GENETIC, CONCEPTION, AND

FETAL DEVELOPMENT
 CONCEPTION
• Conception defines, as the union of a single
egg and sperm, marks the beginning of a
pregnancy.
• Process includes gamete (egg & sperm)
formation, ovulation (release of the egg),
fertilization (union of the gametes), and
implantation in the uterus (menanamkan egg)
 Cell Division
• Cell are produced 2 different method:
Mitosis
Meimosis.
Mitosis
• Mitosis is process body cells replicates to yield two
cell with the same genetic makeup as the parents
cell.
• Mitotic division facilities growth and
development or cell replacement.
Meiosis
• The process by which germ cells divide and
decrease their chromosomal number by half,
produces gametes (egg & sperm).
• Each homologous pair of chromosomes
contains chromosomes received from the
mother and one from father, thus meosis
result cell contain one each of the 23 pairs of
chromosomes
 GAMETOGENESIS
• Oogenesis, the process egg (ovum) formation,
begins during fetal life in the female.
• All the cells that may undergo meiosis in a
woman's lifetime are contained in her ovaries.
• Only 400-500 ova will mature during the
approximately 35years of a woman
reproductive life.
• Then usually monthly , one primary oocyte
matures and completes the first meiotic
division, yielding two unequal cells, the
secondary oocyte and a small polar body. Both
contain 22 autosomes and one X sex
chromosome.
• Spermatogenesis, when a male reaches
puberty, his testes begin the process.
• Spermatocytes, The cells that undergo
meiosis in the male.
• The primary spermatocytes, which undergoes
the first meiotic division, contains diploid
number of chromosomes.
• The cells has already copied its DNA before
division.
• The cell is still considered diploid because the
copies are bound together.
• During the first meiotic division, two haploid
secondary spermatocytes are formed. Each
secondary spermatocytes contains 22 autosomes
and one sex Chromosomes, and the other, the Y
chromosomes.
• During the second meiotic division, the male
produces two gametes with an X chromosomes
and two gametes with a Y chromosomes, all of
which will develop into viable sperm.
OVUM
• Meiosis occurs in the female in the ovarian
follicles and produces an egg, or ovum. Each
month, one ovum matures.
• At ovulation the ovum is released from the
ruptured ovarian follicle.
• High estrogen levels increase the motility of the
uterine tubes so their cilia are able to capture the
ovum and propel it through the tube toward the
uterine cavity. An ovum cannot move by itself.
• Two protective layer
surround the ovum.
The inner layer is a
thick, a cellular layer
Zona pellucida. The
outer layer, the corona
radiata.
Ova are considered fertile for 24 hour
after ovulation. If not fertilized by a
sperm, the ovum degenerates and is
resorbed
Sperm
• Ejaculation during sexual intercourse normally
propels about teaspoon of semen, containing
200-500 million sperm into vagina.
• The sperm swim propelled by the flagellar
movement of their tail. Some sperm can reach
the site of fertilization within the woman ‘s
reproductive system for an average of 2-3
days. Most sperm are lost in the vagina, within
the cervical mucus, or in the endometrium, or
they enter the uterine tube that contains no
ovum
Fertilization
• Fertilization takes place in
the ampulla of the uterine
tube.
• When a sperm successfully
penetrates the membrane
surrounding the ovum, both
sperm and ovum are
enclosed within the
membrane, and the
membrane becomes
impenetrable to other
sperm, this process is termed
the zona reaction.
• The second meiotic division of the secondary
oocyte is then completed, and the nucleus of
the ovum becomes the female pronucleus.
• The head of the sperm enlarges to become
the male pronucleus, and the tail degenerates.
• The nuclei fuse, and the chromosomes
combines, restoring the diploid number (46).
• Conception, the formation of the zygote (the
first cell of the new individual), has been
achieved.
• Miotic cellular replication (cleavage), begins as
the zygote travels the length of the uterine
tube into the uterus transit takes 3 to 4 days
 Implantation
• The zona pellucida degenarates, the
trophoblast cell displaces endometrial cell at
the implanation site, and the blastocyst
embeds in the endometrium, usually in the
anterior fundal region.
• Between 6 and 10 days after conception, the
throphoblast secretes enzymes that enable it
to burrow into the endometrium until the
entire blastocyst is covered. IMPLANTATION
• Endometrial
blood vessel
erode, and some
woman have
slight
implantation
bleeding (slight
spotting or
bleeding at the
time of the first
missed menstrual
period)
 EMBRYO AND FETUS
• Pregnancy last approximately 10 lunar
months, 9 calendar months, 40 weeks or 280
days. Length of pregnancy is computed from
the first day of the last mentsrual period
(LMP) until the day of birth. However,
conception occurs aproximately 2 weeks after
the first day of the LMP, thus the post
conception age of the fetus is 2 weeks less, for
a total of 266 days or 38 weeks
 Primary Germ Layer
• During third week
after conception, the
embryotic disk
differentiates into
three primary germ
layers; the ectoderm,
the mesoderm and the
endoderm. All tissue
and organs of the
embryo develop from
these three layer
• The upper layer, the ectoderm, gives rise to
the epidermis, the glands ( anterior pituitary,
cutaneous, and mammary), the nails and hair,
the central and the peripheral nervous
systems, the lens of the eyes, the tooth
enamel, and the floor of the amniotic cavity.
• The middle layer, the mesoderm, develop into
the bones and teeth, the muscles (skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac), the dermis and
connective tissue, the cardiovascular system
and spleen, urogenital system
• The lower layer, the endoderm, give rise to
the epithelium lining the respiratory and
digestive track, glandular cell of associated
organs, including the oropharynx, liver and
pancreas, urethra, the bladder and vagina.
 Development of the Embryo
• The stage of the embryo last from day 15 until
approximately 8 weeks after conception, when
embryo measure 3 cm from crown to rump.
• The embryotic stage is the most critical time in
the development of the organ systems and the
main external features.
• Developing areas with rapid cell division are the
most vulnerable to malformation causes by
environmental teratogens ( substance or exposure
that causes abnormal development)
• At the end of the eighth week all the organ
systems and external structure are present,
the embryo is unmistakably human
 Placenta
• The placenta has been
described as a
pancake-shaped organ
that attaches to the
inside of the uterus
and is connected to
the fetus by the
umbilical cord.
• The placenta produces pregnancy-related
hormones, including:
- chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): pertahankan
korpum luteum ovari, mempertahankan suply
estrogen dan progresteron untuk pertahanan
kehamilan
- human placental lactogen (hPL): transportasi
glukosa dan perkembangan payudara untuk
laktasi
- Hormon steroid progesteron: mempertahankan
endometrium, mengurangi kontraksi uterus,
merangsang perkembangan alveoli payudara dan
metabolisme ibu
• Oxygen and nutrients pass from blood supply
into the placenta. From there, the umbilical
cord carries the oxygen and nutrients to unborn
baby. Waste products from the baby, such as
carbon dioxide, pass back along the umbilical
cord to the placenta and then into mother
bloodstream, for mother body to dispose of
them.
• The placenta produces hormones that help
baby grow and develop. The placenta also
gives some protection against infection for
baby while it's in the womb, protecting it
against most bacteria. It doesn't protect baby
against viruses.
• Alcohol, nicotine and other drugs can also
cross the placenta and can cause damage to
unborn baby.
• Towards the end of your pregnancy, the
placenta passes antibodies from mom to
baby, giving them immunity for about three
months after birth. However, it only passes on
antibodies that you already have.
 Multifetal Pregnancy
TWIN
Dizygotic Twin
also called fraternal twin or
nonidentical twin, two siblings
who come from separate eggs,
that are released at the same
time from an ovary and are
fertilized by separate sperm.
The term originates from di,
meaning “two,” and zygote,
“egg.”
Dizygotic twins develop in
the uterus separately. Each
zygote develops with its own
chorion (or outer sac). The
chorion is connected to the
placenta,
Each zygote also has its
own inner sac that
contains amniotic fluid,
and each develops its own
placenta.
• Because of two separate zygotes, the genetic
makeup of dyzygotic twins is different, and
thus they are not identical, just like any other
pair of siblings.
• They may be the same sex or be a male and
female pair. Dizygotic twins may have different
fathers, meaning that one egg is fertilized by a
sperm from one father and the other egg is
fertilized by a different sperm from a different
father.
Monozygotic Twin
Monozygotic twins result from
the fertilization of one egg and
one sperm.
The fertilized embryo then
splits within days after
fertilization resulting in two
individuals which usually share
the same chromosomes.
Monozygotic twins are also
known as identical or maternal
twins
• If division occurs soon after fertilization, two
embryos, two amnions, two chorions, and two
placentas.
• If occurs between 4-8 days after fertilization,
two embryos, two amnion, two chorions and
one placentas
• If occur after 8 days after fertilization common
omnion and chorion, and one placenta
(Conjoined twin)
THANK YOU