• SIMPLE, the Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence

Leveraging Extensions
• It is an instant messaging (IM) and presence protocol suite based on Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) managed by the Internet Engineering Task Force.

• STOP AND WAIT PROTOCOL:

• Used in Connection-oriented communication.

• It offers error and flow control
• It is used in Data Link and Transport Layers
•
Sender:
• Rule 1) Send one data packet at a time.
Rule 2) Send next packet only after receiving acknowledgement for previous.
• Receiver:
• Rule 1) Send acknowledgement after receiving and consuming of data packet.
Rule 2) After consuming packet acknowledgement need to be sent (Flow Control)
•
For lost packages
• Delayed Acknowledgement/Data: After timeout
on sender side, a long delayed acknowledgement
might be wrongly considered as
acknowledgement of some other recent packet.
• Stop and Wait ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
• Above 3 problems are resolved by Stop and Wait
ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) that does both
error control and flow control.
•
• Go – Back – N ARQ provides for sending multiple frames before receiving the
acknowledgment for the first frame.
• The frames are sequentially numbered and a finite number of frames.
• The maximum number of frames that can be sent depends upon the size of the
sending window.
• If the acknowledgment of a frame is not received within an agreed upon time
period, all frames starting from that frame are retransmitted.

• SELECTIVE REPEAT
• Selective repeat protocol, also called Selective Repeat ARQ (Automatic Repeat
reQuest), is a data link layer protocol that uses sliding window method for reliable
delivery of data frames.
• Here, only the erroneous or lost frames are retransmitted, while the good frames
are received and buffered.
•

•
• Selective Repeat protocol provides for sending multiple frames depending upon
the availability of frames in the sending window, even if it does not receive
acknowledgement for any frame in the interim.
• The maximum number of frames that can be sent depends upon the size of the
sending window.
• The receiver records the sequence number of the earliest incorrect or un-received
frame.
• It then fills the receiving window with the subsequent frames that it has received.
It sends the sequence number of the missing frame along with every
acknowledgement frame.
• The sender continues to send frames that are in its sending window. Once, it has
sent all the frames in the window, it retransmits the frame whose sequence
number is given by the acknowledgements. It then continues sending the other
frames.
•
• Bidirectional Protocols: Piggybacking
• data packets are normally flowing in both directions:
from client to server and from server . to client.
• This means that acknowledgments also need to flow in
both directions.
• A technique called piggybacking is used to improve the
efficiency of the bidirectional protocols.
• When a packet is carrying data from A to B, it can also
carry acknowledgment feedback about arrived packets
from B; when a packet is carrying data from B to A, it
can also carry acknowledgment feedback about the
arrived packets from A.