Third year: EXTC Engineering SEM VI

[Computer Communication Network]

Experiment

Name : __________________________________________________________

Experiment : __________________________________________________________

Title of Experiment : __________________________________________________________

W.I.E.E.C.T
Experiment/Assignment

Concept 02

Execution/Performance 04

Viva 04

Total 10

Date of Submission: __________________

Signature of faculty: __________________

Sr.No Course Outcome

ECCL602.1 Design a small or medium sized computer network including media types, end
devices, and interconnecting devices that meets a customer‘s specific needs.
ECCL602.2 Perform configurations on routers and Ethernet switches. Simulate computer networks
and analyze the simulation results.
ECCL602.3 Demonstrate knowledge of programming for network communications.

ECCL602.4 Troubleshoot connectivity problems in a host occurring at multiple layers of the OSI
model.
 Practical 1

Aim: Study of RJ45 and CAT6 Cabling and connection using crimping tool.

Components : RJ45 Connector ,CAT6 Cable ,Crimping Tool , UTP LAN Cable Tester .

Theory:

UTP

• Why twist wires?

– Twists reduce radiated signal (interference).Provides noise immunity. The

induced EMF into the two wires due to interference tends to cancel each
other after the twisting.

• Combine with Differential Signaling.

 • Bandwidth for UTP

- Cat 3: Upto 10MHz

- Cat4: Upto 20MHz

- Cat 5: Upo 100 MHz

- Cat 5e: Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps)

- Cat 6:Upto 200Mhz

- Cat 6A: Better quality Cat 6

- Cat 7:Upto 600MHz

Connections

The TIA/EIA 568-A standard which was ratified in 1995, was replaced by the TIA/EIA 568-B
standard in 2002 and has been updated since.

Both standards define the T-568A and T-568B pin-outs for using Unshielded Twisted Pair cable
and RJ-45 connectors for Ethernet connectivity.

• T-568B – Britain (UK) and Europe

• T-568A – Most commonly used in the USA and Asia

The standards and pin-out specification appear to be related and interchangeable, but are not the
same and should not be used interchangeably.
Types of LAN Cables

Straight-through: T568A or T568B on both ends

Applications: Used when connecting Data Terminating Equipment (DTE) to Data
Communications Equipment (DCE), such as computers and routers to modems (gateways) or
hubs (Ethernet Switches).

Cross-over: T568A on one end, and T568B on the other hand

Applications: Used when connecting two devices of the same type to one another, such as PC to
PC, hub to hub, switch to switch connections.
Patch Cable or straight cable

• A patch cable is often called a straight through cable. In other words, patch cable does not
change or swap along its way.

• Both ends use the same wiring standard: T-568A or T-568B.

• Both side (connector A and connector B) of patch cable have wire arrangement with
same patch cable colors.

• Specifically, Pin 1 on connector A goes to Pin 1 on connector B, Pin 2 to Pin 2, etc.

These patch cables are widely used for connecting the computer to the switches, hubs, or routers.
Crossover Cable

• Crossover cable, as the name suggests, cross over or swap on its way when coming from
one end to the other.

• Unlike Straight cable, crossover cable uses two different wiring standards on both end:
one end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the other end uses the T568B wiring
standard.

• Both side (connector A and connector B) of crossover cable have wire arrangement with
different color, and the wires that come out of the connector A should match the correct
pin at the connector B.

• As shown in the following wiring scheme, you can see that Pin 1 on connector A goes to
Pin 3 on connector B, pin 2 to pin 6, pin 3 to pin 1 and pin 6 to pin 2, etc.

• The crossover cables are mainly used for connecting two routers, computers, or hubs.

Straight Cables vs. Crossover Cable: When to Use

• A crossover cable connects two devices of the same type to communicate together, like a
PC to a PC, or a switch to a switch.

• The straight cable connects two different devices to each other, like a PC and a switch.

The following scenarios will explain the different applications.

Scenario 1: PC to PC

• If we have two computers connected directly to each other. And both PCs try to transmit
on TX wire, their signals will collide. Moreover, nothing will be sent on RX wire.
Therefore, neither computer will be able to receive anything.
 • At this point, the crossover cable is needed to make connections between two PCs. Since
this kind of cable is crossed, the signal sent on TX wire from PC 1 can be received on the
RX wire of PC 2.

• This is the reason why the crossover cables are often used to connect two same devices.

Scenario 2: PC to Switch to PC

• Switch is designed to communicate in between two computers, which has an innate

crossing of the wires.

• Therefore, we do not need the cable to cross for us. What the PC 1 sends on its TX wire
is received by the switch on its RX wire, and then transmits on its TX wire, finally is
received by the other PC's RX wire. And vice versa.

• Therefore, when a switch is connected to a PC, it can simply use a Straight cable.

Scenario 3: PC to Switch to Switch to PC

• Two switches separately cross the wire once, therefore another pair crossing in between
the switches is emerges.

• As mentioned above, two same devices need a cross cable to make a connection.

From the diagram we can see:

(1) When PC 1 connects to the Switch 1, we require a straight cable.

(2) When Switch 1 connects to the Switch 2, we require a crossover cable.

(3) When Switch 2 connects to the PC 2, we require a straight cable.

Scenarios for selecting straight or cross over cables

Maximum Length of an Ethernet Cable

The recommended maximum length for any structured cabling is 100m. This includes 5m of
patch cables at either end of the cable run, so the fixed cabling’s actual distance is 90m.
Anything over this distance will start to introduce interference and losses on the cable, which
will be seen as errors, dropped traffic packets, and reduced throughput.

• Structured Cabling = 90m

• LAN Patch Cables = 2 x 5m

It’s good installation practice to keep the cable runs as short as possible and avoid unnecessary
excessive service loops of cable.

Parameters CAT5 CAT6

Bandwidth 10/100 Mbps at a 100MHz 1GbE (1000 Mbps) at a 250MHz

bandwidth. bandwidth.

Usage Quintessential for residential use Quintessential for industrial use (large
(small area). area).

Coverage Covers a length of up to 100 Significantly greater speed as well as a

metres. larger distance covered than CAT5.

Diameter of Approximately 0.204 inches Approximately 0.250 inches (wider)

Wire (narrower)
Number of The wires in CAT5 feature one and CAT6 cable has tightly wound wires
twists (Wire) a half to two twists per centimetre. that feature two or more twists per
centimetre.

Cost Moderate price, less costly than Generally, 10-20% expensive than
CAT6. CAT5.

Speed Less speed when compared to Faster internet as well as internal

CAT6. speed than CAT5.

Crosstalk Does not tackle crosstalk problems. CAT6 has a protective shield that is
designed to reduce crosstalk
significantly.

RJ45 connector

RJ45 is a type of connector, mainly used for Ethernet networking including connection with PC
network cards, data switches, WiFi access points, and routers.

It is connected to each end of Ethernet cables and acts as the main source for transferring data.
RJ stands for registered jack and ethernet cables are also known as RJ cables.

The most common standard for RJ cables is known as CAT5 (Category 5)

RJ connector comes with eight pins which indicate it can house eight wires inside. All these
wires come in different colors i.e four are in solid color while the remaining four are stripped.
These wires are combined in twisted pairs that help in reducing the crosstalk and canceling EMI.

These cables are not shielded and are merely twisted for noise reduction.

CAT cables are mostly used in networking and can handle bandwidth around 100mbps.

These cables fail to work in high-speed environments, in that case, CAT5 is widely replaced by
CAT6.

RJ45 cables deem feasible for both long and short distance, and apart from supporting ethernet
protocol, they also work for ATM and serial ISDN T1 and E1.
RJ45 come with 8 wires and only 4 of them take part in the communication where pin 1 and 2
are used for data transmission while pin 3 and 4 are used for receiving data. (only in ethernet
interface)

In serial and ISDN protocols, all pins take part in the communication and are wired in a straight
through configuration.

Steps to Crimp an RJ45 Ethernet Cable

• Trim the outer sheath back about 10mm to expose the inner conductors.

• Trim off any nylon strands or wire guides.

• Straighten the wires.

• Sort them out to the correct color codes for the pinout.

• Snip the wires so they are all the same length.

• Push the wires into the connector.

• Make sure the outer sheath is inside the RJ45 crimp.

• Crimp the connector.

• Test the Ethernet cable.

STEP 1: 

Using a Crimping Tool, trim the end of the cable you're terminating, to ensure that the ends of
the conducting wires are even.
STEP 2:

Being careful not to damage the inner conducting wires, strip off approximately 1 inch of the
cable's jacket, using a modular crimping tool or a UTP cable stripper.

STEP 3:

Separate the 4 twisted wire pairs from each other, and then unwind each pair, so that you end up
with 8 individual wires.

Flatten the wires out as much as possible, since they'll need to be very straight for proper
insertion into the connector.

STEP 4:

Holding the cable with the wire ends facing away from you. Moving from left to right, arrange
the wires in a flat, side-by-side ribbon formation, placing them in the following order:

white/orange, solid orange, white/green, solid blue, white/blue, solid green, white/brown, solid
brown.
STEP 5:

 Holding the RJ45 connector so that its pins are facing away from you and the plug-clip side is
facing down, carefully insert the flattened, arranged wires into the connector, pushing through
until the wire ends emerge from the pins.

For strength of connection, also push as much of the cable jacket as possible into the connector.

STEP 6:

Check to make sure that the wire ends coming out of the connector's pin side are in the correct
order; if not, remove them from the connector, rearrange into proper formation, and re-insert.

Remember, once the connector is crimped onto the cable, it's permanent. If you realize that a
mistake has been made in wire order after termination, you'll have to cut the connector off and
start all over again!

STEP 7:
Insert the prepared connector/cable assembly into the RJ45 slot in your crimping tool. Firmly
squeeze the crimper's handles together until you can't go any further.

Release the handles and repeat this step to ensure a proper crimp.

STEP 8:

If your crimper doesn't automatically trim the wire ends upon termination, carefully cut wire
ends to make them as flush with the connector's surface as possible.

The closer the wire ends are trimmed, the better your final plug-in connection will be.

STEP 9:

After the first termination is complete, repeat process on the opposite end of your cable.

CONCLUSION: Thus, we have studied the use of crimping tool for RJ-45.