Assignment

No. 2
Submitted by:
Hayag, Ian Holden

Submitted to:
Sir Jesse Cobilla
 Assignment No. 2
Search for the following :

Different Anti-Icing System used in aircraft

1. How does thermal anti-icing system works on the aircraft?

➢ What are the sources of heated air in the aircraft?
➢ What is the use of compressor bleed air on the aircraft systems?
➢ What is exhaust and shroud heaters?
➢ Combustion heaters
2. What is electric anti-icing system?
3. How does chemical anti-icing works on the aircraft?
➢ What are the different chemical used on the chemical anti-icing system
➢ How does weeping wing works?
01
How does
thermal
anti-icing works
on the aircraft?
 Thermal Anti-Icing
System

- Thermal systems used for the purpose of

preventing the formation of ice or for deicing
airfoil leading edges, usually use heated air
ducted spanwise along the inside of the leading
edge of the airfoil and distributed around its
inner surface.
- There are several methods used to provide
heated air. These include bleeding hot air from
the turbine compressor, engine exhaust heat
exchangers, and ram air heated by a combustion
heater.
 ➢ What are the sources of heated air in
the aircraft?
01 Using a Combustion Heaters
02
- By using combustion heaters, it usually have a
separate system for each wing and the empennage.
A typical system of this type has the required
number of combustion heaters located in each
wing and in the empennage. A system of ducting
and valves controls the airflow. The anti-icing
system is automatically controlled by overheat
switches, thermal cycling switches, a balance
control, and a duct pressure safety switch The
overheat and cycling switches allow the heaters to
operate at periodic intervals, and they also stop
heater operation completely if overheating occurs.
Using a Exhaust Heaters
- By exhaust heaters, as it names exhaus it accomplished
by a controlled flow of heated air from heat muffs around
a reciprocating engines tailpipe. In some installations this
assembly is called an augmentor.
- Normally, heated air from either engine supplies the wing
leading edge anti-icing system in the same wing section.
During single engine operation, a crossover duct system
interconnects the left and right wing leading edge ducts.
This duct supplies heated air to the wing section normally
supplied by the inoperative engine. Check valves in the
crossover duct prevent the reverse flow of heated air and
also prevent cold air from entering the anti-icing system
from the inoperative engine.
➢ What is the use of
compressor bleed air on
the aircraft systems?
- Compressor bleed obtained by bleeding air
from the engine compressor. The reason for
the use of such a system is that relatively
large amounts of very hot air can be tapped
off the compressor, providing a satisfactory
source of anti-icing and deicing heat.
- The shut off valve for each anti-icing section
is a pressure regulating type. The valve
controls the flow of air from the bleed air
system to the ejectors, where it is ejected
through small nozzles into mixing chambers.
The hot bleed air is mixed with ambient air.
➢ What is exhaust and shroud heaters?
 Exhaust Shroud Heaters

- As it names perform by using the “exhaust” of aircraft, it

accomplished by a controlled flow of heated air from heat muffs
around a reciprocating engines tailpipe. In some installations this
assembly is called an augmentor.
 Exhaust Shroud Heaters

- A major concern of exhaust shroud heat systems is the possibility that exhaust gases
could contaminate the cabin air. Even the slightest crack in an exhaust manifold could
send enough carbon monoxide into the cabin to be fatal.
- Strict inspection procedures are in place to minimize this threat.
- The exhaust system is slightly modified in a shroud heat configuration. For example, an
exhaust muffler may have numerous welded studs attached, which increase heat
transfer to the cabin air.
➢ Combustion Heaters
 Combustion Heater

- Combustion heaters are similar to exhaust shroud heaters in that ambient air is heated
and sent to the cabin. The source of heat in this case is an independent combustion
chamber located inside the cylindrical outer shroud of the heater unit.
- It usually have a separate system for each wing and the empennage. A typical system of
this type has the required number of combustion heaters located in each wing and in
the empennage
02 What is Electric
Anti-Icing
System?
 Electric Anti-Icing
System

- Electricity is used to heat various components on

an aircraft so that ice does not form. This type of
anti-ice is typically limited to small components
due to high amperage draw. Effective electric
anti-ice is used on most air data probes, such as
pitot tubes, static air ports, TAT and AOA probes,
ice detectors, and engine P2/T2 sensors. Water
lines, waste water drains, and some turboprop
inlet cowls are also heated with electricity to
prevent ice from forming.
 Electric Anti-Icing System

Pitot Tube Heaters

- Example is the Pitot Tube Heaters where Pitot heaters are so powerful that they should
not be operated on the ground because they may burn out without an adequate flow of
air over them. Their in-flight operation is monitored by indicator lights or through the
ammeter. Current flow is high enough that the ammeter will deflect noticeably when the
heater is on. A heated pitot tube prevents ice from plugging the entry portal.
03
How does
chemical
anti-icing works
on the aircraft?
 Chemical Anti-Icing
System
- Chemical Anti Icing generally done by heating
and then spraying under pressure to remove ice
and snow on the aircraft. While it removes ice
and snow, deicing fluid has a limited ability to
prevent further ice from forming.
- Some aircraft surfaces and components may be
coated with either isopropyl alcohol, methyl
alcohol, or a mixture of ethylene glycol and
alcohol. Chemicals lower the freezing point of
water on the surface of the aircraft, and at the
same time make the surface too slick for ice to
collect upon it.
- Chemical anti-icing is normally used on
carburetors, propellers, and windshields and is
stored in a tank on the aircraft.
➢ What are the different chemical used on the
chemical anti-icing system?
 Chemical Used on Chemical Anti System

- They chemically prevent water molecules from binding above a certain temperature that depends
on the concentration. This temperature is below 0 °C, the freezing point of pure water. Sometimes,
there is an exothermic dissolution reaction that allows for an even stronger melting power. The
following lists contains the most-commonly used de-icing chemicals and their typical chemical
formula.
- For Inorganic salts :Sodium chloride (NaCl or table salt; the most common de-icing
chemical),Magnesium chloride (MgCl2, often added to salt to lower its working temperature)
Calcium chloride (CaCl2, often added to salt to lower its working temperature) and Potassium
chloride (KCl).
 Chemical Used on Chemical Anti System

- For Organic Compounds: Calcium magnesium acetate (CaMg2(CH3COO)6),Potassium acetate

(CH3COOK),Potassium formate (CHO2K),Sodium formate (HCOONa),Calcium formate (Ca(HCOO)2),
Urea (CO(NH2) and a common fertilizer Agricultural By-Products (generally used as additives to
sodium chloride)
- For Alcohols diols and polyols these are antifreeze agents Methanol (CH4O) Ethylene glycol
(C2H6O2)Propylene glycol (C3H8O2) and Glycerol (C3H8O3).
➢ How does weeping wing works?
➢ Weeping Wing

- It uses bleed air to heat the leading edge

surfaces in which it can be very efficient. As
long as your engine is running, the bleed air
from the turbine section will be hot enough
to prevent ice from forming.
- The weeping wing system coats the
protected surfaces with glycol. The system
can both de-ice and provide anti-ice
protection.
- A switch in the cockpit activates the system
and liquid flows all over the wring and tail
surfaces, de-icing as it flows.