Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Succession of Teamwork
10
Abstract Kompetensi
Have you ever wondered how some work groups exhibit effective teamwork and others
remain dysfunctional for the life of the team? Effective teamwork is both profoundly simple
and difficult at the same time. This is why so many teams struggle to get the relationships,
the interaction, and the task execution right. Their success depends on these factors.
No matter the team or its reason for existing, humans are in the mix, and each team member
brings along all of their baggage—for good and for ill.
So, diverse people with different life experiences, different work experiences, and varying
degrees of success working with former teams and the accomplishment of prior team
missions converge around a new mission.
You can significantly increase the chances of the teams that you join or oversee to make
needed contributions. Given appropriate support and nurture, teams can succeed beyond
your wildest dreams. Don't let anything hold you back as you help your teams succeed.
Teams have basic needs that must be acknowledged and fulfilled if you expect your teams
to experience their greatest success. No team will succeed if these basics do not exist.
These ten tips describe the environment that must occur within the team for successful
teamwork to take place.
● The team understands the goals and is committed to attaining them. This clear
direction and agreement on mission and purpose is essential for effective teamwork.
Team members must have an overall mission that is agreed upon and that provides
the umbrella for all that the team tries to do. This team clarity is reinforced when the
organization has clear expectations for the team's work, goals, accountability, and
outcomes.
● The team has agreed upon procedures for diagnosing, analyzing, and
resolving teamwork problems and conflicts. The team does not support member
personality conflicts and clashes nor do team members pick sides in a disagreement.
Rather, members work towards the mutual resolution of problems and
disagreements.
● Participative leadership is practiced in leading meetings, assigning tasks,
recording decisions and commitments, assessing progress, holding team members
accountable, and providing direction for the team.
● Members of the team make high quality decisions together and have the support
and commitment of the group to carry out the decisions made. They also gain the
support and commitment of the people they report to in order to accomplish and
communicate the team's progress and success.
Is there such a thing like ‘Science of Reading?’ what is it? How does it work? What
are its uses? How do we go in for studying the reading behavior of an individual? Is there
any difference in the way in which an adult performs the reading act and a child pursues the
printed materials? Why do we consider reading a complex process? Is there any difference
in the way in which a fast reader and the way in which a slow reader pursues the line or
print? These questions may appear in your mind when you read this sub-chapter. You will
find the answer of your questions after reading the entire of this sub-chapter.
Facets of reading are many. Reading is a physiological process, psychological
process, a social process, a cultural process, and above all a linguistic process. It is an
educational phenomenon.
To the perception of psychologist, reading is not an isolated behavior that van be
understood adequately by itself. Depending as heavily as it does on the language skill and
on directed visual search, reading text, as a perceptuomotor activity, has certain
characteristics in common with listening to speech and with viewing scenes. The first
characteristic shared by these three activities. These behaviors do not consist of automatic
responses to the array or sequence of patterned stimulation that confronts the subject. The
reader does not merely regard a block of the text and immediately realize its message. He
must intend to read the display, must “pay attention” to its meaning, if he is to be able to
respond its contents.
a) Fixation is the pauses which the eyes make. The amount of reading which a
person does during one fixation is known as his ‘span of recognition’. When
the eye jumps from one fixation to another, it has to make a movement. This
movement which the eye jumps from one fixation to another is known, as
‘saccadic movement’ or ‘interfixation movement’. Sometimes it happens that
when the person is not to able to get the message out of his already made
fixation or fixations, then a refixation is required.
Fixation: at each fixation, the eye sees some letters according to the span of
recognition of the reader. The duration of a fixation represents the time that the reader
requires to perceive the printed symbols, to comprehend the meaning of the symbols, and to
make certain associations before he proceeds to the next fixation.
The duration and frequency of fixations vary the difficulty level of the reading material
and the reader’s facility in word recognition, with his vocabulary level, with his familiarity with
the content, with his purpose, with his ability to assimilate ideas, and with the format of the
printed or the written page which also includes legible handwriting.
Tinker suggests that the fixation varies from about 290 milliseconds (,22 seconds) for
easy reading material, 236 milliseconds for scientific prose, and from 270 to 324
milliseconds for reading objective test items.
b) Span of recognition is the amount of print seen during a single fixation. The
span of recognition averages 13 to 14 letter spaces (say about 3 words for
e) Return sweep; this is a return movement of the eyes from the end of a line to
the beginning of the next line. Return sweep movement becomes part of the
total reflex eye-movement pattern-brief, automatic and rhythmical through
more and more reading practice. A fast reader takes very fast return sweeps
involving even less than 40 milliseconds whereas a slow reader takes much
more time in ranging from 90-300 milliseconds.
✍ Talking it over!
Discuss with your partner about the following problems.
1. Why do some children find difficulties in reading?
2. What is your opinion about teaching the children under 5 years old reading in
English?
3. How significance of visual and non-visual information in Reading English?
Passage 1
❖ RECALLING INFORMATION
Write T (for True) or F (for False) in front of the statements about Morris’s essay.
Correct the false ones to make them true.
……………………….. 1. One good result of the women’s movement is that now American
women can have real, nonsexual friendships with him.
……………………….. 2. A person should have dozens of steadfast friends.
……………………….. 3. Two of his best friends are his twenty-year-old son and a big black
dog.
………………………. 4. Laughter is an important part of friendship.
………………………. 5. The New York editor who wrote an article about the faults of his old
friends did nothing wrong.
❖ TALKING IT OVER
In small groups, discuss the following questions;
1. In your opinion, what is the main idea of this essay?
2. What can you infer about the author’s character from what he has written?
3. What do you feel are the important qualities of a friend?
4. Do you think a person should have many friends or just a few? Why?
5. How do friendships differ around the world?
Passage 5
A. Through myth and legend the Olympic Games can be traced back to religious festivals
held in tribute to gods in ancient Greeks. Three thousand years ago Olympia was an
important religious center. Here the Olympic Games began as long ago as 776 B.C. The
custom lasted for more than 1000 years but then died out after Greece had become part
of the Roman Empire. However, in the late 1800’s Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-
1937), of France, decided to try to start the Olympics again. He succeeded, and the
modern Olympic Games began in Athens, Greece, in 1896.
B. In the modern Olympic Games, amateur athletes from all over the world can take part.
Any nation may send a team to the games if it agrees to follow the rules of the
International Olympic Committee (IOC). The games are held during the last year of each
Olympiad, which is a period of four years ending in a leap year: 1976, 1980, 1984, and
so on.
C. “The most important thing in Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the
most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not
to have conquered but to have fought well.” this statement by Baron de Coubertin is the
D. The motto is often used with the five-colored rings in the Olympic symbol. These rings
symbolize the sporting friendship of the peoples of the earth. The rings also symbolize
the five continents. The five colors (black, blue, green, and red) were chosen because at
least one of them appears in the flag of every nation of the world. The Olympic flag itself
has the Olympic symbol in the center of a white field. This flag was first used in Antwerp
in 1920.
E. At the opening ceremonies, an athlete from the host country takes oath on behalf of all
the athletes. The king or president of the host country then declares the Games officially
open. In a dramatic climax to this ceremony, a runner enters the stadium and lights the
Olympic Flame with a torch that has been carried by relays of runners from Olympia,
Greece. The Olympic Flame burns throughout the Games before being extinguished in
the closing ceremony.
F. The international Olympic Committee (IOC) tries hard to maintain the Olympic ideals.
But politics has often intruded into Olympic Games. For example, host countries have
tried to use the Games as a showcase for the merits of their political systems. Several
times, groups of nations have boycotted the Games. Charges have been made that
some nations’ athletes and officials have used unfair means to win medals.
G. The Summer Olympic Games include 24 sports divided into six main categories:
1. Athletic sports: track & field and cycling.
2. Combative sports: fencing, boxing, judo, wrestling, shooting, and archery.
3. Gymnastic sports: gymnastic and weight-lifting.
4. Aquatic sports: swimming, diving, rowing, water polo, and yachting.
5. Modern pentathlon: horseback riding, fencing, shooting, swimming, and cross-
country.
6. Equestrian sports.
To be eligible for official recognition in the Olympics, a sport must be played in at least
25 countries.
H. For most events, preliminary contests may be necessary to reduce the number of
entrants. Olympic winners receive awards in the form of a diploma and a medal (a gold
� COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
A. Match the following headings with paragraphs A-I
1. Politics in the Olympic Games --------
2. The Modern Olympic Games --------
3. History of the Olympic Games --------
4. The Olympic Symbols --------
5. The Olympic Motto --------
6. The Olympic Awards --------
7. The Opening Ceremony of the Games --------
8. Types of Sports in the Olympic Games --------
B. Fill in the blank in each item with the word(s), phrase(s) from the passage. Use NO
MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
1. According to …………………… the Olympic Games may have been originated from
religious festivals.
2. ………………. Is the Frenchman who received the Olympic Games.
3. The Olympic Motto is ………………….
4. The first modern Olympic began in …………………
5. The Olympic Games is usually opens by …………………of host country.
6. To reduce the number of entrants, the Olympic Committee conducts ………………
DaftarPustaka
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening-skills-practice/work
http://www.ielts-mentor.com/reading-sample/academic-reading/29-ielts-academic-reading-
Whitby, Norman. 2013. Business Benchmark. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.