Appendix

Archaeologically Studied Intentional Community Sites

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1. Ephrata Community
Location: Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Dates of Community: 1732–1813
Belief System: German Pietist ascetic
Archaeological Citations: Biever 1968; Warfel 1999, 2000, 2001, 2009

2. Bethlehem
Location: Lehigh and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania
Dates of Community: 1742–1844
Belief System and Site: Unitas Fratrum, Moravian Protestant evangelical
Archaeological Citation: Foley 1965

3. Bethabara
Location: Forsyth County, North Carolina
Dates of Community: 1753–1766
Belief System: Unitas Fratrum, Moravian Protestant evangelical
Archaeological Citations: Clauser 1995; South 1965, 1999

4. Salem
Location: Forsyth County, North Carolina
Copyright 2017. University Press of Florida.

Dates of Community: 1766–1857

Belief System: Unitas Fratrum, Moravian Protestant evangelical
Archaeological Citations: Ferguson 2011; South 1999; Thomas 1994

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 Figure A.1. Locations of archaeologically studied intentional communities discussed in this book. North America

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base map created by Jared Benedict, 2004. Used under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
 Appendix: Archaeologically Studied Intentional Community Sites · 239

5. Watervliet Shaker Village

Location: Albany County, New York
Dates of Community: 1776–1926
Belief System: United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing,
millennialist Protestant
Archaeological Citation: Grygas 2011

6. Enfield Shaker Village

Location: Grafton County, New Hampshire
Dates of Community: 1792–1923
Belief System: United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing,
millennialist Protestant
Archaeological Citation: O’Connor 2015

7. Canterbury Shaker Village

Location: Merrimack County, New Hampshire
Dates of Community: 1792–1992
Belief System: United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing,
millennialist Protestant
Archaeological Citations: Starbuck 1986, 1988, 1998, 2004, 2006; Star-
buck and Dennis 2010

8. Union Village Shakers

Location: Warren County, Ohio
Dates of Community: 1805–ca. 1920
Belief System: United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing,
millennialist Protestant
Archaeological Citations: Aument and Sewell 2009; Bennett et al. 2009;
Sewell et al. 2009a, 2009b

9. Pleasant Hill Shaker Village

Location: Mercer County, Kentucky
Dates of Community: 1806–1910
Belief System: United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing,
millennialist Protestant
Archaeological Citations: Janzen 1981; McBride 1995, 2005, 2010; Mc-
Bride and McBride 2008

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 240 · Appendix: Archaeologically Studied Intentional Community Sites

10. South Union Shaker Village

Location: Logan County, Kentucky
Dates of Community: 1807–1922
Belief System: United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing,
millennialist Protestant
Archaeological Citations: Deiss 1987; Fiegel 1995; Tallent 2009

11. New Harmony

Location: Posey County, Indiana
Dates of Community: 1814–1827
Belief System: Harmonist (1814–ca. 1824), German Pietist, perfectionist;
Owenite (1825–1827), socialist labor cooperative
Archaeological Citations: Strezewski 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015a, 2015b

12. Zoar
Location: Tuscarawas County, Ohio
Dates of Community: 1817–1898
Belief System: Separatist Society of Zoar, German Christian
Archaeological Citations: Herson et al. 2013; Sewell 2013; U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers 2014

13. Economy
Location: Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Dates of Community: 1825–1905
Belief System: German Pietist
Archaeological Citations: De Cunzo et al. 1996 (Rapp’s garden design);
Heberling Associates 2008 (Rapp’s garden design); Sewell et al. 2004
(Harmony Brickworks)

14. Nauvoo
Location: Hancock County, Illinois
Dates of Community: 1839–1860
Belief System: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mormon
(1839–1846), Icarian Christian socialist (1846–1860)
Archaeological Citations: Harrington and Harrington 1971; Pykles 2006,
2010

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 Appendix: Archaeologically Studied Intentional Community Sites · 241

15. Brook Farm

Location: Suffolk County, Massachusetts
Dates of Community: 1841–1847
Belief System: Transcendentalist (1841–1844), Fourierist socialist
(1844–1847)
Archaeological Citations: Preucel 2006; Preucel and Pendery 2006; Sa-
vory 2013

16. Bishop Hill

Location: Henry County, Illinois
Dates of Community: 1846–1861
Belief System: Pietist-inspired Swedish Christian
Archaeological Citations: Mansberger 2002; McKay 1979; Safiran 1996,
2000; Van Ness 1973; Wagner 1974, 1975; Wilson and Wilson 1973

17. Oneida Perfectionists

Location: Madison County, New York
Dates of Community: 1848–1880
Belief System: Perfectionist Christian
Archaeological Citations: Van Wormer 2004, 2006

18. Amana Colonies

Location: Iowa County, Iowa
Dates of Community: 1855–1932
Belief System: Community of True Inspiration, German Pietist
Archaeological Citation: Andelson 1986 (architectural history and
anthropology)

19. Lower Goshen

Location: Utah County, Utah
Dates of Community: 1860–1868
Belief System: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mormon
Archaeological Citations: Berge 1983, 1990

20. Brigham City

Location: Navajo County, Arizona

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 242 · Appendix: Archaeologically Studied Intentional Community Sites

Dates of Community: 1876–1881

Belief System: United Order, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,
Mormon
Archaeological Citations: Ferg 2005a, 2005b; Scarlett 2006

21. Rugby
Location: Morgan and Scott County, Tennessee
Dates of Community: 1880–1887
Belief System: Cooperative agriculture
Archaeological Citation: Avery 2001

22. Kaweah Colony

Location: Tulare County, California
Dates of Community: 1888–1892
Belief System: Socialist
Archaeological Citation: Kozakavich 2007

23. Estero
Location: Lee County, Florida
Dates of Community: 1894–1961
Belief System: Koreshan Unity
Archaeological Citations: Austin 1991; Baker and Wheeler 2000; Janus
Research 1993; Tarlow 2002, 2006

24. Point Loma Theosophical Society

Location: San Diego County, California
Dates of Community: 1897–1942
Belief System: Blavatskyan Theosophy
Archaeological Citation: Van Wormer and Gross 2006

25. Kirilovka
Location: Saskatchewan, Canada
Dates of Community: 1899–ca. 1920
Belief System: Doukhobor, Russian Christian sectarian
Archaeological Citations: Kozakavich 1998, 2006

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 Appendix: Archaeologically Studied Intentional Community Sites · 243

26. Ospennia
Location: Saskatchewan, Canada
Dates of Community: ca. 1902–1917
Belief System: Doukhobor, Russian Christian sectarian
Archaeological Citation: Brooks 2005

27. Guadalupe
Location: Baja California, Mexico
Dates of Community: 1905–
Belief System: Molokan, Russian Christian sectarian
Archaeological Citations: Muranaka 1992, 1995

28. Llano del Rio

Location: Los Angeles County, California
Dates of Community: 1914–1917
Belief System: Socialist
Archaeological Citations: Foster 2008; Foster and Kirkish 2009; Van
Bueren 2006; Van Bueren and Hupp 2000

29. Bozhiya Milost

Location: Alberta, Canada
Dates of Community: ca. 1915–1937
Belief System: Doukhobor, Russian Christian sectarian
Archaeological Citations: Balcom 1991; Kennedy and Reeves 1986

30. Olompali
Location: Marin County, California
Dates of Community: 1967–1969
Belief System: Chosen Family Commune
Archaeological Citations: Fernandez and Parkman 2011; Parkman 2014,
2015

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