Glossary of Relevant Solvent Terminology: Dekker, Inc

GLOSSARY
OF RELEVANT SOLVENT TERMINOLOGY
Acid: A classification of substances that liberate hydrogen ions in water, and are
normally sour and corrosive, with a pH lower than 7. A compound or atom that
donates protons.
Acrylic: A synthetic resin used in high-performance water-based coatings. A

coating in which the binder contains acrylic resins.
Adhesion: The ability of dry paint to attach to and remain fixed on the surface
without blistering, flaking, cracking or being removed by tape.
Aerosol: A product that uses compressed gas to spray the coating from its
container.
Air-drying: The process of drying fully during exposure to air at normal
temperatures.
Alternate Term(s): Drying
Alcohol: A large classification of organic compounds containing one or more
hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms.
Aliphatic: Any non-aromatic organic compound.
Alkali: A classification of substances that liberate hydroxide ions in water to form

caustic and corrosive solutions, which turn litmus paper blue, with a pH higher
than 7, for example sodium hydroxide. A compound that reacts with or neutralizes
hydrogen ions.
Alkyd: Synthetic resin modified with oil. Coating that contains alkyd resins in the
binder.
Amide: A functional group which can act as an epoxy resin curing agent.
Anti-fouling Paint: Paints formulated especially for boat decks and hulls, docks
and other below-water-line surfaces and structures to prevent the growth of
barnacles and other organisms.
Aromatic: Any organic compound containing de-localized electrons in a ring

structure, e.g. benzene, benzoic acid.
Base: A classification of substances which when combined with an acid will form a
salt plus water, usually producing hydroxide ions when dissolved.
Basecoat (BC)IClear: A paint system in which the color effect is given by a highly
pigmented basecoat. Gloss and durability are given by a subsequent clearcoat.
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322 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Binder: Solid ingredients in a coating that hold the pigment particles in suspension
and attach them to the substrate. Consists of resins (e.g., oils, alkyd, latex). The
nature and amount of binder determine many of the paint's performance properties,
e.g. washability, toughness, adhesion, color retention, etc.
Blistering: Formation of dome-shaped projections in paints or varnish films

resulting from local loss of adhesion and lifting of the film from the underlying
surface.
Body: The thickness or viscosity of a fluid.
Boiled Oil: Linseed (sometimes soya) oil that was formerly heated for faster
drying. Today, chemical agents are added to speed up the drying process.
Bond: The form of linkage between the individual atoms in a a molecule.
Breakdown Products: Compounds resulting from transformation of an organic

substance through chemical, photochemical, andlor biochemical reactions.
Burning: The rapid oxidization of a substance in a manner that releases thermal

energy.
Butadiene: A gas which is chemically combined with styrene to create a resin used
in latex binders, styrene-butadiene.
Calorific Value: The amount of heat or energy generated by a specified quantity of
a fuel source. Specific energy is the correct way of referring to the heat available
from a fuel, but many people still refer to calorific value. There are empirical
equations which estimate the specific energy. One expression given below is for net
specific energy. The gross specific energy is applicable to a boiler. Historically the
gross specific energy was referred to as the higher calorific value and the net
specific energy as the lower calorific value.
Q, = (46.704 - 8.802p2x106 + 3.67px104) x {1 - 0.01(x + y + s)} +

O.Ol(9.420~- 2)
where:
p = density at l Y C , in kglm3
x = water content ,expressed as a percentage by mass
y = ash content, expressed as a percentage by mass
s = sulphur content, expressed as a percentage by mass
Carbon: A common non-metallic element, occurring naturally as diamond,
charcoal and graphite. One of the most important elements for the development of
life and the storage of energy.
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Carbon Chain: The atomic structure of hydrocarbons in which a series of carbon

atoms, saturated by hydrogen atoms, form a chain. Volatile oils have shorter
chains. Fats have longer chain lengths, and waxes have extremely long chains.
Carbon Cycle: The continuous process of combining and releasing carbon and
oxygen thereby storing and emitting heat and energy. Catabolism anabolism = +
metabolism. The diagram below illustrates the cyclical process.
.', Solar Energy

Photosynthesis .......-.
6C0, + 6H20 ..* C6H1206 + 60,
Chorophyll
(I
Hexose
Sugar
Catabolic Reactions
6H20 + 6 C 0 2 4 ....-..
602 + c&O6
Respiration
Energy needed for
anabolic reactions
Carboxyl Carboxylic: The uni-valent acid radical (-COOH) present in most

organic acids, thus making them biodegradable.
Catalyst: A substance which without itself undergoing any permanent chemical

change facilitates or enables a reaction between other substances.
Chalking: Formation of a powder on the surface of a paint film caused by

disintegration of the binder during weathering. Can be affected by the choice of
pigment or binder.
CHP: Combined Heat and Power. A phrase used to suggest greater efficiency
obtained when the waste heat from generating electricity can be used locally to
provide low temperature heat for processing or domestic heating.
Chroma: A measurement of color. The degree of saturation of a hue. A color at its

full intensity has maximum chroma.
Clear Coating: A transparent protective and/or decorative film; generally the final
coat of sealer applied to automotive finishes.
Coalescent Aid: The small amount of solvent contained in latex coatings. Not a
true solvent since it does not actually dissolve the latex resins, the coalescent aid
helps the latex resins flow together, aiding in film formation.
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Coat: A single layer of paint on a surface.
Coating: A paint, varnish, lacquer or other finish used to create a protective andlor
decorative layer. Generally used to refer to paints and coatings applied in an
industrial setting as part of the original equipment manufacturer's (OEM) process.
Cohesion: A bonding together of a single substance to itself. Internal adhesion.
Colorant: Concentrated color (dyes or pigments) that can be added to paints to

make specific colors.
Colorfast: Non-fading in prolonged exposure to light.
Color Retention: The ability of paint to keep its original color. Major threats to
color retention are exposure to ultraviolet radiation and abrasion by weather or
repeated cleaning.
Combustion: A reaction in which a substance produces heat or light by

combination with oxygen, producing an oxide.
Corrosion Inhibitive: A type of metal paint or primer that prevents rust by

preventing moisture from reaching the metal. Zinc phosphate, barium metaborate
and strontium chromate (all pigments) are common ingredients in corrosion-
inhibitive coatings. These pigments absorb any moisture that enters the paint film.
Creosote: A liquid coating made from coal tar once used as a wood preservative. It
has been banned for consumer use because of potential health risks.
Cure, Curing: The process whereby a liquid coating becomes a hard film.
Degreasing: The removal from the substrate of contaminants which would

otherwise give rise to surface defects and performance failures, e.g. poor adhesion.
Diesel: Non-volatile mineral fuel with a high flash point used in compression
ignition engines, as invented by Dr Rudolf Diesel in 1895, originally running on
peanut oil. The name of the inventor was then transferred by the petrochemical
industry to the fossil fuel that became the substitute for the organic oils for which
this form of engine was originally developed.
Diluent: A liquid used in coatings to reduce the consistency and make a coating
flow more easily. The water in latex coatings is a diluent. A diluent may also be
called a "Reducer," "Thinner," "Reducing Agent" or "Reducing Solvent."
Driers: Various compounds added to coatings to speed the drying.
Dry Colors: Powder-type colors to be mixed with water, alcohol or mineral spirits
and resin to form a paint or stain.
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Drying Oil: An oil that when exposed to air will dry to a solid through chemical
reaction with air: linseed oil, tung oil, perilla, fish oil, soybean oil.
Drying: The process of change of a coating from the liquid to the solid state by
evaporation of solvent, chemical reaction of the binding medium, or a combination
of these processes. When drying takes place during exposure to air at normal
temperatures, it is called 'air-drying'; if it can be accelerated by the application of a
moderate degree of heat it is called 'Force-drying' (or Low-bake), as distinct from
High-bake. Alternate Term(s): Binder, Air-drying, Force-drying, Stoving, Low-
bake, High-bake
Enamel: A topcoat paint which forms a film by chemical crosslinking of its
component molecules during the cure.
Earth Pigments: Those pigments that are obtained from the earth, including
barytes, ocher, chalk and graphite.
Eggshell: Gloss lying between semigloss and flat.
Emulsion: A mixture of solids suspended in a liquid
Emulsion Paint: Coating in which resins are suspended in water, then flow
together with the aid of an emulsifier. Example: latex paint.
Enamel: Broad classification of paints that dry to a hard, usually glossy finish.
Most equipment-coating enamels require baking. Enamels for walls do not.
Energy of Activation: The amount of energy required as heat or pressure to

disbalance an otherwise stable but energy storing compound so that it will release
its potential energy. The energy that must be overcome to allow an otherwise
exothermic reaction to proceed.
Entropy: A measure of the unavailability of the thermal energy within a system for
conversion into mechanical work All energy transformations (i.e. chemical to
chemical, chemical to thermal) increase entropy.
Environmental Management: Process to manage the environmental aspects of a

company, plant, building, site, etc. Environmental management systems (EMS) can
obtain IS0 14001 certification or, in Europe, Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
(EMAS) registration.
Enzyme: An organic proteinaceous compound that catalyses a specific biochemical

reaction.
Epoxy: Extremely tough and durable synthetic resin used in some coatings. Epoxy
coatings are extremely tough, durable and highly resistant to chemicals, abrasion,
moisture and alcohol.
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Ester: A classification of organic compounds occurring naturally as oils and fats,

produced by replacing the hydrogen of an acid by an alkyl, aryl, radical. A
compound of an organic acid bonded via an ester bond to an alcohol.
Esterification: Production of ester by reacting alcohol and carboxylic acid
Ethanol: C,H,O. An organic alcohol, also called ethyl alcohol, formed when
fermenting sugars or glycerin.
Extender: Ingredients added to paint to increase coverage, reduce cost, achieve

durability, alter appearance, control rheology and influence other desirable
properties. Less expensive than prime hiding pigments such as titanium dioxide.
Examples: barium sulphate, calcium carbonate, clay, gypsum, silica, talc. May also
improve coating performance.
FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
Fat: A classification of natural esters of glycerol, and fatty acids existing as solids
at room temperature.
Film Build: Amount of thickness produced in an application. Millimeters (mils) of

dry film per mils of applied wet film.
Film Thickness: Depth or thickness of the dry coating in millimeters.
Fire Resistance: The ability of a coating to withstand fire or to protect the substrate
to which it is applied from fire damage.
Fire Retardant: A coating which will ( I ) reduce flame spread, (2) resist ignition
when exposed to high temperature or (3) insulate the substrate and delay damage to
the substrate.
Flat: A surface that scatters or absorbs the light falling on it so as to be

substantially free from gloss or sheen (0-15 gloss on a 60-degree gloss meter).
Force Dry: Baking the paint between room temperature and 150°F to speed the
drying process.
Fossil: Remains of organic materials, subsequently buried within the earth's crust,
often carbonized as a result of intense heat andlor pressure.
Free: Liberated. In the case of triglycerides, meaning the fatty acid hydrocarbon
chains are detached from glycerol, and thereby become free fatty acids.
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Glossary
Gloss: The luster or shininess of paints and coatings. Different types of gloss are
frequently arbitrarily differentiated, such as sheen, distinctness-of-image gloss, etc.
Trade practice recognizes the following gloss levels, in increasing order of gloss:
flat (or matte) -- practically free from sheen, even when viewed from oblique
angles (usually less than 15 on 60-degree meter); eggshell -- usually 20-35 on 60-
degree meter; semi-gloss -- usually 35-70 on 60-degree meter; full-gloss -- smooth
and almost mirror-like surface when viewed from all angles, usually above 70 on
60-degree meter.
Gloss Meter: A device for measuring the light reflectance of coatings. Different
brands with the same description (such as semi-gloss or flat) may have quite
different ratings on the gloss meter.
Glycerin Glycerol: C3H,03. A sweet greasy organic substance, produced as a

result of hydrolyzing triglycerides.
Grease: Oily or fatty matter, normally of organic origin, consisting of hydrocarbon

chains.
Hardener: Curing agent for epoxies or fiberglass.
Hazardous Waste: Any unusable by-product derived from the repair and/or
painting process that cannot be disposed of through normal waste disposal streams.
These products can be potentially harmful to the environment and require special
handling as well as professional disposal. Federal, State and Local laws apply and
may differ in their scope.
Hydrocarbon: A compound of hydrogen and carbon, often occurring as long

atomic chains in which each carbon atom is attached to two hydrogen atoms
forming a long chain. They store a great deal of energy.
Hydrogen: The lightest gaseous element, and simplest of all atoms, occurring
rarely in nature as a single atom, but common in the form of water, and in all
organic compounds
Indicator: A substance which changes color at a given stage in or as a result of a

chemical reaction.
Inert: A material that will not react chemically with other ingredients.
Intumescence: A mechanism whereby fire-retardant paints protect the substrates to

which they are applied. An intumescent paint puffs up when exposed to high
temperatures, forming an insulating, protective layer over the substrate.
Kerosene: Dodecane (Kerosene) C,& commonly used mineral fuel oil used as
aviation fuel and central heating consisting of many hydrocarbons containing
molecules with about 10 to 16 carbon atoms.
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Lacquer: A fast-drying usually clear coating that is highly flammable and dries by
solvent evaporation only. Can be reconstituted after drying by adding solvent.
Latex-based Paint: General term used for water-based emulsion paints made with
synthetic binders such as 100% acrylic, vinyl acrylic, terpolyrner or styrene
acrylic. A stable emulsion of polymers and pigment in water.
Life-cycle Analysis: A total valuation of a process, in which all the inputs and
outcomes of a reaction are fully considered.
Linseed Oil: Drying oil made from the flax seed. Used as a solvent in many oil-
based paints. "Boiled" linseed oil can be used to protect wood from water damage.
Sometimes used as a furniture polish.
Lipid: A classification of organic compounds, including fatty acids, oils, waxes and
steroids, that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
Liquid Driers: Solution of soluble driers in organic solvents
Lithopone: A white pigment of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide.
Marine Paint: Coating specially designed for immersion in water and exposure to
marine atmosphere.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): Information sheet that lists any hazardous
substance that comprises one percent or more of the product's total volume. Also
lists procedures to follow in the event of fire, explosion, leak or exposure to
hazardous substance by inhalation, ingestion or contact with skin or eyes. Coatings
manufacturers are required to provide retailers with an MSDS for every product
they sell to the retailer.
Methanol: CH,OH. A volatile colorless alcohol, derived originally as wood

alcohol, used as a racing fuel and as a solvent. Also called methyl alcohol.
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL): Maximum permissible level of a

contaminant in water that is delivered to any user of a public water system. MCLs
are enforceable standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Methylation - The addition of a methyl group (-CH,) to a molecule or atom

through a chemical reaction.
Micrograms per Liter (pglL): A unit expressing the concentration of constituents

in solution as weight (micrograms) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water;
equivalent to one part per billion in most stream water and ground water.
Mineral Spirits: Paint thinner. Solvent distilled from petroleum.
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Glossary
Methoxide: NaO-CH,: The salt of methanol, sodium methoxide.
Monomer: Substance composed of low molecular weight molecules capable of

reacting with like or unlike molecules to form a polymer.
MWVF: Modified Waste Vegetable Fat. The generic form of fuel made from non-
transesterified fats that are made suitable for use in normal engines by blending
with solvents.
Naphtha: A petroleum distillate used mostly by professionals (as opposed to do-it-

yourself painters) for cleanup and to thin solvent-based coatings. A volatile organic
compound (see VOC).
Natural Resins: Resins from trees, plants, fish and insects. Examples: damars,
copals.
Nonvolatile: The portion of a coating left after the solvent evaporates; sometimes
called the solids content.
Octane: C,H,,. Inflammable hydrocarbon of the alkane series, containing 8

carbons.
Oil: A broad range of inflammable and often volatile organic compounds insoluble
in water but soluble in organic solvents. In biological systems, a fat that is liquid at
room temperature (20°C).
Oil Paint: A paint that contains drying oil, oil varnish or oil-modified resin as the
film-forming ingredient. The term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to any
paint soluble by organic solvents.
Oleoresin: A natural plant product that contains oil and resins. Turpentine is an
example.
Organic: Compounds that contain carbon, which are often created as a result of a
life process.
Oxidation: Burning in oxygen, normally highly exothermic (heat releasing), but

also any increase in oxidization state (i.e. loss of electrons). Results in the
formation of an oxide, rusting or corroding.
Oxygen: A common gaseous element, occurring naturally in the air, water, and
most minerals and organic substances, essential to the reciprocal processes of plant
and animal life. Highly reactive combining with other atoms, molecules and
compounds through a process known as burning. Exists in the air as free molecules
0, (0, = ozone), and also dissolves in water. Vast quantities are present in all
biological systems, and in combined form in minerals and rocks.
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Paint: A coating including resin, a solvent, additives, pigments and, in some

products, a diluent. Paints are generally opaque, and commonly represent the
portion of the industry known as "architectural coatings."
Paint Remover: A chemical that softens old paint or varnish and permits it to be
easily scraped off. Also called "stripper. "
Penetrating Finish: A finish that sinks into the substrate, as opposed to settling on
the surface.
Petrochemical: Substances derived from the winning of fossil hydrocarbons, in the

form of crude oil or natural gas, and tars.
Photosynthesis: The process used within living organisms by which energy from
the sun is stored in carbohydrates made from carbon dioxide and water, using
chlorofyll from plants. It is the major natural energy collecting reaction, occurring
mainly in plants. Plants use chlorophyll (a green photo-active pigment) to capture
solar energy within the chemical bonds of synthesized sugar molecules. The
-
process effectively reduces carbon dioxide and water to produce sugar and oxygen.
solar
6C0, + 6H,O C,H,,O, + 602
chlorophyll hexose
sugar
Plants then synthesize other sugars, proteins, DNA, starch, cellulose and fats from
these simple hexoze sugars.
Pigment: Insoluble, finely ground materials that give paint its properties of color
and hide. Titanium dioxide is the most important pigment used to provide hiding in
paint. Other pigments include anatase titanium, barium metaborate, barium
sulphate, burnt sienna, burnt umber, carbon black, China clay, chromium oxide,
iron oxide, lead carbonate, strontium chromate, Tuscan red, zinc oxide, zinc
phosphate and zinc sulfide.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A mixture of chlorinated derivatives of

biphenyl, marketed under the trade name Aroclor, with a number designating the
chlorine content (such as Aroclor 1260). PCBs were used in transformers and
capacitors for insulating purposes and in gas pipeline systems as a lubricant.
Further sale for new use was banned by law in 1979.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH): A class of organic compounds with a

fused-ring aromatic structure. PAHs result from incomplete combustion of organic
carbon (including wood), municipal solid waste, and fossil fuels, as well as from
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natural or anthropogenic introduction of uncombusted coal and oil. PAHs include

benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene.
Polymer: A substance whose molecules consist of one or more structural units

repeated any number of times; vinyl resins are examples of true polymers.
Polymerization: The interlocking of molecules by chemical reaction to produce

very large molecules. The process of making plastics and plastic-based resins.
Polyvinyl Chloride: A synthetic resin used in the binders of coatings. Tends to

discolor under exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Commonly called "vinyl."
Primer: First complete coat of paint of a painting system applied to a surface. Such
paints are designed to provide adequate adhesion to new surfaces or are formulated
to meet the special requirements of the surfaces.
Protein: A type of organic compound normally consisting of one or more amino

acid chains, essential to all living organisms
Reduction: Classically, the removal of oxygen. Modern chemistry expands this

concept to all compounds as defined as loss of electrons.
Resin: Synthetic or natural material used as the binder in coatings. Can be

translucent or transparent, solid or semi-solid. Examples: acrylic, alkyd, copal
ester, epoxy, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, silicone.
RME: Rapeseed Methyl Ester. The form of fuel created by transesterifying fat as a
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, or FAME
Rosin: Natural resin obtained from living pine trees or from dead tree stumps and
knots.
Saturated: Refers to containing the maximum number of hydrogen molecules, i.e.

when every carbon atom in a hydrocarbon chain is attached to two hydrogen atoms.
Semi-gloss Finish: Finish that has a low luster sheen. Semi-gloss paints are
formulated to give this result (usually 35-70 degrees on a 60-degree meter).
Shellac: A coating made from purified lac dissolved in alcohol, often bleached
white.
Silicone: A resin used in the binders of coatings. Also used as an additive to

provide specific properties, e.g., defoamer. Paints containing silicone are very slick
and resist dirt, graffiti and bacterial growth, and are stable in high heat.
Solids: The part of the coating that remains on a surface after the vehicle has
evaporated. The dried paint film. Also called Nonvolatile.
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Solid color: A coating which contains colored pigments only, i.e., does not contain
pigments such as aluminums and micas.
Solvent: A liquid, usually volatile, which is used to reduce viscosity. This is
essential in both manufacturing and application processes. Solvents evaporate
during application and drying of paint and therefore do not become a part of the
dried film. In conventional coatings the solvents are organic compounds (Alcohols,
Esters and Ketones) whilst in waterborne systems there is a mix of organic solvents
with water.
Solvent Waste Disposal Practices: Waste disposal can take a number of forms:
septic systems, municipal and industrial landfills, surface impoundments, waste-
injection wells, and direct application of stabilized wastes to the land. In addition to
these regulated forms of disposal, a considerable amount of unregulated disposal,
such as illegal dumping and accidental spills, contributes to groundwater
contamination. Perhaps the best-known sources of groundwater contamination are
associated with the storage or disposal of liquid and solid wastes. The organic
substances most frequently reported in groundwater as resulting from waste
disposal in decreasing order of occurrence are:
trichloroethylene (TCE) chloroform benzene pentachlorophenol
tetrachloroethylene(PCE) creosote phenolic compounds
1, 1,l-trichloroethane toluene xylene
(1) Septic systems are the largest source by volume of waste discharged to the land.
These systems are sources of bacteria, viruses, nitrate, phosphorus, chloride and
organic substances, including organic solvents such as trichloroethylene that are
sold commercially to "clean" the systems. In 1980, about 22 million domestic
disposal systems were in operation, and about one-half million new systems are
installed each year. It is estimated that from one-third to one-half of existing
systems could be operating improperly because of poor location, design,
construction or maintenance practices. Even when operating properly, systems can
be spaced so densely that their discharge exceeds the capacity of the local soil to
assimilate the pollutant loads. Because the 10- to 15-year design life of many septic
systems built during the 1960s and 1970s is now exceeded, groundwater
contamination caused by septic system failure probably will increase in the future.
(2) Landfills: About 150 million tons of municipal solid waste and 240 million tons
of industrial solid waste are deposited in 16,400 landfills across the U.S. each year.
Some hazardous waste material may be deposited in municipal landfills and
underlying groundwater may become contaminated. Wastes deposited at industrial
landfills include a large assortment of trace metals, acids, volatile organic
compounds and pesticides, which may cause significant local contamination. (3)
Surface Impoundments: Surface impoundments are used to store, treat or dispose of
oil and gas brines, acidic mine wastes, industrial wastes (mainly liquids, animal
wastes, municipal treatment plant sludges and cooling water). For the most part,
these impoundments contain non-hazardous wastes: however, hazardous wastes are
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known to be treated, stored and disposed of by 400 facilities involving about 3,200
impoundments. Some of these impoundments have significant potential for
contaminating groundwater. (4) Injection Wells: In some parts of the U.S.,
injection wells dispose of liquid wastes underground. Of particular concern is the
widespread use of drainage wells to dispose of urban stormwater runoff and
irrigation drainage. Contaminants associated with drainage wells include suspended
sediments; dissolved solids; bacteria; sodium; chloride; nitrate; phosphate; lead;
and organic compounds, including pesticides. (5) Land Application of Wastes: In
many places, solid and liquid wastes are placed or sprayed on the land, commonly
after treatment and stabilization. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has estimated that more than 7 million dry tons of sludge from at least 2,463
publicly owned waste treatment plants are applied to about 11,900 parcels of land
each year. Contamination can occur from improper land-disposal techniques.
Source Reduction: Steps taken to reduce waste generation and toxicity at the
source through more effective utilization of raw materials and reformulation.
Specular Gloss: Mirror-like finish (usually 60 degrees on a 60-degree meter).
State: In organic chemistry, will produce CO, + H,O + (possibly other

compounds).
Stearine: A glyceryl ester of stearic acid, derived from animal fats and used as
tallow in the manufacture of candles and soap.
Substrate: Any surface to which a coating is applied.
Tallow: One of the harder organic fats derived from animal carcasses, made by
rendering the internal body fat found within the abdominal cavity under the
backbone and surrounding the kidneys (suet). This material was greatly used in
manufacture of soap and candle wax.
Thinner: A blend of volatile organic solvents added to the paint to reduce it to the
correct viscosity for application.
Titanium Dioxide: White pigment in virtually all white paints. Prime hiding
pigment in most paints.
Transesterification: The process of making bio-diesel by the separation of the

three hydrocarbon chains from a lipid triglyceride to form glycerol, and bio-diesel.
Triglyceride: A triple ester formed from glycerine (propan 1,2,3,triol) and three
fatty acids.
Turpentine: Distilled pine oil, used as a cleaner, solvent or thinner for oil-based
and alkyd coatings.
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Urethane: An important resin in the coatings industry. A true urethane coating is a

two-component product that cures when an isocyanate (the catalyst) prompts a
chemical reaction that unites the components.
Ultraviolet Light: That portion of the spectrum which is largely responsible for the
degradation of paint films. Invisible to the eye, causes sunburn.
Unsaturated: Any carbon structure containing double or occasionally triple bonds.

Many vegetable oils
U.V. Absorbers: Chemicals added to paint to absorb Ultraviolet radiation present

in sunlight.
Vapor: The gaseous state of any substance which is usually liquid at normal
temperature and pressure.
Vapor Density: The relative density or weight of a material in its vapor state (with
no air present) compared with an equal volume of air at ambient temperature.
Vapor Permeable: Property of allowing a vapor to pass through a

material.(Porosity is air permeability .)
Vapor Pressure: The outward pressure of a mass of a given vapor at a specified

temperature, used as an indicator of volatility. Expressed in mm of Hg at 20
degrees C.
Variable: A quantity or condition that is subject to change during a process.
Varnish: A solution or suspension of resins in a liquid vehicle capable of forming a

decorative and/or protective coating as the vehicle dries by oxidation.
Varnishing: A process whereby a sheet, usually printed or unprinted paper,

paperboard or similar substrate is coated with a film forming liquid.
Varnishing Machine: A machine used for varnishing paper cardboard or similar

stock.
Varnish-on Decal: a decal designed to be applied to a surface by means of a

coating of varnish applied at the time just preceding placement of the decal.
Vat Dyes: Synthetic organic dyes in paste or powder form.
Vee Lock: A display lock used in shaping light weight stock.
Vegetable Parchment: (Parchment) A grease and water resistant paper made by

passing unsized paper through sulfuric acid to gelatinize the surface.
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Vehicle: the fluid portion of screen printing ink which acts as a carrier for the
pigment.
Veiling: Gold and organic colors applied to glass in a threadlike texture.
Vermilion: A red mineral pigment containing sulfide of mercury.
Vibration Flocking: The erection of applied flock fibers by passing the flocked
substrate over a beater or vibrator bar, as opposed to the erection of the flock by
electrostatic means.
Victoria Blue: A clean, red shade organic blue dye or pigment.
Vinyl: Synthetic plastic product which can be made in film, sheet and other forms.
Sheets can be manufactured in either rigid or flexible constructions. Generally more
flexible and formable than polyesters, they are resilient and abrasive resistant. A
tough, virtually unbreakable plastic formed by polymerization of compounds,
suitable for indoor or outdoor displays, signs, screen printed inflatable toys, and
other 3-D fabrications. etc.
Viscometer: An instrument for measuring the viscosity of liquids at specified

temperature and atmospheric conditions, by measuring the force required to move
one layer over another without turbulence.
Viscosity: The ability of a fluid to respond to movement. A high viscosity will

resist movement, and a low viscosity will flow quickly. This is not necessarily the
same as density. Viscosity is normally measured comparatively by the time a given
volume of liquid will pass through a pipe of fixed diameter.
Viscosity Coefficient: The constant of proportionality of the viscous force to the

velocity gradient between two parallel Newtonian fluid layers.
Viscous: Description of a material that is thick, resistant to flow and having a high
viscosity.
Vitreous Enamel: An enamel that requires fusion at high temperature to form its
characteristic hard glossy surface. Sometimes called porcelain enamel.
VM & P: A naphtha of high flash point solvent employed in the manufacture of

some inks. The initials by which it is called are for Varnish Maker's and Painter's
naphtha. 9
5
V.O.C.: Abbreviation for Volatile Organic Compound, which refers generally to E
organic solvents. B
Voids: (1) Holes appearing in fired decorative films; (2) the failure of ink to
Z4
completely define a graphic feature. 5
8-
TM
Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

2
0
sDO
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6
DEKKER,
MARCEL INC.
Volatile: Subject to evaporation at a relatively low temperature.
Volatile Organic Compound: Organic chemicals and petrochemicals that emit

vapors while evaporating. In paints, VOC generally refers to the solvent portion of
the paint which, when it evaporates, results in the formation of paint film on the
substrate to which it was applied.
Volatility: The defining quality of a liquid that evaporates quickly when exposed to
air.
Volume Solids: Solid ingredients as a percentage of total ingredients. The volume

of pigment plus binder divided by the total volume, expressed as a percent. High-
volume solids mean a thicker dry film with improved durability.
Volumetric Dilatancy: Term used to describe a flow characteristic of material

which behaves like a solid rather than a fluid, typically having a high solids
concentration.
Water-based: Coatings in which the majority of the liquid content is water.
White Lead: Lead carbonate.
TM
DEKKER,
MARCEL INC.

Glossary of Relevant Solvent Terminology: Dekker, Inc

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GLOSSARY

OF RELEVANT SOLVENT TERMINOLOGY

Acrylic: A synthetic resin used in high-performance water-based coatings. A

Aliphatic: Any non-aromatic organic compound.

Alkali: A classification of substances that liberate hydroxide ions in water to form

Aromatic: Any organic compound containing de-localized electrons in a ring

Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Blistering: Formation of dome-shaped projections in paints or varnish films

Body: The thickness or viscosity of a fluid.

Bond: The form of linkage between the individual atoms in a a molecule.

Breakdown Products: Compounds resulting from transformation of an organic

Burning: The rapid oxidization of a substance in a manner that releases thermal

Q, = (46.704 - 8.802p2x106 + 3.67px104) x {1 - 0.01(x + y + s)} +

Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Carbon Chain: The atomic structure of hydrocarbons in which a series of carbon

.', Solar Energy

Carboxyl Carboxylic: The uni-valent acid radical (-COOH) present in most

Catalyst: A substance which without itself undergoing any permanent chemical

Chalking: Formation of a powder on the surface of a paint film caused by

Chroma: A measurement of color. The degree of saturation of a hue. A color at its

Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Coat: A single layer of paint on a surface.

Cohesion: A bonding together of a single substance to itself. Internal adhesion.

Colorant: Concentrated color (dyes or pigments) that can be added to paints to

Colorfast: Non-fading in prolonged exposure to light.

Combustion: A reaction in which a substance produces heat or light by

Corrosion Inhibitive: A type of metal paint or primer that prevents rust by

Degreasing: The removal from the substrate of contaminants which would

Driers: Various compounds added to coatings to speed the drying.

Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Eggshell: Gloss lying between semigloss and flat.

Emulsion: A mixture of solids suspended in a liquid

Energy of Activation: The amount of energy required as heat or pressure to

Environmental Management: Process to manage the environmental aspects of a

Enzyme: An organic proteinaceous compound that catalyses a specific biochemical

Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Ester: A classification of organic compounds occurring naturally as oils and fats,

Esterification: Production of ester by reacting alcohol and carboxylic acid

Extender: Ingredients added to paint to increase coverage, reduce cost, achieve

FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester

Film Build: Amount of thickness produced in an application. Millimeters (mils) of

Film Thickness: Depth or thickness of the dry coating in millimeters.

Flat: A surface that scatters or absorbs the light falling on it so as to be

Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Glycerin Glycerol: C3H,03. A sweet greasy organic substance, produced as a

Grease: Oily or fatty matter, normally of organic origin, consisting of hydrocarbon

Hardener: Curing agent for epoxies or fiberglass.

Hydrocarbon: A compound of hydrogen and carbon, often occurring as long

Indicator: A substance which changes color at a given stage in or as a result of a

Intumescence: A mechanism whereby fire-retardant paints protect the substrates to

Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Liquid Driers: Solution of soluble driers in organic solvents

Lithopone: A white pigment of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide.

Methanol: CH,OH. A volatile colorless alcohol, derived originally as wood

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL): Maximum permissible level of a

Methylation - The addition of a methyl group (-CH,) to a molecule or atom

Micrograms per Liter (pglL): A unit expressing the concentration of constituents

Mineral Spirits: Paint thinner. Solvent distilled from petroleum.

Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Methoxide: NaO-CH,: The salt of methanol, sodium methoxide.

Monomer: Substance composed of low molecular weight molecules capable of

Naphtha: A petroleum distillate used mostly by professionals (as opposed to do-it-

Octane: C,H,,. Inflammable hydrocarbon of the alkane series, containing 8