Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Directions: Using the Venn diagram below, fill out words that describe notable similarities and
differences between the 19th and 21st century Philippines.
Similarities
1.
1. 1.
2.
2. 2.
3.
3. 3.
Lesson Proper
THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT
ECONOMIC CONTEXT
a) End of Galleon Trade
b) Opening of the Suez Canal
c) Rise of the export of the crop economy
d) Established Monopolies in the Philippines
D. Monopolies
• After 1850 –government monopoly contracts for the collection of different revenues
were opened to foreigners for the 1st time.
• For the rest of the 19th century –the Chinese instantly took advantage of this
commercial opportunity, enjoyed a pre-eminent position in monopoly contracting in the
Philippines.
• During the 1840's – the Spanish government had legalized the use of opium (provided it
was limited to Chinese), and a government monopoly of opium importation and sales
was created.
• Even before 1850 –monopolies on some products had been established, which were
controlled by the colonial government.
o 1712-1864 - spirituous liquors monopoly
o 1764 - betel nut monopoly
o 1782-1882 - tobacco monopoly
o 1805-1864 - explosive monopoly
• Among these monopoly systems, the most controversial and oppressive to locals was
perhaps the tobacco monopoly.
• March 1, 1782 –Governor-General Jose Basco placed the tobacco industry under
government control, thereby establishing the tobacco monopoly.
• 1882 –the tobacco monopoly was finally abolished. It lasted for exactly 100 years.
• A century of hardship and social betrayal caused by the tobacco restraining
infrastructure provoked Filipinos in common and Novo Ecijanos, in specific, to look for
flexibility from colonial subjugation.
SOCIAL CONTEXT
a) Education in the 19th century
b) Rise of the Chines Mestizo
c) Rise of the Inquilinos
A. Liberalism
• They are founded on ideals of freedom and equality that includes a wide range of political
philosophies that consider individual liberty to be the most significant political goal and
underscore individual rights and equality of opportunity.
• Liberals believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from being abused by
others though they are also aware that the government itself can pose a threat to liberty.
• French Revolution (1789 – 1799) –started a political revolution in Europe and some other
parts of the globe.
• “Having Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” – as its battle cry, this
revolution became a period of fundamental change in the political
history of France as the French governmental structure was
changed from an absolute monarchy into a more liberal government
system founded on the principles of citizenship and inalienable
rights.
• Spain later experienced a stormy century of political disturbances.
• The liberals in Spain considered the Catholic Church as an enemy of
reforms.
• When the Philippines was opened to the world trade in the 19th
century, liberal ideas from America carried by ships and people
from foreign ports started to penetrate the country and sway the
ilustrados.
• Opening of the Suez Canal eased the importation of books, magazines, and newspapers
with liberal ideas from the West, which eventually impacted the thoughts of local
reformists, such as Jose Rizal.
• The abbreviated route of the valuable canal has
also stimulated the ilustrados like Rizal to Governor-General Carlos Maria De la Torre,
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pursue higher studies abroad and learn liberal
ideas in European universities.
• Governor-General Carlos Maria De la Torre the First liberal governor-general in the
Philippines and the role model for the experience of liberalism of the country.
• After the liberals in Spain had deposed Queen Isabel II in the 1868 mutiny, a provisional
government was formed, and the new government extended to Spanish colonies the
reforms they implemented in the motherland.
• The provisional government was appointing Carlos Maria De la Torre as Governor-General
of the Philippines 1869 - 1871.
• He is widely considered to be the most beloved of the Spanish Governor-General ever
assigned in the country.
B. The Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
Spanish Bourbon King Philip V, Ferdinand VI, Charles III, and Charles IV advocated a
century-long effort to reform and modify the Spanish empire.
Bourbon reform policies – were an advantage that was under Spain from 1565 to 1898.
They surely impacted the way the colony was run by Spanish administrators but only to a
limited extent.
The policies lacked some ideological coherence, with the diverse and frequently
contradictory aims of Madrid policymakers, who struggled haltingly to balance the
crown's several commercials, administrative, fiscal, and military aims.
Impacts of reform in the diverse Spanish empire – having deep consequences of colonial
policy innovations in areas such as Mexico, Philippines, Chile, and New Granada, the
reforms had a much more limited impact.
Its impact, at least, is that it gave people, especially the natives in the Philippines, the idea
that colonization could be done without much intervention from the Catholic Church.
References
Book
Brolaza, C., Hernandez, C., et al. (2019). "Philippines." Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. Retrieved
from Encyclopedia Brittanica available at
https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-19th-century (January 31, 2019)
Constantino, R. (1982). The Making of a Filipino A Story of Philippine Colonia/ Politics. QC:
R.Constantino, pp. 244-247.
De Viana, A., Cabrera, H., et al. (2018). Jose Rizal: Social Reformer and Patriot - A Study of His
Life and Times. REX Book Store. Quezon City, Philippines.
Schumacher, J. (1991). "Rizal in the Context of the 19th Century Philippines." in The Making of a
Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Filipino Nationalism. Quezon City: ADMU Press,
1991.
Assessing Learning
Activity 4
Name: _____________________________________________________ Score: ___________________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date: ____________________________
Directions: Explain briefly how the Spanish rules changed the way of life of the pre-colonial
Philippines significantly in terms of:
A. Economic aspect
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B. Political aspect
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C. Social aspect
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Activity 5
Directions: Supply what is being asked in the following statements. Write your answer in the blanks
provided.
_______________1. This trade lasted for 250 years when Mexico gained independence from Spain.
______________2. Because of its opening, the travel time from Spain to the Philippines has been
reduced to only 40 days.
______________3. They are the ones who owned the lands being utilized for the export industry.
______________ 4. Land tenants are also called __________________.
______________ 5. They are the “enlightened ones”.
______________ 6. It aimed to provide Spanish-speaking teachers to teach in their proposed new
system of primary schooling.
______________ 7. He served as the key person in fighting for the rights of the Filipino Clergy.
______________ 8. Spaniards born in the Philippines.
______________ 9. He ordered the execution of Filipino priests, which curtailed the movement of the
Filipino clergy.
_____________10. In this year, Rizal helped to established La Liga Filipina.
Activity 6
Directions. Write a short persuasive essay regarding the question "Why is it important to study the
economic, social, and political context of the century Rizal grew up? “