BIOLOGICAL

METHODS
FOR THE
SYNTHESIS OF
NANOPARTICLES
PRESENTED BY
SHEERSHA PRAMANIK
NIPERA1719MD10
COURSE INSTRUCTOR : DR. MUKTY SINHA
FLOW OF SEMINAR
• INTRODUCTION
• ABOUT NANOPARTICLES
1.

• WHY USE GREEN SYNTHESIS FOR THE PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES

• DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
2. AND THEIR BRIEF DESCRIPTION

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
3.
WHAT IS NANOPARTICLES ?

 NANOPARTICLES are sub-nanosized colloidal structures

composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers.

 Nanoparticles are the end products of a wide variety of

physical, chemical and biological processes some of which
are novel and radically different.

 SIZE RANGE : 1-100 nm

(preferred)
POLYMERS FOR
NANOPARTICLES

 NATURAL HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS :

 PROTEINS Gelatin, Albumin, Lectins, Legumins
 POLYSACCHARIDE Alginate, Dextran, Chitosan

 SYNTHETIC HYDROPHOBIC POLYMERS :

 PRE POLYMERISED POLYMERS : PLA, Polystyrene
 POLYMERISED IN PROCESS POLYMERS : Poly-isobutyl

cyanoacrylates
 GREEN SYNTHESIS OF
NANOPARTICLES

 WHAT IS GREEN CHEMISTRY ?

 There is utilization of a set of principles that decreases
or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous
substances in the design, manufacture, and application
of chemical products

 GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES :

 Different type of biological routes such as those
involving microorganisms, plants etc. for the synthesis of
nanoparticles.
 DIFFERENT APPROACHES
FOR
NANOFABRICATION
1) BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
1) Assembling individual atoms and
molecules to form nanoparticle.
2) Short Execution Time

2) TOP-DOWN APPROACH
1) Material is fragmented to yield a
nanoparticle
2) Long Execution Time
 METHODS FOR
NANOPARTICLES
SYNTHESIS
Nanometer Micrometer Millimeter

Top down
Bulk material

Thin material

Heterostructures

nanostructure
nanostructure

Protein
Angstrom

Molecule

atom
Bottom up
 WHY GREEN SYNTHESIS ?

 EASY
 EFFICIENT
 ECO-FRIENDLY
 ELIMINATES USE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
 CONSUME LESS ENERGY
 PRODUCE SAFER PRODUCTS & BY PRODUCTS
 DOES NOT IMPART ANY HAZARDOUS EFFECT ON
ENVIORNMENT
 DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL
METHODS
FOR NANOPARTICLE
SYNTHESIS
CONTD.
 Synthesis of Nanoparticles from
Bacteria

 Bacteria have been most extensively researched for

synthesis of nanoparticles because of their fast growth
and relative ease of genetic manipulation.
 CONTD.

METHODS OF SYNTHESIS

Intracellular:
Inside the cell, in cytoplasm or cytosol.
Extracellular :
Outside the cell on the surface or between the
cells inside a colony.
INTRACELLULAR SYNTHESIS OF
NANOPARTICLES BY BACTERIA

 Bioaccumulation

 In order to release the intracellularly synthesized nanoparticles, additional

processing steps such as ultrasound treatment or reaction with suitable
detergents are required.

Fig: Schematic flow diagram for intracellular synthesis of

nanomaterials.
CONTD.

 Synthesis of Ag NPs by bacteria

 Culture supernatants of bacteria can be used for synthesis of Ag NPs.

 Such as culture supernatants of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, B. subtilis,

Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus licheniformis.

 Also, Lactobacillus strains can be used for synthesis of Ag NPs.

CONTD.

Crystal topologies by P. stutzeri AG259. (a,

b) Triangular, hexagonal, and
spheroidal Ag-NPs found at different
cellular binding sites ( with
permission from National Academy of
Sciences, U.S.A
CONTD.

 Synthesis of Gold NP’S by bacteria :

 Bacillus subtilis 168 reduced water soluble 𝐴𝑢+3 ions

to 𝐴𝑢0 producing octahedral morphology inside
the cell walls in the dimensions of 5–25 nm.
• Synthesis of Fe NP’S by bacteria :
1.Magnetite nanoparticles
2. Greigite nanoparticles
Organism- Actinobacter sp.
EXTRACELLULAR SYNTHESIS OF
NANOPARTICLES BY BACTERIA

 It occurs due to extracellular bio mineralization,

biosorption, complexation or precipitation.
 With the change in pH of the solution, various shapes and
sizes were formed.

FIG: Schematic flow diagram for extracellular synthesis of nanomaterials.

CONTD.

 The culture supernatants of Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella

pneumonia, E. coli and Enterobacter cloacae) also rapidly synthesized
silver nanoparticles by reducing Ag+ to Ag0. These particles ranged
in size from 28.2 nm to 122 nm with an average size of 52.5 nm. With
the addition of piperitone, silver ion reduction was partially inhibited,
which showed the involvement of nitroreductase enzymes in the
reduction process.

 Titanium nanoparticles of spherical aggregates of 40–60 nm were

produced extracellularly using the culture filtrate of Lactobacillus sp.
at room temperature. These titanium nanoparticles were lighter in
weight and high resistance to corrosion
CONTD.

 Immobilized Rhodobacter spheroids' extracellularly

produced spherical shaped zinc sulfide (ZnS)
semiconductor nanoparticles of 8 nm in size. In
analogous, immobilized purple, nonsulfur
photosynthetic bacterium, R. sphaeroides produced
extracellularly fcc structured lead sulfide (PbS)
nanoparticles of size 10.5± 0.15 nm with
monodispersed spherical morphology.
Characterization of PbS nanoparticles synthesized by immobilized R. sphaeroides (a)
TEM image (b) HRTEM image (c) (200) lattice fringes of denoted area (d)
corresponding
SAED pattern
EXAMPLES OF BACTERIA
SYNTHESING NANOPARTICLES
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
BY FUNGI AND YEAST

 Fungi and yeast are very effective secretors of

extracellular enzymes and number of species grow fast
and therefore culturing and keeping them in the
laboratory is very simple.

 They are able to produce metal nanoparticles and

nanostructure via reducing enzyme extracellularly.
SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/31194
8481_Fig1_Figure-1-Intracellular-and-
extracellular-biosynthesis-of-metallic-
nanoparticles-NPs-by
CONTD.

TEM picture of silver nanoparticles synthesized by

Aspergillus foetidus showing nano size particles of
size ranges 20-40 nm (a & b respectively), EDS
spectra of silver nanoparticles showing presence of
Ag atom(c).
Plants and Plant extracts as a tool
for nanoparticles

 Provides single step biosynthesis process

 Protocols involving free from toxicants and natural
capping agents
 Can generate bimetallic silver and gold shell
nanoparticles
 Excellent stability and size control
 cost-effective large-scale production of metallic,
 semiconductor and metal oxide nanoparticles
EXAMPLES OF FUNGI
PRODUCING NANOPARTICLES

 Silver nanoparticle production by :

 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been investigated
utilizing many ubiquitous fungal species including
Trichoderma,Fusarium, Penicillium,Rhizoctonia,Pleurotus and
Aspergillus.
 Extracellular systhesis has been demonstrated by
Trichoderma virde, T. reesei, Fusarium oxysporm, F.
semitectum, F. solani, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus,A.
fumigatus, A.clavatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cladosporium
cladosporioides,Penicillium brevicompactum, P. fellutanum,
an endophytic Rhizoctonia sp., Epicoccum nigrum,
Chrysosporium tropicum, and Phoma glomerata, while
intracellular synthesis was shown to occur in a Verticillium
species, and in Neurospora crassa.
CONTD.

 Gold nanoparticle production :

 Synthesis of gold nanoparticles has been investigated
utilizing Fusarium,Neurospora,Verticillium,
 Yeasts and Aspergillus. Extracellular gold nanoparticle
synthesis was demonstrated by Fusarium
 oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, and cytosolic extracts from
Candida albican. Intracellular gold nanoparticle
 synthesis has been demonstrated by a Verticillum species, V.
luteoalbum.
CONTD.

Process involved in nanoparticles synthesis by

plant extract :
CONTD.
EXAMPLE OF PLANTS USED IN
NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
USING WASTE
WASTE MATERIAL MEDIATED
SYNTHESIS OF METALLIC NP’S
CONTD.
CONCLUSION

This presentation summarizes microbial routes for the synthesis of different

nanoparticles and their potential applications in health and medicine. Though
microbes offer safe, ecofriendly and economically viable approach of
nanoparticles synthesis as compared to their chemical alternates, lack of
monodispersity, uncontrolled size, and time consuming production process
has limited their use on commercial scale. Owing to nontoxicity of
biosynthesized nanoparticles, they showed propitious potential in
nanomedicine yet their use in drug delivery and diagnostics is at its infancy.
Present study revealed that their role in medical field is still limited to in vitro
studies therefore it is mandatory to demonstrate their biocompatibility and
cytotoxicity to humans. before their usage in clinical applications. Moreover,
further research is required to explicit mechanisms of nanoparticles synthesis
to gain higher production rates and desired morphology. Besides, scale up of
their production is immensely desired for therapeutic applications in future.
REFERENCES

 Chokriwal A, Sharma MM, Singh A. Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using

Bacteria and Their Applications.
 Vithiya K, Sen S. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2011 Nov 1;2(11):2781.
 Fariq A, Khan T, Yasmin A. Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and their
potential applications in biomedicine. Journal of Applied Biomedicine. 2017 Apr
18.
 Kitching M, Ramani M, Marsili E. Fungal biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles:
mechanism and scale up. Microbial biotechnology. 2015 Nov 1;8(6):904-17.
 Waseem M, Nisar MA. Fungal-Derived Nanoparticles as Novel Antimicrobial and
Anticancer Agents. InFunctionalized Nanomaterials 2016. InTech.
 Das Purkayastha M, Manhar AK, Mandal M, Mahanta CL. Industrial Waste-
Derived Nanoparticles and Microspheres Can Be Potent Antimicrobial and
Functional Ingredients. Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2014 Sep 17;2014.