Vin MIA va VALVE (opou ques outenty ome oe no ya cep fy aad PP Soewz ayqon — squawiayg aaynequasasday, story uonssuey, Swawor aapeyuasoaday, < sanoud Scanned with CamScanner3 THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY () Symbol of an element: chemical equations, * Symbol - * Valency ~ definition; hydro metals; mono, di, tri and te * Radicals — definition; formutae and valencies * Compounds - name and formulae. * Chemical equation - letra valent elements, definition and examples of chemical equations with one reactant and two or three products, two reactan va valency; formulae of radicals and formulas of compounds, Balancing of vee ation; symbois ofthe elements used often '92n combination and number of valence electrons of the matals and non S and one product, two reactants and two products and two reactants and three | oF four products; balar (ii) Relative Atomic Masse: cing of equations (by hit and tral method) S (atomic weights) and Relative Molecular Masses (molecular weights): either — | standard H atom or 1/1 | 2th of carbon 12 atom. * Definitions * Calculation of Relative Molecular Mass and percentage composition of a compound. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Chemistry is a branch of science in which we study about matter, ie what is matter made up of, what is its nature, structure and what changes are observed when it is subjected to different conditions. Many theories were proposed regarding matter Which helped us to discover the real essence of matter. The basic units of matter in any state is considered as molecules. This is because molecule is the smallest particle of matter which has ‘ndependent existence. A pure substance is the one which is made up of molecules containing same kind of atoms. For example carbondioxide gas is a pure substance, all fhe molecules of it are made up of two oxygen atoms ind one carbon atom. The molecule may contain similar atoms or lisimilar atoms. A pure substance in which a nolecule is made up of atoms of the same kind are valled elements. An element is a simple and pure form of matter which cannot be decomposed into simpler substances. All elements are made of atoms, the smallest particles of an element which represent all the properties of an element. ‘An atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not exist independently but can take part in a chemical reaction. A set of atoms of the same type together forms the molecule of the element. The number of atoms in a molecule of an element is called its atomicity. Molecules can be monoatomic, diatomic and even polyatomic. ‘Monoatomic molecules ~ elements having only one atom in their molecules. Noble gases (Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon) have one atom each in their molecules. So, the atomicity of noble gases is one. The atomicity of metal elements like sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper, etc. is also taken as one. The atomicty of element carbon is also one. Thus noble gases, metals and carbon are monoatomic molecules. Diatomic molecules — elements having two atoms in their molecules, e.g. hydrogen (H,), Oxygen (O;), Nitrogen (Np). Triatomic molecules ~ elements having three atoms in their molecules e.g. ozone (O3). Tetratomic molecules — elements having four atoms in their molecules, e.g. phosphorus (P,).. ——C€ 1 > Scanned with CamScannerOetatonntly Anotocnton = tennnontly Dray olphe ations a hat neatly, cogs NHN Wy Fatt the caattast purntteto (HOE lag tho ' eaguatty bo oust nteppenntentlys Whe anolovule of | avant ov tuiey al the unpertion of that oloment Whavr atone av motevttes oF iftowont ates ows een tly aa Aye cathy thoy’ Con tho Fates ob at conypounl TN mate at se havik NMED, water (GO), ammonia (NTA) ate pokes of CONNPOUS, Dow or a0 Kinats of MHatovtales contbte 40 FON anixtanes, A mitre may: inelide CONSTLICHIN AN elements, an element and at compound or only compottuts, Mixtures et be homogeneous wltl Union eomponition or heterogentoonts, whic hs NON ‘nition dishiburtion at the different types of mateeues, For ewample, salt solution is: homogenons Uiistures whereas mnlay water is a heterngeneons MINTY, “The names of elements and compounds are abbreviated by using certain symbols and formulae, Before 1600 AD. alchemists tried to represent the substances that they used for their experiments: by different kinds of pictographic symbols, suet as a triangle A tor the earth, a erescent for silver, ete. Dalton used some other types of symbols to represent elements, stich as a cinvle [O] for an oxygen atom, a circle with a dot in its centre [ol for hydrogen, ete, | Dalton’s symbols of elements Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Phosphorus Sulphur Platinum Tron Copper Silver Gold Lead Mercury B2OS@@QOO02PSO0e8© Later, Jons Jakob Berzelius suggested that the initial letter of an element written in capitals should rye Hot partioulacetenont, set an O to 7 t AUCH NO TOE ANY ey cadrogety C for cui bon, ail i008, TEI aga se the atte ayant Al A age wih ye Finish anne at es element ‘hs was sci ya it tho aymiboty vets based on the Latin nines op ‘ihe Tang nies of ta elements aN above I Tle 1) 1 vertiin elements hase iv names Name tat siabot Mtn Haye Gott ww ‘wut tl ‘igootum ' {ydeargyniny Ne fat Cuprum 5. Lew ro lub 6, toe To Perrum A Soins N Nateium S. Potassiuin wt] Kolm 8. Nn sn Stannum 10, Antimony’ Sb Subium Te Tangsten Ww Wolfman, (Geena nan However, the method suggested by him laid the basis of the UPA (International Union of Pure ang Applied Chemistry) system of chemical symbols an formulie. yMBOLS A symbol is the short form that stands for the atom of a specific element or the abbreviation used for the name of an element. Each element is denoted by a symbol, which js usually the first letter ofits name in English or Latin, written in e Exar o the symbo. 8 the symbol, 1 element, is denoted by hy trogen is denoted by However ef (letter of more than one eler ent is the « elements are denoted by tWo Telcos. The firs: «ser is written in capital, while the secors! oes fe siten in small. Exav vo" cobalt, copper, calcium, cadmium, chromium, and chlorine are elements whose first letter is C. Therefore, only carbon is denoted by the symbol °C’, Cobalt is denoted by two letters *Co'. Copper is denoted by the two letters “Cu [taken from its Latin name cuprum], Calcium mn 52 >» Scanned with CamScannerby Cu Cadmivir ty Chiovine by Cl, Note : Be care‘el Fer example powever, COm > A symbol pame of an ele Chromium by Cr and ts! and small alphabets, ins the element cobalt 1d carbon monoxide, abbreviation for the 3s significance, Significance ol Tk represents : (Name of ox element @ atom of the element (i) A definite mass of the cos mas expend in eee) For example. the syrabol N stands for (i) The element Nitrogen Gi) One atom of Nitrogen (Gi) 14 grams of nitrogen. (This weight bei the atomic weight of the element). Table 1.2 : Symbols of some common elements ‘Symbol H N ° F cl Br I c s e 13 VALENCY The valency of an element is 2 measure of its combining power with other el ‘Valency is measured in terms of hydrogen atoms or oxygen atoms. It is the number of hydrogen atoms or double the number of oxygen atoms that can combine with it. ‘Since no other element has combining capacity less than that of hydrogen, its valency is taken to be one (1) and is considered a standard. — ats, Modern Dei. sition of Valeney Fre number of electrons that an atom can lose, gain or sh.ce during a chemical reaction is called its valency. Electrons in the outermost shell of the atom are known as valence electrons. ‘An atom contains electrons, protons and neutron, ‘each electron has | unit negative charge and each proton has | unit positive charge. Neutron has no electric charge, itis neutral. Every atom normally contains an equal number of electrons and protons which balance the charges in the atom and make an atom electrically neutral. If one or more electrons are either removed from an atom or added to an atom, then the atom has either less number of electrons than normal or more number of electrons than normal, and it gets an overall electric charge. The atom becomes an ion. ‘An ion is a positively or negatively charged atom (or group of atoms) which are formed by loss or gain of electron(s) by an atom or group of atoms. The loss or gain of electrons in an atom depends upon electron(s) in the outermost shell. To attain stability, atoms have to have eight electrons (attain octet) in their outermost shell. Thus atoms with one, two or three electrons in their valence shell lose these electron(s) to attain stability and thus form monovalent, divalent and trivalent positive ions respectively. Na — e- > Nat (monovalant) 2,81 2,8 Mg - 2e- > Mg? (divalent) 2.8.2 2,8 Al - 3e- > AP+ (trivalent) 28,3 2.8 Positive ion: are known as cations. ‘Note : Elements with one, two or three electrons in their outermost shell (valence shell) are usually metals. Out of the elements that have four electrons in the outermost orbit — Carbon is a non-metal, Silicon and Germanium are metalloids and the rest are metals. Elements with five, six or seven electrons in their outermost shell are normally non-metals. Atoms with seven, six and five electrons in their valence shell gain one, two and three electrons respectively in order to complete their octet and thus Scanned with CamScanner