. FLOOR TRAP
b. GULLY TRAP
c. INTERCEPTING TRAP

A trap may be manufactured as an integral trap with the appliance as in some

models of European WC, or it may be a separate fitting called an attached trap,
which is connected to waste or foul water outlet of appliances.

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO SHAPES

P - TRAP
i. As its name suggests, the P-trap vaguely resembles
the letter P, when turned towards the side.
ii. The legs of the traps are at right angles to each
other.
iii. One leg of the trap exits at the drain of the
sink/wash basin.
iv. And the other one exits into the wall behind the
sink.
v. The other leg contains the water seal.
vi. Often used for exposed plumbing as it looks more
attractive.
vii. Generally used for wash basins.

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO SHAPES

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO SHAPES

Q - TRAP
i. This trap has a shape of the letter Q.
ii. The legs of the trap meet at an angle
other than right angle.
iii. These traps are generally used in toilets
in the upper storey.
iv. It is almost similar to S-TRAP

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO SHAPES

S - TRAP
i. The trap has the shape of letter “S”.
ii. The legs of the trap are parallel.
iii. The “S” shape traps water so that odours from
the sewer don’t come up through the drain.
iv. The benefit from the shape is that it can trap
heavier objects, such as rings, that fall into the
drain.

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

FLOOR TRAP
i. A floor trap is made out of cast iron or
PVC, and is provided at the points of
entry of waste water of the house.
ii. It is placed in bathrooms, kitchens,
sinks.
iii. A floor trap forms the starting point of
the waste water flow.
iv. A cover with grating is provided at its
top to avoid the entry of solid items.
v. The cover can be removed for the
cleaning of the trap.
vi. The minimum water seal should be
50mm.

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

FLOOR TRAP

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE
GULLY TRAP

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

GULLY TRAP
i. A gully trap is usually made of a stone and is provided with the caste iron grating
at the top.
ii. It is fitted inside a masonry chamber.
iii. A water seal of about 60mm to 70mm is maintained in the gully trap.
iv. The gully trap forms the starting point of the horizontal flow of the sewage.
v. It is generally situated near the external face of the wall, and is kept at slightly
higher level from the ground level or in line with the pavement or ground level.
vi. The gully trap leads the sewage either to the sewer, to the inspection chamber or
to the manhole.
vii. A well designed gully trap serve two or three connections from the nahni trap.
viii. It is always advisable to have separate gully traps for sullage and soil wastes.
ix. The top cast iron cover can be taken out easily for the purpose of cleaning.

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

GULLY TRAP

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE
Intercepting traps.

Manhole with the intercepting trap.

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 TRAPS ACCORDING TO USE

Intercepting traps.
i. The intercepting traps are provided at the junction of a house sewer
and the municipal sewer.
ii. It is provided at the last man hole of the house drainage system.
iii. The main idea of providing a intercepting trap is it avoid the entry of
foul gases into the house drains.
iv. The intercepting trap also known as interceptor / disconnecting trap
as it contains an inspecting arm for the purpose of cleaning or
inspection.
v. The inspection arm is always kept close by the plug / lid.
vi. A fresh air inlet is also provided in the man hole containing an
intercepting trap.

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