Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A W A STANDARD
FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE PRESSURE PIPE,
NONCYLINDER TYPE
CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the fmnt
cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National
Standard may be revised or withdrawn a t any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken
to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication.
Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by
callingorwriting the AmericanNational Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., NewYork, NY
10036;(212) 642-4900.
Committee Personnel
The AWWA Standards subcommittee that reviewed and developed this stan-
dard had thefollowing personnel at the time:
Consumer Members
*Liaison, nonvoting
TAlternate
Producer Members
*Liason, nonvoting
tAlternate
iv
Contents
All AWWA standards follow t h geneml format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this f o r m t m y
be found in a particular standurd.
I. Introduction
I.A. Background. Reinforcedconcrete pressure pipe of the noncylinder type
has been used extensively since the turn of the century. This type of pipe is made
with one o r more cages of steel reinforcing bars or wire encased in concrete. The
concrete is usually placed by vertical or centrifugal casting methods. Rubber gas-
keted joints may have either steel or concrete bell and spigot surfaces. The pipe is
manufactured in sizes ranging fiom12 in. (300 mm) to more than 144 in.
(3,660 m m ) in diameter and is generally made in 8-ft (2.5-m) through 24-R (7.5-m)
laying lengths.
Reinforced concrete pressure pipe, noncylinder type, is designed for the specific
combination of internal pressure and external load required for a project, in accor-
dance with the procedures outlined in AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure P i p e .
This pipe is normally limited in working pressure to a maximum of 55 psi (380 Wal
and is used for low-pressure transmission lines in irrigation, industrial, and domes-
tic water supply systems, and other applications (see Sec. III).
Design criteria and examples along with installation recommendations and
other related data pertaining to this pipe are covered in AWWA Manual M 9
I.B. History. In April1943, the AWWA Board of Directors authorized the
preparation of "Tentative EmergencySpecificationsforConcrete Pressure Pipe."
These tentative specifications, which covered several types of pipe in a single docu-
ment, served a useful purpose during World War II, but are now obsolete and have
been withdrawn.
The first edition of this standard was approved as tentative on Sept. 4, 1951,
and made a standard on May 5, 1953. The second edition was made a standard on
July 19, 1957. Substantial changes, including the addition of limiting stresses for
combined loading design, were incorporated into the third edition, which was made
a standard on Jan. 27, 1964,
The fourth edition, dated Jan. 28, 1974, included several sigmfhnt changes.
Format and terminology were modified to generally conform t o AWWA C301, Stan-
dard for Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type, for Water and
Other Liquids, and section titles were added. The scopeof sizes was changed to
include 12-in. (300-mm)through 144-in. (3,660-mm) pipe with certain length restric-
tions as a function of diameter. Provisions for concrete admixtures were included
along with modifications of curing parameters. Design requirements and reference
appendixes were added.
The fifth edition, dated June 14,1987,included general format changes and
several minor technical revisions for aggregates. Provisions for pozzolanic materials
as a cement replacement under controlledconditionswere introduced. Maximum
levels for soluble chlorideion (Cl-) content in theconcrete mix were established. The
criteria for curing the pipe were upgraded.
I.C. Acceptance. In May1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF Inter-
national (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certifka-
tion program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of
the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research
*Persons in Canada,Mexico,andnon-NorthAmericancountriesshouldcontactthe
appropriate authority having jurisdiction.
?American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.
SNSF International, 3475 Plymouth M.,
Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
§Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 2102 Constitution Ave.
N.W., Washington,DC 20418.
vii
13. Design procedures have been moved from the former appendix A of this
standard to AWWA Manual M9.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call the AWWA Standards Department, (303) 794-7711 ext. 2201, FAX (303)
795-1440, or write to the departmentat 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235.
ix
ANSllAWWA C302-95
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C302-87)
SECTION 1: GENERAL
Sec. 1.1 Scope
This standard covers the manufacture of circumferentially reinforced concrete
pressure pipe, without a steel cylinder and not prestressed, in sizes from 12 to
144 in, (300 t o 3,660 m m ) inclusive and for working pressures not exceeding 55 psi
(380 Wa) and working plus surge pressures not exceeding a total pressure of 65 psi
(450 Wal. This type of pipe is designed for the internal pressure, external loads,
and bedding conditions designated by the purchaser. Pipe of diameters larger than
144 in. (3,660 m m ) have been manufactured based on the concepts of this standard.
This standard does not include requirements for design, handling, delivery, laying,
field testing, or disinfection of pipe. See AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure Pipe,
for information on these topics.
1.1.1 Essential requirements. The pipe shall have the following principal fea-
tures: a reinforcingcage or cages of steel rods, bars, wire, or fabric; a wall of
concrete covering the reinforcing cage or cages inside and out; and a joint with a
preformed rubber gasket or gaskets of rubber of circular cross section, so designed
that the joint will be watertight under all conditions of service.
Sec. 1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to provide purchasers, manufacturers, and con-
structors with the minimum requirements forreinforcedconcrete pressure pipe,
noncylinder type, including fabrication and testing requirements.
Sec. 1.3 Application
This standard can be referenced in specifications for purchasing and receiving
reinforced concrete pressure pipe, noncylinder type. This standard can be used as a
guide for manufacturing this type of concrete pressure pipe. The stipulations of this
standard only apply when this document has been referenced to reinforced concrete
pressure pipe, noncylinder type.
SECTION 2: REFERENCES
This standard references the following documents.In their latesteditions, they
form a part of this standard to the extent specified within the standard. Inany case
of conflict, the requirements of this standardshall prevail.
AISI* - Steel Products Manual - 1010 through 1020 Steel Sheets and Coils
and M1020 Steel Bars.
ASME? -Boiler and PressureVessel Code, Sec. IX
ASTMS A27 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General
Application.
ASTM A36 - Standard Specification for Structural Steel.
ASTM A82 - Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete
Reinforcement.
ASTM A185 - Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, for
Concrete Reinforcement.
ASTM A283- Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile
Strength Carbon Steel Plates.
ASTM A285 - Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon
Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile Strength.
ASTM A496 - Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete
Reinforcement.
ASTM A497 - Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric,
Deformed, for Concrete Reinforcement.
ASTM A569 - Standard Specification for Steel, Carbon (0.15 Maximum, Per-
cent), Hot-Rolled Sheet and Strip Commercial Quality.
ASTM A570 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hot-
Rolled, Structural Quality.
ASTM A575 - Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Qual-
ity, "Grades.
ASTM A576 - Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,
Special Quality.
ASTM A615 - Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel
Bars for Concrete Reinforcement.
ASTM A635 -Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy-Thick-
ness Coils, Carbon, Hot-Rolled.
ASTM A659 - Standard Specification for Steel, Carbon (0.16 Maximum to
0.25 Maximum Percent), Hot-Rolled Sheet and Strip, Commercial Quality.
ASTM A663 - Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Qual-
ity, Mechanical Properties.
*American Iron and Steel Institute, 1101 17th St. N.W., Washington, M= 20036.
$American Society ofMechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.
#American Society for Testingand Materials, 1916Raœ St.,Philadelphia, PA 19103.
*American National Standards Institute, 11W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.
t h e r i c a n Welding Society Inc., 550 N.W. LeJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33126.
$Canadian StandardsAssociation, 178 Rexdale Blvd., Rexdale,ON M9W 1R3.
4 AWWA C302-95
SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
The following definitions shall apply in this standard:
1. Approved: Having received the approval of the purchaser.
2. Constructor: The party that furnishes the work and materials forplace-
ment or installation.
3. Dead loads: The pipe weight, water weight, and all static loads, including
earth loads, applied to the outside of the pipe after installation.
4. External loads: All live and dead loads applied to the outside of the pipe
after installation
5. Field test pressure: Maximum internal field test pressure for each part of
the pipeline.
6. Live loads: All external transient loads applied to the outside of the pipe
during and after installation.
7. Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces mate-
rials or products.
8. Normaloperatingconditions: Conditions due to working pressureand
dead loads.
9. Pipe diameter or size: The inside diameter of the pipe.
10. Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
11. Surge pressure: Internal pressure in excess of the working pressure caused
by rapid changes in pipeline flow velocity.
12. Transient conditions: Conditions due to surge pressures or live loads that
exceed normal operating conditions.
13. Working pressure: Maximum internal pressure for each pipe, o r portion of
the pipeline, established by the hydraulic gradient, exclusive of surge pressure, or
thestatic pressure specifiedby the purchaser, whichever results in the greater
pressure.
SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS
Sec. 4.1 Permeation
The selection of materials is critical for water service and distribution piping in
locations where there is likelihood the pipe will be exposed to significant concentra-
tions of pollutants that are comprised of low molecular weight petroleum products o r
organic solvents or their vapors. Research has documented that pipe materials such
as polyethylene, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride,and asbestos cement; and elastom-
ers, such as used in jointinggasketsand packing glands, may besubject to
permeation by lower molecular weight organic solvents or petroleum products. If a
water pipe must pass through such a contaminated area or an area subject to con-
tamination, consult with the manufacturer regarding permeation of pipe walls,
jointing materials, etc., before selecting materials for use in that area.
Sec. 4.2 Drawings and Datato Be Furnished by the Purchaser
4.2.1 Drawings. Thepurchaser shall furnish the constructor with drawings
and profilesshowing (1) alignment andgrades, (2) locations of all outlets,
REINFORCEDCONCRETE PRESSUREPIPE 5
connections and special appurtenances, (3) working, field test, and surge pressures
for each portion of the pipeline, and (4)special details or shall otherwise provide the
constructor with the information necessary for the design and manufacture of the
pipe and fittings in accordance with this standard and with the specific require-
ments of the work for which the pipe is made. This information shall be furnished
sufficiently in advance of scheduled installations to allow for subsequent pipe design
and manufacture.
4.2.2 Design data. The purchaser shall speclfy or showon the drawings the
working pressure, field test pressure, and transient conditions applicable to each
portion of the pipeline. The external loading conditions and the method or methods
of bedding and backfilling shall be specified.
4.2.3Design responsibility. The purchaser or the purchaser's engineering rep-
resentative is responsible for the overall concept and design of the pipeline project,
including supporting structures. The manufacturer is responsible for furnishing pipe
in accordance with the purchaseis criteria defined in Sec. 4.2.2.
Sec. 4.3 Data to Be Submitted by the Manufacturer
4.3.1 Detailed drawings and schedules. The manufacturer shall prepare draw-
ings and schedulesshowing full details of reinforcement,concrete, and joint
dimensions for the pipe and fittings. These shall be submitted t o the purchaser for
approval when required in the purchaser's specifications. Pipe may be supplied from
inventory, unless the purchaser specifies otherwise.
4.3.2 Tabulated layout schedule. When required, the data submitted by the
manufacturer shall include a tabulated layout schedule, with reference to the sta-
tioning and grade line shown on the drawings supplied by the purchaser. The
schedule shall show pressure zones, each of which shall be designated by the appli-
cableworking pressure. The point of change from one zone to the next shall be
clearly indicated by station number. The diameter of the pipe and area of circumfer-
ential steel reinforcement (per unit length of pipe wall) shall be referenced for each
portion of the pipeline.
Sec. 4.4 Materials
All materials furnished by the manufacturer shall be new and of the quality
specified.
4.4.1 Cement.
4.4.1.1 Type. Cement used in concrete andmortarshall conform t o ASTM
C150.Either type I or type II may be used, unless the purchaser specifies a particu-
lar type. Sampling and testing shall conform t o the designated individual ASTM
specifications. Unless otherwise specified, raw or calcined natural pozzolan or fly ash
may be used as a cement replacement for the concrete. If pozzolanic materials are
used, not less than 10 percent and not more than 20 percent of the cement, by
weight, may be replaced by pozzolanic material. The pozzolanic material shall con-
form t o ASTM (2618,except that loss on ignition shall not exceed 4 percent.
4.4.1.2Inspection Satisfactory facilities shall be providedfor identifying,
inspecting, and sampling cement and pozzolan at the mill, warehouse, and site of
pipe manufacture. The purchaser shall have the right to inspect the cement and
pozzolan and obtain samples for testing at any of these points.
4.4.1.3Storage. Cement and pozzolan shall be stored in a watertight, dry,
well-ventilated structure.
6 AWWA C302-95
4.4.6.4 Steel bars.Flat steel bars shall conform to ASTMA663, grade 55;
ASTM A675, grade 60; ASTM A36; or AIS1 M1020.
4.4.7 Steel reinforcement.
4.4.7.1 Bars. Steel-bar reinforcement shall conform to ASTMA615, except
that the carbon content shall not exceed 0.30 percent as shown by heat analysis, and
the carbon equivalency shall be a maximum of 0.55 percent as determined by the
criteria specified in ASTM A706.
4.4.7.2Wire. Steel wireforreinforcement of concretepipe shall conform to
ASTM A82 or to ASTM A496. Wire used for ties may be annealed.
4.4.7.3 Wire fabric. Wire-fabric reinforcement for concrete pipe or for mortar
coating and lining of fittings shall conform to ASTM A185 or ASTM A497.
4.4.8 Steel for jointrings.
4.4.8.1 General. The steel used in the manufacture of bell rings for pipe shall
have a minimum specified yield strength of 30,000 psi (207 MPa). The minimum
specified yield stress of the steel used in the manufacture of bell rings for fittings
shall be equal to or greater than twice the steel stress used at working pressure, but
not less than 30,000 psi (207 MPa). All joint-ring steel shall have a minimum elon-
gation of 20 percent in a 2-in. (50-mm)gauge length.
4.4.8.2 Steel sheet and strips. Steel sheet and strips used for bell rings shall
meet the requirements of ASTM A570, ASTM A569, ASTM A659,or ASTM A907.
4.4.8.3 Steel plates and special sections. Special shapes for spigot joint rings
and steel plate for bell rings shall conform to ASTMA!283, grade B or C; ASTM
A575, grade M1012 or M1015;ASTMA663, grade 50; ASTMA576, grade 1012 or
1015; ASTM A635, grade 1012 or 1015; ASTM A675,grade 50; or ASTM A36.
4.4.9 Steel castingsforfittings. Steel castings for fittings shall conform to
ASTM A27, grade 70-36, normalized.
4.4.10 Rubber for gaskets.
4.4.10.1 General. The gasket shall have smooth surfaces free from pitting,
blisters, porosity, and other imperfections. The rubber compound shall contain not
less than 50 percent by volume of synthetic polyisoprene or other synthetic rubber.
The remainder of the compound shall consist of pulverized fillers free from rubber
substitutes, reclaimed rubber, and deleterious substances. The compound shall meet
the following physical requirements when tested in accordance with the indicated
conditions and designated ASTM test methods.
4.4.10.2 Tensile strength. The tensile strength of the compound shall be at
least 2,700 psi (18.6 MPa) for synthetic polyisoprene rubber gaskets and 2,000 psi
(13.8 MPa) forother synthetic rubber gaskets when tested in accordance with ASTM
D412.
4.4.10.3 Elongation at rupture. The elongation at rupture shall be at least 400
percentfor synthetic polyisoprene rubber gaskets and 350percentfor other syn-
thetic rubber gaskets when tested in accordance with ASTM D412.
4.4.10.4 Specific gravity. The specific gravity shall not vary more than k 0.05
within the range of 0.95 to 1.45 when tested in accordance with ASTM D297.
4.4.10.5 Compression set. The compression set, expressed as the percentage of
the original deflection, shall not exceed 20 percent. The compression set determina-
tion shall be made in accordance with ASTM D395, method B,with aging for 22 h at
158°F (70°C), with the exception that the disk shall be a V2-in. (12.7-mm) thick
section of the rubber gasket stock.
4.4.10.6 Tensile strength after aging. After being subjected to an accelerated
aging test for 96 h in air at 158°F (70°C) in accordance with ASTM D573, or in a
8 AWWA C302-95
Maximum Individual
Internal Size Pipe Length
in. mm fi m
12-18 inclusive 300-460 12 3.6
20-24 inclusive 5 10-6 10 16 4.8
27-30 inclusive 690-760 18 5.4
33-36 inclusive 840-910 20 6.1
39 and larger 990 24 7.5
4.5.1.5 Wall tolerances. The minimum design thickness of pipe wall for each
size of pipe shall be as shown in Table 4.The thickness of walls shall be within the
tolerances as shown in Table 5.
4.5.2 Reinforcement of pipe. The reinforcement of the pipe shall consist of one
or more cages of welded steel hoops, helically wound steel bar or wire, or welded
wire fabric properly spaced and supported with longitudinal reinforcing. The mini-
mum clear spacing between the circumferential reinforcing members shall be 14/4 in.
(30mm) or 143 times the maximum aggregate size, whichever is greater. The maxi-
mum center-to-center spacing of circumferential reinforcing members shall be 2 in.
(50 mm) for pipe with wall thicknesses less than 3 in. (75 mm). For pipe with wall
thicknesses 3 in. (75 m m ) or greater, the maximum center-to-center spacing shall be
three quarters of the wall thickness or 4 in. (100 mm), whichever is smaller. The
manufacturer shall submit designcalculations for approvalbefore manufacturing
any pipe if required in thepurchaser's specifications.
4.5.3 Joints.
4.5.3.1 General. The constructor shall submit details of the joints t o be fur-
nished. The joints shall be of the round rubber-gasket type, using either a steel or
concrete bell-and-spigotjoint design or a concrete and steel double spigot-and-sleeve
joint design, unless the purchaser specifies a particular type. In either type, the
joints shall be designed and fabricated so that when the pipe is laid and the joint
completed, the gasket will be confined within a groove or by shoulders on the bell
and spigot. The gasket contact surfaces in the joint shall not cause cutting of the
rubber gasket during installation.
4.5.3.2 Joint design. The joint shall be watertight when tested a t a hydrostatic
pressure equal t o 120 percent of the working pressure when in a fullydeflected
position. The joint shall be designed so that the gasket will not be required to sup-
port the weight of the pipe.
4.5.3.3 Joints of concrete or concrete and steel. Joints formed entirely ofcon-
crete or that employ a steel sleeve shall be manufactured so that when the outer
surface of the spigot and the inner surface of the bell or sleeve are in contact at a
point on their periphery, the deformation in the stretched gasket shall not be less
than 15 percent.
4.5.3.4 Steel joint rings. If the joints employ steel bell-and-spigot joint rings or
a steel sleeve, the joint rings shall be designed and fabricated so that, when the pipe
is laid and jointed, the joint will be self-centering. Each ring shall be formed by one
or more pieces of steel, butt-welded together. Welds on gasket contact surfaces shall
be smooth and flush with the adjacent surfaces. Prior to shipment, the exposed
portions of the joint rings of the completed pipe shall be protected with a shop-
applied, rust-inhibiting primer or metalized zinc coating.
10 AWWA C302-95
Minimum
Internal Pipe Size Wall Thickness*
in. mm in. mm
~~ ~
12 300 2 51
15 380 2 51
16 400 2 '48 54
18 460 2% 57
20 5 10 2 T8 60
21 530 2 T8 60
24 6 10 2 U2 64
27 690 2 54 67
30 760 2 34 70
33 840 2 78 73
36 9 10 3 76
39 990 3% 83
42 1,070 3 '42 89
48 1,220 4 102
54 1,370 4 U2 114
60 1,520 5 127
66 1,680 5 '42 140
72 1,830 6 152
78 1,980 6 '42 165
84 2,130 7 178
90 2,290 7 '42 191
96 27440 8 203
102 2,590 8 U2 2 16
108 2,740 9 229 .
114 2,900 9 '42 241
120 3,050 10 254
132 3,350 11 279
144 3,660 12 305
*Minimum wall thicknesses may not be adequate under some conditions of internal pressure or combined loads (refer to
AWWA Manual Mg).
4.6.4.4 Mixing. Mixing time shall be consistent with the types of materials,
admixtures, and mixer being used. Transit mixing shall not be used except by writ-
ten authorization and under Specified requirements of the purchaser. The
temperature of the mix shall be not less than 40°F (4°C) at the time of placemen',.
The temperature of the mix for vertically cast pipe shall not exceed 90°F (32°C) at
the time of placement, unless the recommendations contained in Hot Weather Con-
creting, as reported byACI* Committee305, are applied to control the effect of
temperature on the quality of the concrete. The temperature of the mix for centri-
fugally cast pipe shall not exceed 100°F (38°C)at thetime of placement.
4.6.4.5 Concrete test cylinders. A set of at least two standard test cylinders,
6 in. (150 mm) in diameter by 12 in. (300 mm) in length, shall be made each day
from the mixed concrete of each mix design placed that day. No fewer than two test
cylinders shall be made per 50 yd3 (38 m3) of concrete for each mix design placed in
a day, or two test cylinders per pipe, whichever requires the fewer cylinders, with
the exception that no more than six cylinders per day per mix shall be required to
verify the concrete strength requirements in Sec. 4.6.4.8. The concrete shall be Sam-
pled in accordance with ASTM C172. Test cylinders shall be made in conformance
with ASTM C31. The curing methods for the test cylinders shall be the same as for
the pipe.
4.6.4.6 Centrifugal test cylinders. Centrifugally cast test cylinders may be
substituted for standard test cylinders, at the option of the manufacturer, when the
centrifugal method is used for making the pipe. Test cylinders shall be centrifugally
cast in 6-in.(150-mm) diameter by 12-in.(300-mm)long steel molds spun about
their longitudinal axes, at a speed that will simulate the compaction of concrete in
the pipe, to produce a spun-cylinder wall thickness of about 2 in. (50 mm). The
curing of the test cylinders shall be the same as for the pipe. The net concrete area
of the hollow cylinder shall be used to determine its compressive strength.
4.6.4.7 Testing cylinders. All test cylinders shall be tested in accordance with
ASTM C39by an approved testing laboratory, unless the manufacturer has ap-
proved testing facilities at thework site.
4.6.4.8 Strength of concrete. The design strength of concrete shall be not less
than 4,500 psi (31,000 kPa). Concrete test cylinders, as defined in Sec. 4.6.4.5, shall
attain a minimum compressive strength of 4,500 psi (31,000 Wa) in 28 days. Cen-
trifugal test cylinders, as defined in Sec. 4.6.4.6, shall attain a minimum
compressive strength of 6,000 psi (41,400 kPa)in 28days. Toconform t o the
requirements of this section, the average of any 10consecutive strength tests of
cylinders representing each type of concrete shall be equal to or greater than the
specified strength, and not more than 20 percent of the strength tests shall have
values less than the specified strength. Damaged cylinders shall not be tested. No
individual strength test shall be more than 10 percent below the specified strength.
Pipe made from concrete that does not meet the strength tests in accordance with
the foregoing shall be subject to rejection.
4.6.5 Curing of pipe.
4.6.5.1 General. Pipe shall be cured as specified in this section to obtain con-
crete strengths specified in Sec. 4.6.4.8. Unless otherwise specifically permitted, the
pipe shall be cured by the accelerated curing method described in Sec. 4.6.5.2, by the
water curing methoddescribed in Sec.4.6.5.3, or the combination curing method
14 AWWA C302-95
described in Sec. 4.6.5.4. Water curing, however, may only be used if the minimum
ambient temperature exceeds 40°F (4°C).
4.6.5.2 Accelerated curing. The pipe shall be placed in a curing facility or oth-
erwise covered by a suitable enclosure that will allow proper circulation of air or
steam. Within 1 h of final placement of concrete in each enclosure, any exposed
concrete, including the surfaces at the top of vertically cast pipe, shall be kept moist
continuously, either by maintaining a moist environment surrounding the entire
pipe at a relative humidity of not less than 85 percent, or by the presence of free
water in contact with the exposed surfaces, The ambient temperature within the
enclosure shall not be less than 40°F (4°C). The ambient temperatureshall be
increased at a rate not to exceed 40°F (22°C)per hour, but shall not be raised above
95°F (35°C) by the introduction of heat before 4 h after final placement of concrete
in that enclosure. After the 4-h delayperiod, the ambient temperature shall be
maintained at a temperature between 90 and 125°F (32 and 52°C) for a minimum
period of 12 h (including the delay period), except for the time required to remove
the forms or end rings. The forms shall notberemoved until the concrete has
attained a strength sufEcient to resist damage during the form-removal operation,
but in no case shall the forms be removed until 6 h after the completion of concrete
placement. The total cure, consisting of the delay period, the accelerated cure, and
the ambient-air cure, shall be sufficient to produce the concrete strength specified in
Sec. 4.6.4.8.
4.6.5.3 Water curing. Water curing shall begin as soon as the concrete has set
sufficiently t o prevent damage to the exposed concrete surfaces. All exposed concrete
surfaces shall then be kept moist by intermittent orcontinuous water spraying
throughout the water-curing period. Forms shall not be removed until the concrete
has attained a strength sufficient to resist damage during the form-removal opera-
tion, but in no case shall the forms be removed until 12 h after the completion of
concrete placement. The total cure, consisting of the water cure and the ambient-air
cure, shall be sufficient to produce the concrete strength specified in Sec. 4.6.4.8.
4.6.5.4 Combination curing. Curing of pipe may consist of any combination of
accelerated curing and water curing that will produce the concrete strengths speci-
fied in Sec. 4.6.4.8, except that only a single method of curing shall be used before
removing the forms.
4.6.6 Repair of Concrete. Defective concrete shall be removed t o the extent of
the defect. Concrete used for repairs shall have the same proportions as specified in
Sec.4.6.4.2. Repairs shall be cured as specified in Sec. 4.6.5, as applicable, or by
prompt application of a clear or pigmented curing compound conforming t o ASTM
C309. The curing compound used on the pipe interior shall be suitable for potable
water service. Repaired pipe shall not be shipped until completion of curing or for a
minimum period of 12 h following the application of the curing compound. Other
materials and methods of repair may be proposed by the manufacturer, all subject to
the approval of the purchaser.
Sec. 4.7 Fittings and Special Pipe
4.7.1 General. Fittings and special pipe shall include closures, adapters, con-
nections to main-linevalves, bends, tees, wyes, reducers, restrained-joint pipe,
beveled pipe, short pipe, and pipe with outlets required for branches, manholes, air
valves, and blowoffs, as specified.
REINFORCEDCONCRETE PRESSUREPIPE 15
Fittings shall be fabricated of welded steel sheet or plate, and shall be lined
and coated with cement mortar. The mortar coating and lining shall be reinforced
with wirefabric as set forth in Sec. 4.7.2.2. Fittings shall conform to the details
furnished by the purchaser or, if required, to the details furnished by the manufar-
turer and approved by the purchaser.
4.7.2 Fittings.
4.7.2.1 Design. The circumferential steel stress used in the design of fittings
shall not exceed 16,500 psi (114 MPa) when the fitting is subjected to the working
pressure as defined in Sec. 3, item 13. If the centerline radius of a bend is less than
2% times the inside diameter of the pipe, the plate thickness, based on the maxi-
mum circumferential stress of 16,500 psi (114 MPa), shall be increased t o account
for the stress concentration on the inside radius of the bend. The minimum steel
sheet or plate thickness shall be as shown in Table 6 when supplemental structural
steel reinforcement is not used. Openings in fittings shall be reinforced by collars,
wrappers, or crotch plates if required by the design. Stiffener rings may be used to
increase the stiffness of fittings. Manufacturer's designs mayuse supplemental
external reinforcing cages.
4.7.2.2 Steel fabrication. The steel for the fabricated fittings shall be cut,
shaped, and welded so that the finished fittings shall have the required shape and
interior dimensions. Butt welding, lap welding, or offset lap welding shall be used.
The sheets shall beclosely fitted beforewelding and shall be f i d y held during
welding. The welds shall be inspected, and the completed steel shape shall be tested
for tightness by the dye-penetrant or other approved method. Welds that were pre-
viously hydrostatically tested need not be dye tested.
4.7.2.3 Mortar reinforcement. Fittings shall have wirefabricreinforcement
applied to the interior and exterior surfaces. The fabric shall have a maximum spac-
ing of 2 in. by 4 in. (50 mm by 100 mm) and shall be a minimum W0.9 welded wire
fabric. The fabric shall be held approximately 318 in. (10 mm) from the surfaces of
the steel plate or within the middle third of the lining thickness for mortar less than
3 4 in. (19 mm) in thickness. Wire fabric reinforcement will not be required for con-
crete or mortar linings that are centrifugally placed.
4.7.2.4 Lining and coating. Steel plate fittings shall be lined and coated with
mortar or other protective coating material when mortaring is not feasible. Mortar
lining shall be of a thickness compatible with the pipe interior, but under no
conditions shall the mortar lining be less than 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) thick. The exterior
mortar coating shall be at least 1 in. (25 mm) thick. Immediately before applying
the mortarlining or coating, all loose mill scale, excessive rust, oil, grease, and other
foreign substances shall be removed from all steel surfaces t o which the mortar is to
be applied. The mortar shall contain not less than one part cement t o three parts
fine aggregate of a grading suitable for the method of application used.
4.7.2.5 Curing. At the manufacturer's option, fittings shall be cured in accor-
dance with Sec. 4.6.5 or by prompt application of a curing compound conforming to
ASTM C309. The curing compound used on the interior shall be suitable for potable
water service.
4.7.3 Curves, bends, and closures. Long-radiuscurves and small angular
changes in pipe alignment shall be formed by deflecting joints, straight pipe with
beveled ends, bevel adapters, o r a combination of these. Pipe ends may be beveled
up t o 5". Short-radius curves and closures shall be formed by fittings. The deflection
angle between adjacent segments of a bend shall be not greater than 22%". Adja-
cent segments shall be joinedby lap or butt welding.
4.7.4 Outlets and connections on pipe. Openings for manholes and connections
for air valves, blowoffs, and other branches may be built into the walls of the pipe at
the locations required by the purchaser. Wall openings in pipe shall be reinforced
with collars, wrappers, or other approved means. The interior and exterior surfaces
of steel connections shall be lined and coated with mortar or other protective coating
material when mortaring is not feasible.
SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
Sec. 5.1 Inspection and Testingby the Purchaser
5.1.1 Znspection at manufacturer's plant. If inspection of the materials, pipe,
and fittings a t the manufacturer's plant is desired, the purchaser shall specify the
conditions under which the inspection shall be made. During inspection, the pur-
chaser or the purchaser's representative shall have free access to those parts of the
manufacturer's plant that are necessary to assure compliance with this standard.
The manufacturer shall make available for the purchaser's use gauges that are nec-
essary for inspection. The manufacturer shall provide the purchaser with assistance
as necessary for handling pipe and fittings.
5.1.2 Inspection of test reports. If required in the purchaser's specifications,
any of the reports of materials and manufacturing tests (underSec. 4.4 and Sec. 5.2)
shall be submitted to the purchaser.
5.1.3 Responsibility. Inspection by the purchaser or failure of the purchaser t o
provideinspection shall notrelieve the constructor or the manufacturer of the
responsibility to furnish materials and to performwork in accordance with this
standard.
5.1.4 Tests. Tests under Sec. 4.4 and Sec. 5.2 that the purchaser makes on
material samples, shall be conducted without delay. If any sample fails t o meet the
requirements, the manufacturer shall be notified immediately. Material affected by
the test results shall be set aside pending final disposition.
5.1.5 Rejection. Material, fabricated parts, and pipe that are discovered to be
defective or that do not conform to the requirements of this standard will be subject
t o rejection. Rejected material and pipe shall be removed from the work site within
a reasonable period of time.
Sec. 5.2 Tests
5.2.1 Concrete. Samples of the mixed concrete shall be taken for making com-
pression test cylinders as specified under Sec. 4.6.4.5and Sec. 4.6.4.6.
5.2.2 Steel. Applicable physical and chemical test reports on all steel used in
the manufacture of the pipe, including joint rings and reinforcing bars, shall be
obtained by the manufacturer. These test reports are designated in the applicable
material standards referenced in Sec. 4.4.At the manufacturer's option, these may
be mill test reports or the pipe manufacturer's test reports.
5.2.3 Steel specimens. If required in the purchaser's specifications, the manu-
facturer shall provide the purchaser test specimens cut from each shipment of steel
on all steel used in the manufacture of the pipe, including joint rings and reinforc-
ing, a t a frequency specified by the purchaser.
5.2.4 Rubber for gaskets. Test reports showing the physical properties of rub-
ber used inthe gaskets, as specified in Sec. 4.4.10, shall be obtained by the
manufacturer.
5.2.5 Welds in reinforcement. Samples of welds in reinforcingrods or bars
shall be tested for conformance with Sec. 4.6.3 ifrequired inthe purchaser's
specifications.
5.2.6 Calibration of testequipment. All instrument gauges and other testing
and measuring equipment used in activities affecting quality shall be of proper
range, type, and accuracy to verify conformance with specified requirements. Proce-
dures shall be in effect to ensure that they are calibrated and certified at no longer
than annual intervals. Calibration shall be against measurement standards that
have known relationship to National Standards, when such exist. Gauges must be
calibrated and certified forthe piece of equipment of which they are a part.
Sec. 5.3 Testing of Pipe
5.3.1 General. Internal pressure tests of pipe at the manufacturer's yard will
not be required unless they are specifically ordered by the purchaser, as provided for
in the purchaser's specifications. The number of tests, type of tests, and specific
conditions of acceptance or rejection shall be as specified by the purchaser. Follow-
ing are suggestedprocedures for hydrostatic pressure tests on fullycured and
surface-dry pipe.
5.3.2 Hydrostatic pressure tests. Hydrostatic pressure tests on pipe and joints
may be made together. The test section shall have suitable bulkheads attached to
the ends and shall be filled with water and permitted to stand under a pressure up
to working pressure for a period not exceeding two weeks. The pressure shall be
gradually increased until it reaches 120 percent of the working pressure for which
the pipe is designed. It shall be kept under the test pressure for at least 20 min
without cracking, and no measurable leakage shall develop during the test period.
Damp spots or water drops developing on the surface of the pipe and that remain on
the surface shall not be considered as leakage and cause for rejection. Those drops
that drip from the pipe and can be measured willbeconsidered as leakage and
cause for rejection. However, if this leakage can be proven to seal and dry on retest-
ing, then the pipe shall be considered acceptable. The joint shall show no leakage at
the test pressure.
18 AWWA C302-95
SECTION 6: DELIVERY
Sec. 6.1 Marking
Each length of straightand special pipe andeachfittingshall be plainly
marked inside, on the bell or spigot end. The markings shall include either the
pressure forwhich the pipe or fitting is designed or the area of circumferential
reinforcement per unit length of pipe wall. Special marks of identification, sufficient
to show the proper location of the pipe or fitting in the line by reference to layout
drawings and schedules specified under Sec. 4.3.2,shall be placed on the pipe if a
tabulated layout schedule is required in the purchaser's specifications. All beveled
pipe shall be marked with the amount of the bevel, and the point of maximum pipe
length shall be marked on the beveled end. If elliptical reinforcement is used, the
minor axis of the reinforcement shall be identified. Markings shall be made on the
pipe with awaterproof marking material.
Sec. 6.2 Transportation
Refer to AWWA Manual M9 for information on transportation of reinforced
concrete pipe.
Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance
The purchaser may require an aff--davit from the manufacturer that the pipe
and fittings furnished under the purchaser's specifications comply with all applica-
ble provisions of this standard.