Examples of electron acceptors in respiration[edit]

Electro
n Produc Eo' [
Type Lifestyle Example organisms
accept ts V]
or

obligate
aerobic respir aerobes and  H2O, + 0.
O2 aerobic prokaryotes
ation facultative CO2 82
anaerobes

Azospira Suillum, Sedimenticola
perchlorate r facultative ClO4−, H2O, O2, + 0. selenatireducens, Sedimenticola
espiration anaerobes ClO3− Cl− 797 thiotaurini, and other gram
negative prokaryotes[10]

iodate respira facultative H2O, + 0. Denitromonas,[11] Azoarcus, Pseudo

IO3−
tion anaerobes H2O2, I− 72 monas, and other prokaryotes[12]

Organisms within the

facultative
order Desulfuromonadales (such
anaerobes a + 0.
iron reduction Fe(III) Fe(II) as Geobacter, Geothermobacter, G
nd obligate 75
eopsychrobacter, Pelobacter)
anaerobes
and Shewanella species [13]

facultative
anaerobes a Desulfuromonadales and Shewanel
manganese Mn(IV) Mn(II)
nd obligate la species [13]
anaerobes

facultative
cobalt reducti anaerobes a
Co(III) Co(II) Geobacter sulfurreducens
on nd obligate
anaerobes

facultative
Geobacter
uranium redu anaerobes a
U(VI) U(IV) metallireducens, Shewanella
ction nd obligate
oneidensis[14]
anaerobes

nitrate facultative nitrate (ultimat + 0. Paracoccus

reduction
(denitrificatio anaerobes NO3− ely) N2 40 denitrificans, Escherichia coli
n)

fumarate facultative fumarat succinat + 0.

Escherichia coli
respiration anaerobes e e 03

Many Deltaproteobacteria species
sulfate obligate sulfate  sulfide  - 0.2 in the
respiration anaerobes SO42− HS− 2 orders Desulfobacterales, Desulfovi
brionales, and Syntrophobacterales

methanogene
carbon
sis (carbon methanogen methan - 0.2
dioxide Methanosarcina barkeri
dioxide s e CH4 5
CO2
reduction)

sulfur facultative
respiration (s anaerobes a sulfur sulfide - 0.2
Desulfuromonadales
ulfur nd obligate S0 HS− 7
reduction) anaerobes

acetogenesis 
carbon
(carbon obligate - 0.3
dioxide acetate Acetobacterium woodii
dioxide anaerobes 0
CO2
reduction)

Halide
ions
halogen
facultative and + 0.
ated
dehalorespira anaerobes a dehalog 25– Dehalococcoides and Dehalobacter 
organic
tion nd obligate enated + 0. species
compou
anaerobes compou 60[15]
nds R-X
nd X− +
R-H

See also[edit]
 Hydrogenosomes and mitosomes
 Anaerobic digestion[16]
 Microbial fuel cell
 Standard electrode potential (data page)
 Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry
 Lithotrophs
Further reading[edit]
 Gregory, Kelvin B.; Bond, Daniel R.; Lovley, Derek R. (June 2004). "Graphite electrodes
as electron donors for anaerobic respiration". Environmental Microbiology. 6 (6): 596–
604. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00593.x. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 15142248.

References[edit]
1. ^ Slonczewski, Joan L.; Foster, John W. (2011).  Microbiology  : An Evolving
Science  (2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p.  166. ISBN 9780393934472.
2. ^ Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2020). "Oxygen Is the High-Energy Molecule Powering Complex
Multicellular Life: Fundamental Corrections to Traditional Bioenergetics” ACS Omega 5: 2221-
2233. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b03352
3. ^ Sapart; et  al. (2017). "The origin of methane in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf unraveled
with triple isotope analysis".  Biogeosciences. 14 (9): 2283–
2292.  Bibcode:2017BGeo...14.2283S. doi:10.5194/bg-14-2283-2017.
4. ^ Simon, Jörg; Klotz, Martin G. (2013-02-01). "Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic
systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
(BBA) - Bioenergetics.  1827  (2): 114–135.  doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.005.  PMID  22842521.
5. ^ Graf, Jon S.; Schorn, Sina; Kitzinger, Katharina; Ahmerkamp, Soeren; Woehle,
Christian; Huettel, Bruno; Schubert, Carsten J.; Kuypers, Marcel M. M.; Milucka, Jana (3 March
2021). "Anaerobic endosymbiont generates energy for ciliate host by
denitrification".  Nature.  591(7850): 445–
450.  Bibcode:2021Natur.591..445G.  doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03297-6. PMC  7969357.  PMID  33
658719.
6. ^ Bogner, Jean; Pipatti, Riitta; Hashimoto, Seiji; Diaz, Cristobal; Mareckova, Katarina;
Diaz, Luis; Kjeldsen, Peter; Monni, Suvi; Faaij, Andre (2008-02-01). "Mitigation of global
greenhouse gas emissions from waste: conclusions and strategies from the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group III
(Mitigation)".  Waste Management & Research.  26  (1): 11–
32.  doi:10.1177/0734242x07088433. ISSN 0734-242X. PMID 18338699.  S2CID 29740189.
7. ^ Pester, Michael; Knorr, Klaus-Holger; Friedrich, Michael W.; Wagner, Michael; Loy,
Alexander (2012-01-01).  "Sulfate-reducing microorganisms in wetlands - fameless actors in
carbon cycling and climate change".  Frontiers in Microbiology.  3:
72.  doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00072. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC  3289269.  PMID  22403575.
8. ^ Nancharaiah, Y. V.; Venkata Mohan, S.; Lens, P. N. L. (2016-09-01). "Recent advances
in nutrient removal and recovery in biological and bioelectrochemical systems".  Bioresource
Technology. 215: 173–185. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.129.  ISSN  1873-
2976.  PMID  27053446.
9. ^ Xu, Bojun; Ge, Zheng; He, Zhen (2015-05-15). "Sediment microbial fuel cells for
wastewater treatment: challenges and opportunities".  Environmental Science: Water Research &
Technology. 1  (3): 279–284.  doi:10.1039/c5ew00020c.  ISSN  2053-1419.
10. ^ Melnyk, Ryan A.; Engelbrektson, Anna; Clark, Iain C.; Carlson, Hans K.; Byrne-Bailey,
Kathy; Coates, John D. (2011). "Identification of a Perchlorate Reduction Genomic Island with
Novel Regulatory and Metabolic Genes".  Applied and Environmental Microbiology.  77  (20):
7401–7404.  doi:10.1128/AEM.05758-11.  PMC 3194888. PMID 21856823.
11. ^ Reyes-Umana, Victor; Henning, Zachary; Lee, Kristina; Barnum, Tyler P.; Coates, John
D. (2021-07-02).  "Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory iodate-reducing bacteria
identifies potential niches across the world's oceans". The ISME Journal: 1–
12.  doi:10.1038/s41396-021-01034-5. ISSN 1751-7370.
12. ^ Reyes-Umana, Victor; Henning, Zachary; Lee, Kristina; Barnum, Tyler; Coates, John
(2020). "Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory iodate-reducing bacteria identifies
potential niches across the world's oceans".  bioRxiv  10.1101/2020.12.28.424624.
13. ^ Jump up to:a b Richter, Katrin; Schicklberger, Marcus; Gescher, Johannes (2012-02-
01).  "Dissimilatory reduction of extracellular electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration".  Applied
 and Environmental Microbiology. 78 (4): 913–921. doi:10.1128/AEM.06803-11. ISSN 1098-
5336.  PMC 3273014. PMID 22179232.
14. ^ Wall, Judy D.; Krumholz, Lee R. (13 October 2006). "Uranium Reduction".  Annual
Review of Microbiology.  60: 149–
166.  doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121357. PMID 16704344.
15. ^ Holliger, C.; Wohlfarth, G.; Diekert, G. (1998).  "Reductive dechlorination in the energy
metabolism of anaerobic bacteria"  (PDF). FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 22 (5):
383.  doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00377.x.
16. ^ Lovley, Derek R.; Fraga, Jocelyn L.; Coates, John D.; Blunt ‐Harris, Elizabeth L. (1999).
"Humics as an electron donor for anaerobic respiration". Environmental Microbiology. 1  (1): 89–
98.  doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.1999.00009.x. PMID 11207721