CHAPTER 6: AGRARIAN DISPUTES

 In 1891, Jose Rizal was in Hong Kong, when he heard about something in his family (Dona Teodora, 2
younger sisters, Josefa, and Trinidad) “Hacienda de Calamba”
 He wrote “I am following your cavalry step by step. Do not be afraid, I am doing all I can… Patience, a
little patience. Courage!” showing support to his family
Vocabulary
Conquistador – a Spanish conqueror
Caballeria – a small tract of land included in a land grant
Canon – annual rent paid by the inquilino
Hacienda – large estate that were used for raising livestock and agricultural production
Inquilino – a tenant who rented land from the friars and subleased the land sharecroppers
Principales – rulling elite class
Sharecroppers (kasama) – an individual who rented the land from an Inquilino and worked the land
Sitio de Ganado mayor – a large tract of land included in a land grant
BRIEF HISTORY OF FRIAR ESTATES IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Late 16th and early 17th century arrived in the Phil., the origin of friar states stated back to land grants
awarded to the Spanish conquistadores
 Approximately 120 Spaniards, grants sitio de Ganado mayor which measures 1,742 hectares and
caballeria measures 42.5 hectares.
 Three reasons why Spanish hacenderos failed to develop their lands
1. The Spanish population in the Philippines was transient (impermanent or not long lasting)
2. The market for livestock products which haciendas offered remained relatively small until the
latter part of the Spanish colonial period.
3. The Galleon trade that was based on Manila offered bigger economic rewards and attracted
more Spaniards.
 Land was acquired by the religious orders through various means. Often the land were donated by
Spaniards seeking spiritual benefits.
 Filipino principales also contributed to the formation of the friar estates through DONATIONS AND
SALES.
 Religious orders had no titles to their lands and that they had acquired these lands through usurpation
(illegal claim of ownership) or dubious means (doubt)
 19th century approx. 40% of the provinces of Bulacan, Tondo (Rizal), Cavite, and Laguna.
 Rice and sugar later served as main commodities produced in the haciendas and become important
source of income for religious orders especially in 19th century.
 16th and 17th century social structure formed in haciendas, the Lay brother administrators(free to make
decisions on administrative affairs but under the head of religious orders) and the tenants (who
expected to work the land and pay an annual rent which is usually a fixed amount of harvest and later
become money.
 Mid-18th century expanding economy based on exporting agricultural crop
 Inquilinato system – under this system, an individual rented land for a fixed annual amount known as
canon. Aside from the rent the inquilino expected to to rented service to their landlord if the fail to do
that they may face EXPULSION.
  Three-tiered system LANDLORDS – INQUILINO – SHARECROPPERS OR KASAMA
 Haciendas as contestation among the three
 That when the Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896

HACIENDA DE CALAMBA CONFLIT

 In 1759, Don Manuel Jauregui donated the lands to the Jesuits on the condition that he would be
allowed to live in the Jesuit Monastery for the rest of his life.
 Almost 8 years that Jesuits claim it, and then King Charles II on Feb. 27, 1767 expelled the Jesuits in
the Philippines
 Hacienda de Calamba and other Jesuits property put under the Government and Office of Jesuit
Temporalities.
 1803, the Government sold it to Don Clemente de Azansa for 44,507 pesos and died on 1833 the
Hacienda measured 16,424 hectares was purchased by Dominicans for 52,000 pesos, many families
and neighbors go to hacienda and try to look for economic opportunities and Rizal’s ancestors one of
them and become principal inquilinos in hacienda.
 Rizal’s family leased the most about 380 hectares. Sugar was main commodity planted in the hacienda
it was demand in the world market.
 In 1833, Paciano Rizal wrote that the friars were collecting rents without issuing the usual receipts.
 Rizal’s brother-in-law Mariano Herboso continued to complaint about yearly increased in rents, faulty
irrigation system, and failure to issue receipts. At this time the sugar declined in the world market.
Paciano giving back the land to the friars
 1887, the colonial Government demanded the tenants to report on the income and production of the
estate because they suspected that the Dominicans were evading payment of their taxes.
 El Filibusterismo (the reign of greed)

1. We usually observed these changes listed above for males and females when what we called
“puberty” takes places in ourselves. We can’t say what is the exact age of when puberty arise to a
person because some of us are advance to mature some are late and some are in the middle. Take
note that girls are more easy to mature than boys, but the most ages that the girls maturity started
happens to a person is at the age of 10 to 14 years old while in boys is between 12 to 16 years old
but the highlights in both is that it usually takes place when they reaches the age of “teen”
2. Absolutely yes! I started experienced all these changes when I get circumcised at the age of 10 and
become more relatively happen when I took high school at the age of 12 to 14 and up to now
myself still developing my physical characteristics and appearance and the most important my
attitudes.
3. If I were not able to experience the above listed changes it means that there is something wrong in
myself, biologically and genetically. The act I need to the if that is happen to me is to go to experts
to check what is the possible reason why I am not experiencing such changes because it is very
dangerous to oneself if they are not experiencing said changes because those changes are part of
our life no one can’t remove it and this changes is one of the key factor enable for an individual to
know his true persona and reach his/her maximum potential.
4. As we learned in the previous topics environment has a big role that play in everyone of us and it
includes the society. Society has a big role in ourselves that enable and develop our sexual
behaviour because as we collaborate and interact to other person sometimes what we called
temptation arise and that is the reason why our sexual behaviour changes and we feel become more
aggressive in the sense that we think something unusual and we want something to be done.
5. In the modern world of technology it is true that the person natural sexual organ can really change
best example are those transgender who wants to changes their biological organ to opposite one
and there is a lot of surgery now a days showing this kind of changing like sex reassignment
surgery, sex change operation, gender reassignment surgery, genital reconstruction surgery and a
lot. These different kind of surgery makes an individual wish come true by making their
preferences made by experts but take note that these are all costly. While in terms of sexual
response I believe that it cannot because even if you change yourself from boy to a girl physically
the characteristics as a male is inside of you and you cannot remove that from you. Now it is
depends on the mindset of the person because sexual response dictates by our mind and not by
surgery even though you change entirely your body your mind remains the same so it’s not really
that sexual response can really change.