Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40840-021-01085-z

Logarithmic Coefficients for Classes Related to Convex

Functions

Davood Alimohammadi1 · Ebrahim Analouei Adegani2 · Teodor Bulboacă3 ·

Nak Eun Cho4

Received: 27 September 2020 / Revised: 12 January 2021 / Accepted: 18 January 2021

© Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society and Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia 2021

Abstract
In this work, we estimate the bounds for the logarithmic coefficients γn of some
well-known classes like F(c) for c ∈ (0, 0.656] ∪ {2}. The best bound obtained for
the logarithmic coefficient |γ5 | is sharp for c = 2. In a special case, it is important
to note that we obtain the bounds for the logarithmic coefficients γn of the convex
functions of order α for some α. It is worthwhile mentioning that the given bounds
would generalize some of the previous papers.

Keywords Univalent functions · Starlike and convex functions of some order ·

Subordination · Logarithmic coefficients

Mathematics Subject Classification Primary 30C45 · Secondary 30C50 · 30C80

1 Introduction

Let U := {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} denote the open unit disk of the complex plane C. Let A
be the class of functions f analytic in U that has the following representation

∞

f (z) = z + an z n , z ∈ U.
n=2

Dedicated to the memory of Professor Gabriela Kohr (1967-2020)

Communicated by V. Ravichandran.

The fourth author was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No.
2019R1I1A3A01050861).

Extended author information available on the last page of the article

123
 D. Alimohammadi et al.

Also, let S be the subclass of A consisting of all univalent functions in U. Then, the
logarithmic coefficients γn of f ∈ S are defined with the aid of the following series
expansion:
∞
f (z)
log =2 γn ( f )z n , z ∈ U. (1.1)
z
n=1

These coefficients play an important role for various estimates in the theory of
univalent functions, and note that we use γn instead of γn ( f ). Kayumov [13] solved
Brennan’s conjecture for conformal mappings with the help of studying the loga-
rithmic coefficients. The significance of the logarithmic coefficients follows from
Lebedev–Milin inequalities [16, Chapter 2], see also [17,18], where estimates of the
logarithmic coefficients were applied to obtain bounds on the coefficients of f . Milin
[16] conjectured the inequality

 m 
n  
1
k|γk |2 − ≤ 0 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
k
m=1 k=1

that implies Robertson’s conjecture [25] and hence Bieberbach’s conjecture [5], which
is the well-known coefficient problem in univalent function theory. De Branges [7]
proved the Bieberbach’s conjecture by establishing Milin’s conjecture.
Recall that we can rewrite (1.1) in the series form as follows:

∞
 1
2 γn z n = a2 z + a3 z 2 + a4 z 3 + · · · − [a2 z + a3 z 2 + a4 z 3 + . . . ]2
2
n=1
1
+ [a2 z + a3 z 2 + a4 z 3 + · · · ]3 + · · · , z ∈ U,
3

and considering the coefficients of z n for n = 1, 2, 3, it follows that

⎧
⎪ 2γ1 = a2 ,
⎪
⎪
⎨ 1
2γ2 = a3 − a22 , (1.2)
⎪ 2
⎪
⎪ 1
⎩ 2γ3 = a4 − a2 a3 + a23 .
3

For two functions f and g that are analytic in U, we say that the function f is
subordinate to g in U and write f (z) ≺ g(z) if there exists a Schwarz function ω that
is analytic in U with ω(0) = 0 and |ω(z)| < 1, z ∈ U, such that

f (z) = g (ω(z)) , z ∈ U.

In particular, if the function g is univalent in U, then f (z) ≺ g(z) if and only if

f (0) = g(0) and f (U) ⊂ g(U).
Using the principle of subordination, Ma and Minda [15] introduced the classes
S ∗ (ϕ) and C(ϕ), where we make here the weaker assumptions that the function ϕ is

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Logarithmic Coefficients for Classes Related to Convex…

analytic in the unit disk U and satisfies ϕ(0) = 1, such that it has series expansion of
the form

ϕ(z) = 1 + B1 z + B2 z 2 + B3 z 3 + . . . , z ∈ U, with B1 = 0.

They considered the above-mentioned classes as follows:

z f
(z)
S ∗ (ϕ) := f ∈A: ≺ ϕ(z)
f (z)

and

z f

(z)
C(ϕ) := f ∈A:1+ ≺ ϕ(z) .
f
(z)

Some special subclasses of the class S ∗ (ϕ) and C(ϕ) play a significant role in geometric
function theory because of their geometric properties. For example, taking ϕ(z) =
(1 + Az)/(1 + Bz) where A ∈ C, −1 ≤ B ≤ 0 and A = B, we get the classes
S ∗ [A, B] and C[A, B], respectively. The mentioned classes with the restriction −1 ≤
B < A ≤ 1 reduce to the popular Janowski starlike and Janowski convex functions,
respectively. By replacing A = 1 − 2α and B = −1, where 0 ≤ α < 1, we obtain
the classes S ∗ (α) and C(α) of the starlike functions of order α and convex functions
of order α, respectively. In particular, S ∗ := S ∗ (0) and C := C(0) are the class of
starlike functions and of convex functions in the unit disk U, respectively. The class
SK(α) := S ∗ (ϕ) obtained for

3
ϕ(z) = , z ∈ U,
3 − (α − 3)z − αz 2
√
with α ∈ (−3, 1] was studied by Sokół [26]. Further, for ϕ(z) = 1 + z we get the
family S L∗ defined by Sokół and Stankiewicz [27], including functions f such that
w = z f
(z)/ f (z) stands
 in the region bounded by the right half of the lemniscate of
Bernoulli given by w 2 − 1 < 1 (see also [4,12]).
For some c ∈ (0, 3], the class F(c) is defined (see [24]) by
 

z f

(z) c
F(c) := f ∈ A : Re 1 +
>1− , z ∈U
f (z) 2

= f ∈ A : z f
(z) ∈ S ∗ [c − 1, −1], z ∈ U .

If we set α = 1 − c/2 ∈ [0, 1), for this selection the class as F(c) is well known
and is referred to the C(α). Clearly, F(2) := C. In particular, for c = 3, we obtain
the class F(3) which motivated many researches in the recent years (see [22] and the
references therein). Also, it is worthwhile mentioning that functions of F(3) are found
to be convex in one direction (and hence, univalent and close to convex) but are not
necessarily starlike in U (see [28]).

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 D. Alimohammadi et al.

Lately, some authors have subsequently investigated similar problems in the

direction of the logarithmic coefficients and the coefficient problems [1–4,6,10,11,
14,21,23,24], to mention a few. For instance, the rotation of the Koebe function
k(z) = z(1 − eiθ )−2 for each θ has the logarithmic coefficients γn = eiθn /n, n ≥ 1. If
f ∈ S, then by using the Bieberbach inequality for the first equation of (1.2) it results
in |γ1 | ≤ 1, and by utilizing the Fekete–Szegö inequality for the second equation of
(1.2) (see [8, Theorem 3.8]), we get

 
1  1 2  1  
|γ2 | = a3 − a2  ≤ 1 + 2e−2 = 0.635 · · · .
2 2 2

It was proved in [9, Theorem 4] that the logarithmic coefficients γn of every function
f ∈ S satisfy the inequality

∞
 π2
|γn |2 ≤ ,
6
n=1

and the equality is obtained for the Koebe function. For f ∈ S ∗ , the relation |γn | ≤ 1/n
holds but is not true for the full class S, even in order of magnitude (see [8, Theo-
rem 8.4]). Some first logarithmic coefficients γn were obtained for certain subclasses
of close-to-convex functions by Ali and Vasudevarao [3] and Pranav Kumar and
Vasudevarao [14] in 2018. Nevertheless, the problem of the best upper bounds for
the logarithmic coefficients of univalent functions for n ≥ 3 is presumably still a con-
cern. In [1], the authors obtained bounds for the logarithmic coefficients γn (n ∈ N)
of the general class S ∗ (ϕ) and for the logarithmic coefficients γn when n = 1, 2, 3 of
the general class K(ϕ), while the given bounds would generalize many of the previous
results.
Moreover, Ponnusamy et al. [24] studied the bounds for the logarithmic coefficients
for special subclasses of univalent functions and obtained the sharp upper bound for
γn when n = 1, 2, 3 and f belongs to the classes F(c) for c ∈ (0, 3]. Also, they stated
a conjecture for the logarithmic coefficients γn for f ∈ F(3) as follows:

Conjecture The logarithmic coefficients γn of f ∈ F(3) satisfy the inequalities

 
1 1
|γn | ≤ 1 − n+1 , n ∈ N,
n 2

and

∞
    
π2 1 1 1
|γn |2 ≤ + Li2 − Li2 ,
6 4 4 2
n=1

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Logarithmic Coefficients for Classes Related to Convex…


∞
where Li2 (x) = x n /n 2 denotes the Spence’s (or dilogarithm) function. Equalities
n=1
in these inequalities are attained for the function

z − (z 2 /2)
f 3 (z) := .
(1 − z)2

In the current study, which is motivated essentially by the recent works ( [1,24]),
the bounds for the logarithmic coefficients γn , n ∈ N, of the well-known class F(c)
for c ∈ (0, 0.656] ∪ {2} and C[0, B], are estimated. Moreover, in a special case it is
important to note that the bounds for the logarithmic coefficients γn of the convex
functions of order α for some α are obtained. It is worthwhile mentioning that the
given bounds in this paper would generalize some of the previous papers.

2 Main Results

First, we get the bounds for γn of the class F(c) for some c ∈ (0, 0.656] ∪ {2}. For
this goal, the following outcomes will be employed in the proofs of our main results.

Lemma 2.1 [19] Let β and γ be complex numbers with β = 0, and let h(z) =
c + h 1 z + · · · , be regular in U. If Re[βh(z) + γ ] > 0, then the solution of

zq
(z)
q(z) + = h(z),
q(z)

with q(0) = c, is regular in U. The solution satisfies Re[βq(z) + γ ] > 0 and is given
by
⎧   z −1
⎪
⎪ γ γ −1
⎨ H (z) β H (t)t dt − γ /β if c = 0,
q(z) = 0  z −1
⎪
⎪
⎩ z γ [H (z)]βc β [H (t)]βc t γ −1 dt − γ /β if c = 0,
0

where
⎧   z 
⎪
⎪ β h(t)
⎨ z exp dt if c = 0,
H (z) = γ z 0 t 
⎪
⎪ h(t) − c
⎩ z exp dt if c = 0.
0 ct

Lemma 2.2 [1] Let f ∈ S ∗ (ϕ). If ϕ is convex univalent, then the logarithmic coeffi-
cients of f satisfy the following inequalities:

|B1 |
|γn | ≤ , n ∈ N, (2.1)
2n

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 D. Alimohammadi et al.

and
∞
 ∞
1  |Bn |2
|γn | ≤
2
. (2.2)
4 n2
n=1 n=1
The inequalities in (2.1) and (2.2) are sharp, such that for any n ∈ N there exists the
function f n given by z f n
(z)/ f n (z) = ϕ(z n ) and the function f given by z f
(z)/ f (z) =
ϕ(z), respectively, for those we obtain equalities.
Remark 2.1 Let f n ∈ S ∗ (ϕ), n ∈ N be the functions sequence given by

z f n
(z)
= ϕ(z n ) ≺ ϕ(z), n ∈ N.
f n (z)

Then, each function f n (n ∈ N) is of the form

 
z ϕ(t n ) − 1
f n (z) = z exp dt , z ∈ U
0 t

is extremal for various problems in S ∗ (ϕ). In particular, let denote f 1 =: f . Note that
according to the above lemma the extremal functions can be derived as follows:

B1 Bn
γn ( f n ) = and γn ( f 1 ) = .
2n 2n

Thus, for every f ∈ S ∗ (ϕ), where ϕ is convex univalent, according to (2.1) we obtain

|Bn | |B1 |
|γn ( f )| ≤ ≤ .
2n 2n
Theorem 2.1 Let the function f ∈ F(c) with c ∈ (0, 0.656] ∪ {2}. Then, the logarith-
mic coefficients of f satisfy the inequalities

|Dn |
|γn | ≤ , n ∈ N, (2.3)
2n
and
∞
 ∞
1  |Dn |2
|γn |2 ≤ , (2.4)
4 n2
n=1 n=1

where Dn = ψ (n) (0)/n! and

(c − 1)z 1
ψ(z) = ·
1−z 1 − (1 − z)c−1
∞    
1 1 2 c 2 1 2 c 3
= 1+ Dn z n = 1 + cz + c + z + c + z
2 12 3 8 4
n=1
 
c4 c3 13 c2 c 4
+ − + + + z
720 180 90 5

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Logarithmic Coefficients for Classes Related to Convex…

 
c4 c3 11 c2 c 5
+ − + + + z + · · · , z ∈ U.
288 72 72 6

The inequalities in (2.3) and (2.4) are sharp.

Proof If f ∈ F(c), this is equivalent to

z f

(z) cz
1+ ≺1+ =: ϕ(z),
f
(z) 1−z

and if we define p(z) := z f

(z)/ f (z), then the above subordination relation can be
written as
zp
(z)
p(z) + ≺ ϕ(z). (2.5)
p(z)
Supposing that the function ψ satisfies the differential equation

zψ
(z)
ψ(z) + = ϕ(z), ψ(0) = 1, (2.6)
ψ(z)

we will prove that ψ is a convex univalent function in U.

Since c ∈ (0, 0.656] ∪ {2}, the function ϕ has positive real part in U because

z c
inf {Re ϕ(z) : z ∈ U} = inf 1 + c Re : z ∈ U = 1 − ≥ 0,
1−z 2

for all c ∈ (0, 0.656] ∪ {2}. Therefore, using Lemma 2.1 for β = 1, γ = 0, and c = 1,
it follows that the solution ψ of the differential equation (2.6) is analytic in U, with
Re ψ(z) > 0, z ∈ U, and is given by
 −1
z H (t) (c − 1)z 1
ψ(z) = H (z) dt = · ,
0 t 1−z 1 − (1 − z)c−1

where
 
z ϕ(t) − 1 z
H (z) = z exp dt = ,
0 t (1 − z)c

and all the powers are considered at the principal branch, that is, log 1 = 0.
On other the hand, since ϕ is convex and ψ is analytic with Re ψ(z) > 0, z ∈ U,
using [20, Theorem 3.2i] for n = 1 it follows that ψ is univalent in U. Define
 
zψ

(z)

(z) = Re 1 +
,
ψ (z)

for z ∈ U. From Fig. 1 made with MAPLE™ software, we get

(z) > 0 for z ∈ U.
Since

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 D. Alimohammadi et al.

Fig. 1 Plot of
(Reit ) for t ∈ [0, 2π ), R = 1 − 10−9 and c ∈ (0, 0.656]

(c − 1)z 1
ψ(z) = ·
1−z 1 − (1 − z)c−1
1 1
= · , z ∈ U,
1−z 1  c−1
∞  
1 + c−1 k (−1)
k+1 z k−1
k=2

then ψ
(0) = c/2 = 0. Therefore, ψ is a convex univalent function in U.
Note that for c = 2, we have

1
ψ(z) = , z ∈ U,
1−z

and it is obvious that ψ is a convex univalent in U in this case too.

Since p satisfies in the subordination (2.5), using [20, Theorem 3.2i] we obtain
p(z) ≺ ψ(z), that is,

z f
(z)
≺ ψ(z)
f (z)

and ψ is the best dominant. Thus, f ∈ F(c) implies f ∈ S ∗ (ψ), or

F(c) ⊂ S ∗ (ψ).

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Logarithmic Coefficients for Classes Related to Convex…

Therefore, since ψ is a convex univalent function for c ∈ (0, 0.656]∪{2} by Lemma

2.2 and Remark 2.1, we conclude that

|Dn |
sup {|γn ( f )| : f ∈ F(c)} = ,
2n

and we obtain the required results.

The extremal function can be derived by integrating the differential equation

z f

(z) cz
1+ =1+ ,
f
(z) 1−z

which leads to

(1 − z)1−c − 1
f (z) = , z ∈ U,
c−1

and thus, we have

     
(1 − z)1−c − 1 1 1 2 c 2 1 2 c
log = cz + c + z + c + z3
z (c − 1) 2 24 6 24 12
 
c4 c3 13 c2 c
+ − + + + z4
2880 720 360 20
 
c4 c3 11 c2 c
+ − + + + z 5 + . . . , z ∈ U,
1440 360 360 30

which completes our proof. 

Remark 2.2 From the inequality (2.3) of Theorem 2.1, for n = 1, 2, · · · , 5 and c ∈
(0, 0.656] ∪ {2} we get the results obtained by Ponnusamy et al. [24, Theorem 2.7] as
follows:

c 4c + c2 2c + c2
|γ1 | ≤ , |γ2 | ≤ , |γ3 | ≤ ,
4 48 48
     
1 c2 c c2 1 c2 c2
|γ4 | ≤ c+ 13 + − , |γ5 | ≤ c+ 11 + c − .
40 18 2 8 60 12 4

In addition to c ∈ (0, 80/61) from [24, Theorem 2.7], the best bound obtained here for
the logarithmic coefficient |γ5 | is sharp for c = 2, as well. Moreover, Theorem 2.1 gives
the sharp bounds of the logarithmic coefficients γn for f ∈ F(c) if c ∈ (0, 0.656]∪{2}
and n ∈ N.

If we set c = 2(1 − α) with α ∈ [0.672, 1) ∪ {0}, then Theorem 2.1 can be rewritten
in the following form:

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 D. Alimohammadi et al.

Corollary 2.1 Let the function f ∈ C(α) with α ∈ [0.672, 1) ∪ {0}. Then, the logarith-
mic coefficients of f satisfy the inequalities

|G n |
|γn | ≤ , n ∈ N,
2n
and
∞
 ∞
1  |G n |2
|γn |2 ≤ ,
4 n2
n=1 n=1

ψ (n) (0)
where G n = and
n!

∞
(1 − 2α)z 1
ψ(z) = · = 1 + G n zn
1−z 1 − (1 − z)1−2α
n=1
 
1 1 (2(1 − α)) 2
= 1 + 2(1 − α)z + (2(1 − α))2 + z
2 12 3
 
1 (2(1 − α)) 3
+ (2(1 − α))2 + z
8 4
 
(2(1 − α))4 (2(1 − α))3 13 (2(1 − α))2 (2(1 − α)) 4
+ − + + + z
720 180 90 5
 
(2(1 − α))4 (2(1 − α))3 11 (2(1 − α))2 (2(1 − α)) 5
+ − + + + z
288 72 72 6
+ . . . , z ∈ U.

These inequalities are sharp for

(1 − z)2α−1 − 1
f (z) = , z ∈ U.
1 − 2α
For α = 0, Corollary 2.1 becomes:
Corollary 2.2 Let the function f ∈ C. Then, the logarithmic coefficients of f satisfy
the inequalities

1
|γn | ≤ , n ∈ N,
2n
and
∞
 ∞
1 1 π2
|γn |2 ≤ = .
4 n2 24
n=1 n=1
z
These inequalities are sharp for f (z) = .
1−z

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Logarithmic Coefficients for Classes Related to Convex…

Theorem 2.2 Let the function f ∈ C[0, B] for −0.99 ≤ B < 0. Then, the logarithmic
coefficients of f satisfy the inequalities

|L n |
|γn | ≤ , n ∈ N, (2.7)
2n

and
∞
 ∞
1  |L n |2
|γn |2 ≤ , (2.8)
4 n2
n=1 n=1

where L n = ψ (n) (0)/n! and

 ∞
Bz
ψ(z) = =1+ L n zn
(1 + Bz) log(1 + Bz)
n=1
1 5 2 2 3 3 3 251 3 3
= 1 − Bz + B z − B z + B z
2 12 8 720
95 4 4 19087 6 6
− B z + B z + · · · , z ∈ U.
288 60480

The inequalities in (2.7) and (2.8) are sharp.

Proof If f ∈ C[0, B] then

z f

(z) 1
1+ ≺ =: ϕ(z), (2.9)
f
(z) 1 + Bz

and suppose that ψ satisfies the differential equation

zψ
(z) 1
ψ(z) + = , ψ(0) = 1. (2.10)
ψ(z) 1 + Bz

If we define p(z) := z f
(z)/ f (z), then the relation (2.9) can be stated as

zp
(z)
p(z) + ≺ ϕ(z). (2.11)
p(z)

Since the function ϕ is a circular transformation, it is easy to check that

 

 1  |B|
ϕ(U) = w ∈ C : w − < , if − 0.99 ≤ B < 0;
1 − B2  1 − B2

hence, the above transformation implies Re ϕ(z) > 1/(1 − B), z ∈ U. The function ϕ
is analytic with positive real part in U, so using [19, Corollary 3.2] for β = 1, γ = 0,
the assumptions of Corollary 3.2, i.e., (21) and the inequality after (21) of [19] are

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 D. Alimohammadi et al.

Fig. 2 Plot of
(Reit ) for t ∈ [0, 2π ), R = 1 − 10−7 and B ∈ [−0.99, 0)

satisfied. Thus, the solution ψ of the differential equation (2.10) is univalent in U and
is given by

Bz
ψ(z) = , z ∈ U,
(1 + Bz) log(1 + Bz)

where the logarithmic function is considered at the principal branch, that is, log 1 = 0.
Moreover, Fig. 2 made with MAPLE™ software shows that
 
zψ

(z)

(z) := Re 1 +
> 0, z ∈ U,
ψ (z)

and using the fact that ψ

(0) = 0 it follows that ψ is a convex univalent function in
U.
Since p satisfies in the subordination (2.11), using [19, Theorem 3.2i], we conclude
p(z) ≺ ψ(z), that is,

z f
(z)
≺ ψ(z)
f (z)

and ψ is the best dominant. Thus, f ∈ C[0, B] implies f ∈ S ∗ (ψ), that is,

C[0, B] ⊂ S ∗ (ψ).

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Logarithmic Coefficients for Classes Related to Convex…

Therefore, since ψ is a convex univalent function in U, from Lemma 2.2 and Remark
2.1 we get

|L n |
sup {|γn ( f )| : f ∈ C[0, B]} = ,
2n
and we obtain our results.
The extremal function can be obtained by integrating the differential equation

z f

(z) 1
1+

= ,
f (z) 1 + Bz

that gives

1
f (z) = log(1 + Bz), z ∈ U,
B
where
 
log(1 + Bz) 1 5 2 2 1 3 3 251 4 4
log =− Bz + B z − B z + B z
Bz 2 24 8 2880
19 5 5 19087 6 6
− B z + B z + · · · z ∈ U,
288 362880
and this completes our proof. 

Remark 2.3 From the inequality (2.7) of Theorem 2.2, for n = 1, 2, 3 we get the results
obtained in [1, Theorem 2] for the function f ∈ C (1/(1 + Bz)) for −0.99 ≤ B < 0
as follows:

|B| 5B 2 |B 3 |
|γ1 | ≤ , |γ2 | ≤ , |γ3 | ≤ .
4 48 16

Funding Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials Not applicable.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflicts of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Code availability Not applicable.

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Logarithmic Coefficients for Classes Related to Convex…

Affiliations

Davood Alimohammadi1 · Ebrahim Analouei Adegani2 · Teodor Bulboacă3 ·

Nak Eun Cho4

B Davood Alimohammadi
d-alimohammadi@araku.ac.ir
Ebrahim Analouei Adegani
analoey.ebrahim@gmail.com
Teodor Bulboacă
bulboaca@math.ubbcluj.ro
Nak Eun Cho
necho@pknu.ac.kr
1 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
2 Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, P. O. Box 316-36155,
Shahrood, Iran
3 Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca,
Romania
4 Department of Applied Mathematics, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University,
Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea

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