IEEM 666

Industrial Environmental Audits

and Impact Assessment

Prof. Ibrahim M. Jomaah

Dr. Mohamed Zytoon
Dr. Abdulrahman M. Basahel

Spring 2019 (1439/1440 H)

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
 Lecture 2
INDUSTRIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Environment
-The aggregate of social and cultural conditions
that influence the life of an individual
- the social and cultural forces that shape the life
of a person or a population.
- the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions,
or influences; surroundings; milieu.
- ecology the air, water, minerals, organisms, and
all other external factors surrounding and
affecting a given organism at any time.
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 Environment (Cont.)
- computers. the hardware or software
configuration, or the mode of operation, of a
computer system: In a time-sharing
environment, transactions are processed as
they occur.
- an indoor or outdoor setting that is
characterized by the presence of
environmental art that is itself designed to be
site-specific.
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
 Hazard
It is a factor or exposure that may adversely affect health,
property and/or the environment.
source, situation, or act with a potential for harm in terms of
human injury or ill health, or a combination of these.
 It is a qualitative term expressing the potential of an
environmental/safety agent to harm the health of certain
individuals if the exposure level is high enough.

Risk
 A measure of the probability that damage to life, health,
property, and/or the environment will occur as a result of
exposure to a given hazard.
 It is the quantitative probability that a health effect will

occur after an individual has been exposed to a specified

amount of a hazard.
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 Types of Exposure to
industrial Environmental Hazards

 Acute
 Short term period between exposure and onset of
symptoms
 Chronic
 Long time period between exposure to an agent
and the onset of symptoms

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Types of Industrial Environmental Hazards

 Air pollution
 Wastewater discharge

 Solid waste

 Hazardous waste

 Noise pollution

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Air Pollution
Sources of air pollution:
 Stationary sources: point sources, such as
industrial stacks (chimneys).
 Mobile sources: transportation activities, such

as automobile emissions.
 Fugitive emissions: uncontrolled sources, such
as wind-blown dusts from stockpiles, and
leaking gases and vapors.

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Examples:
 CO & CO2: from fuel combustion.

 Hydrocarbons (HCs): from oil processing units.

 Lead (Pb): from leaded gasoline, metallurgical

industries, battery manufacturing and waste

incineration.
 Nitrogen oxides (NOx): from fuel combustion.

 Ozone (O3): formed from photochemical reactions

of some air contaminants (e.g., HCs and NOx).

 Sulfur dioxide (SO2): from fuel combustion.

 Particulate matter: PM10 and PM2.5.

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Health Effects of Air Pollutants
 Irritation of nose, eye, and throat
 Respiratory diseases (Bronchitis, Asthma, cough, nausea
…etc.)
 Cardiovascular diseases
 Toxicity (CO)
 Decrease of pulmonary function and restricted activities)
 Cancers (Benzene)
 Neurological impairments, such as seizures, mental
retardation, and behavioral disorders (Pb).
 kidney/liver damage, CNS disorders (Arsenic, cadmium,
lead, mercury, nickel, and chromium)
 Increased hospital admissions and ER visits.
 Premature death
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
 Health effects of air pollutants:
 Depends on pollutant concentration and
duration of exposure.
 High concentrations may develop acute
effects.
 Lower concentrations with long duration

may develop chronic health effect.

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Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
Global effects of air pollution:
 Acid rain: due to acidic gases (NOx,
SOx, Cl, etc.)
 Ozone depletion: due to CFCs, HCs.
 Global warming & climate change: due
to greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, NO,
other HCs).

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Control of air pollution:
 Regulatory Control: standards for process of
emission
 Engineering control: elimination, minimization,
substitution, enclosure, redesign, etc.
 Administrative control: rules, procedures,
practices, maintenance, housekeeping, waste
disposal, management.
 Tailpipe control methods: capture gases, vapors,
particulates before discharge to air.
 PPE
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 Wastewater Discharge
 Wastewater is the combination of liquid and
water-transported wastes from homes,
commercial buildings, industrial facilities, and
institutions, along with any groundwater
infiltration and surface water and storm water
inflow that may enter the sewer system.
 Because of the diversity of wastewater
sources, the impact of wastewaters on the
environment can vary greatly.
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
 Wastewater contaminants:
Contaminants Reasons for importance
Physical:
• Suspended solids - for esthetic reasons.
- can lead to sludge deposits and
anaerobic conditions.
Chemical:
• Biodegradable - proteins, carbohydrates, and
organics fats.
- can lead to oxygen depletion
and development of septic
conditions.
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
 Wastewater contaminants:
Contaminants Reasons for importance
Chemical (contin.):
• Nutrients - Carbon, nitrogen & phosphorus.
- can lead to growth of undesirable
aquatic life.
- can also lead to the pollution of
groundwater.

• Refractory organics - tend to resist conventional

biological methods of wastewater
treatment.
- surfactants, phenols & agricultural
pesticides.
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
 Wastewater contaminants:
Contaminants Reasons for importance
Chemical (contin.):
• Heavy metals - Due to their toxic nature, certain heavy
metals can negatively impact upon
biological waste treatment processes and
stream life.

• Dissolved inorganic - Such as calcium, sodium & sulfate.

solids - May have to be removed if the
wastewater is to be reused.

Biological: - Communicable diseases can be

• Pathogens transmitted by the pathogenic organisms
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in wastewater. Master of Engineering Management Program
Typical sources and effects of wastewater constituents:

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Industrial wastewater pollution control:
 Pollution Prevention
 Production process change or product change.
 Minimization
 Reuse, recycle, recovery.
 Treatment
 Physical : Flow meters, screens, grit removal, oil removal, evaporation,
filtration, sedimentation
 Chemical : Equalization, neutralization, coagulation and flocculation,
electrolytic recovery, oxidation/reduction, photoccatalytic degradation, Ion
exchange, adsorption.
 Biological: Activated sludge, biofilters, ponds.
 Disposal: Secure landfill

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Solid Waste
Sources:
 Residential: household-type waste.
 Nonresidential: commercial, industrial, utility/service
wastes.

Effects:
 Esthetic
 Fire
 Insects and rodents
 Odors
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 Monthly multiplier for annual average residential solid
waste generation:

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Unit Waste
Factors
for Various
Generators:

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 Solid waste generation and recovery:

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

Solid waste
management:

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Hazardous Waste
 Hazardous waste is used as a broad term to denote
industrial by-products and waste materials
discarded from homes, commercial
establishments, and institutions that pose an
unreasonable risk to human health and safety,
property, and the environment.
 Most notable is the waste’s potential cause of or
contribution to increased mortality or an increase
in serious irreversible or incapacitating, reversible
illness.

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

Hazardous wastes are defined by:
 Ignitability
 Corrosivity

 Reactivity
 toxicity.

Examples:
 pesticides
 gasoline
 heavy metals
 medical wastes
 radioactive wastes
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
Sources:
 The major source of hazardous waste is the
generator.
 Other sources are transporters, treaters, and
disposers of wastes deemed hazardous by the
generator.

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Hazardous waste characterization:
The EPA has listed specific hazardous wastes according to the following
criteria:
1. F Series: Hazardous waste from nonspecific sources (e.g.,
halogenated solvents used in degreasing and spent electroplating
bath solutions).
2. K Series: Hazardous waste from specific sources (e.g., API
separator sludge and tank bottoms from leaded petroleum refining).
3. P Series: Acutely hazardous waste of specific commercial chemical
products, including discarded products, off-specification products,
containers, and spill residuals.
4. U Series: Toxic hazardous wastes that are commercial chemical
products, including discarded products, off-specification products,
containers, and spill residuals

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Hazardous waste characterization:

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
 Environmental Noise

 Also called community noise, residential

noise or domestic noise.
 Defined as noise emitted from all sources
except for workplace noise.
 Main sources: traffic (road, rail, air)
activities, industries, construction,
commercial activities, public works and
neighborhood.
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
 Health effects:
 Noise-induced hearing impairment.
 Interference with speech communication.
 Disturbance of rest and sleep.
 Psychophysiological, mental health and
performance effect.
 Effect on residential behavior and
annoyance.
 Interference with intended activities.
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
Environmental
noise
management
measures

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 Environmental Hazard Reduction or
Control Strategy
 Prevent the creation of a hazard in the first
place
 Reduce the amount of hazard brought into
being
 Prevent the release of existing hazard
 Modify the rate or spatial distribution of
release of hazard from its source
 Separate, in time or in place, the hazard
and that which is to be protected.
Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program
 Environmental Hazard Reduction or
Control Strategy
 Separate the hazard and that which is to
be protected by interaction of a material
barrier.
 Counter damage already done by the
environmental hazard
 Stabilize, repair, and provide
rehabilitative corrective measures

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program

 THANK YOU

Industrial Engineering Department, KAU Master of Engineering Management Program