Woodworks - 2017 Wood Connections

11/10/2017
Wood Connections
Cornucopia of Classic Connection
Conundrums (DES340)
Lori Koch, P.E. Michelle Kam-Biron, P.E., S.E. S.E.C.B

Manager, Educational Outreach Senior Director, Education
American Wood Council American Wood Council
The American Wood Council is a Registered

Provider with The American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES), Provider
# 50111237.
Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will
be reported to AIA CES for AIA members.
Certificates of Completion for both AIA members
and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES for
Participants may download the continuing professional education. As such, it does
presentation here: not include content that may be deemed or
http://www.awc.org/education/resources construed to be an approval or endorsement by the
AIA of any material of construction or any method
or manner of handling, using, distributing, or
dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the
conclusion of this presentation.
Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 2
Copyright © 2017 American Wood Council
1
11/10/2017
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The American Wood Council’s (AWC) National Design

Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction and Special
Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS) are documents
referenced in US building codes and used to design wood
structures worldwide. Based on numerous help desk questions
and feedback from design professionals, AWC has identified
some of the most commonly overlooked wood connection
engineering requirements from the NDS and SDPWS. These
requirements will be discussed as well as resources and
examples to meet these requirements. Examples include NDS
Appendix E Local Stresses in Fastener Groups, NDS 3.4.3.3 shear
design of members at connections, resources for power-driven
fasteners such as ISANTA ESR 1539, and detailing requirements
for high capacity shear walls and diaphragms.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion, participants will be better able to identify:
1 Wood Connections 3 Local Stresses

Be able to understand overlooked wood Identify and design for local stresses in
connection engineering issues. fastener groups.
2 Resources 4 Detailing
Obtain resources for complying with wood Identify and detail high capacity shear
connection engineering issues. walls and diaphragms.
2
11/10/2017
POLLING QUESTION
1. What is your profession?
a) Architect
b) Engineer
c) Code Official
d) Builder/Product Manufacturer
e) Other
CONNECTION BEHAVIOR
• Balance high strength, poor ductility

• Strength
good strength,
• Ductility good ductility
Load
low strength, good ductility

Displacement 6
Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums
3
11/10/2017
CONNECTION BEHAVIOR
CONNECTION BEHAVIOR
4
11/10/2017
CONNECTION BEHAVIOR
CONNECTION BEHAVIOR
• Balance high strength, poor ductility

• Strength –
good strength,
• Size and number of good ductility
fasteners Load
• Ductility-
• Fastener
slenderness
• Spacing
• End distance low strength, good ductility
Displacement 10
5
11/10/2017
CONNECTING WOOD - PHILOSOPHY
Fastener selection is key to connection

ductility, strength, performance
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Model wood cells as a bundle of straws

• Bundle is very strong parallel to axis of the straws
Parallel Perpendicular
Stronger Less strong
6
11/10/2017

• Wood likes compression parallel to grain
• makes connecting wood very easy
• Wood likes compression parallel to grain

• makes connecting wood very easy
7
11/10/2017
Mechanical fasteners
• keep them small

• use lots of them
Issue is scale of fastener relative to wood

member size
Wood likes to take on load spread over its surface
8
11/10/2017
CONCENTRATED AT A SINGLE FASTENER

Wood is more prone to split and crush
PRE-ENGINEERED CONNECTORS
Column Cap & Base hardware
9
11/10/2017
Hanger hardware
Truss hardware
10
11/10/2017
LOCAL STRESSES IN FASTENER GROUPS
2015 NDS - 11.1.2 Stresses in Members at Connections

“Local stresses in connections using multiple fasteners shall be checked in accordance with
principles of engineering mechanics. One method for determining these stresses is provided in
Appendix E.”
• Closely spaced fasteners

•brittle failure
Wood failure mechanisms

need to be considered in
design
11
11/10/2017
•Properly spaced
fasteners
•increased ductility
•higher capacity
Spread out the

fasteners!
• Appendix E NDS Expressions
– Net tension:
'
Z NT  Ft ' Anet
– Row tear-out:
'
Z RT  ni Fv'tsmin
i
nrow
Z '
RT   Z RT
'
i
i 1
12
11/10/2017
•Appendix E NDS Expressions
– Group tear-out
' '
' Z RT top Z RT bottom
Z GT    Ft' Agroup  net
2 2
•Note: spacing between outer rows of

fasteners paralleling the member on a single
splice plate < 5″
EXAMPLE: BOLTED SPLICE – LOCAL STRESSES

•Assume 1” diameter x 5” long bolts
•2x12 No. 2 Southern Pine main and
side members
Net Section Tension Check
ZNT’ = Ft’ Anet
Ft’ = 450(1.25) = 562.5 psi
Anet = 13.7 in2
ZNT’ = 7,706 lbs
Note: hole size for net area includes

1/16” oversizing per NDS 12.1.3.2
13
11/10/2017

Row Tear-Out Check
ZRTi’ = ni Fv’ t scritical
ni = 3
Fv’ = 175(1.25) = 219 psi
t = 1.5”
scritical = 4”
ZRTi’ = 3,938 lbs for one row
ZRT’ = 7,875 lbs for two rows
Note: scritical is the minimum of the
end distance and the in-row bolt
spacing = 4”

Group Tear-Out Check
ZGT’ = ZRT1’/2 + ZRT2’/2 + Ft’ Agroup-net
ZRT1’ = ZRT2’ = 3,938 lbs
Ft’ = 450(1.25) = 562.5 psi
Agroup-net = 4.41 in2
ZGT’ = 6,418 lbs
Note: hole size for net area

includes 1/16” oversizing per NDS
12.1.3.2
14
11/10/2017
Final Bolt Capacity

Z’ = 9,562 lbs
3-5/8"
ZNT’ = 7,706 lbs P P
4"
ZRT’ = 7,875 lbs 3-5/8"
ZGT’ = 6,418 lbs
7" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 7"
38"
P P
Trade‐offs for Bolt Design Values vs. Net Section Capacities (lbs)
Bolt Adjusted
Diameter Multiple Bolt Net Section Row Tear‐
(in.) Capacity nZ' Tension ZNT' out ZRT' Group Tear‐out ZGT'
srow=4" srow=5"
1 9562 7706 7875 6418 7260
7/8 8368 7910 7875 6521 7365
3/4 7174 8121 7875 6627 7471
srow = spacing between bolt rows
15
11/10/2017
DOWEL DIAMETERS
lm
Threaded
length <
lm/4
Dia. Fastener = D
Threaded
length < lm
lm/4
Dia. Fastener = D
DOWEL DIAMETERS
lm
Dia. Fastener = Dr
•NDS Chapter 12 Tables use Dr for lateral yield equations for lag screws and wood screws, D for bolts
16
11/10/2017
POLLING QUESTION
2. Local stresses in connections using multiple fasteners are

required to be checked.
True or False
FASTENER VALUES
• Included in U.S. design literature
Fastener Type Reference

Bolts NDS or ER
Lag Screws NDS or ER
Wood Screws NDS or ER
Nails & Spikes NDS or ER Evaluation Reports
Split Ring Connectors NDS (ER) are developed
Shear Plate Connectors NDS for proprietary
Drift Bolts & Drift Pins NDS products
Metal Plate Connectors ER
Hangers & Framing
ER
Anchors
Staples ER
17
11/10/2017
ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS, DESIGN & METHODS
FASTENERS NOT IN NDS/SDPWS
• Yield Mode Equations can be applied to any dowel-shaped fastener
• Fastener dimensions and yield strength come from manufacturer
• ICC-ES (www.icc-es.org) Evaluation Service

Reports
• Searchable database
• ESR 1539 (ISANTA) Power-driven staples
& nails
18
11/10/2017
ISANTA WEBSITE – TECHNICAL BULLETINS
http://isanta.org/Technical-Resources
19
11/10/2017
PROPRIETARY FASTENERS
• ICC Evaluation Service

Reports
• Search by manufacturer or
product
• “Wood screw” search shows 5
manufacturers
20
11/10/2017
SHEAR DESIGN AT CONNECTIONS
Connections in bending
members
Shear Force – within d
May ignore uniform loads
May reduce point load x/d
Reduction also applies to beam
design.
NDS 3.4.3.3 allows for adjusted shear

values to be used when connection is
close to end of member (less than 5 times
member depth)
• Where the connection is less than 5d, of

from its end, the adjusted design shear, Vr’
Split ring or shear plate Split ring or shear plate calculated using NDS Eq. 3.4-6
• Where the connection is at least 5d, of from

its end, the adjusted design shear, Vr’
calculated using NDS Eq. 3.4-7
Bolt or lag screw
21
11/10/2017
Wood and tension perpendicular to grain

• Not recommended
Initiators:
• notches
• large diameter fasteners
• hanging loads
22
11/10/2017
NOTCHING
Problem Solution
BEAM TO CONCRETE
Notched Beam Bearing
• may cause splitting

• not recommended
Split
Split
23
11/10/2017
BEAM TO CONCRETE
Bearing Wall
• alternate to beam notch
HANGER TO BEAM
Load suspended from lower half of beam

• Tension perpendicular to grain
• May cause splits
Split
Split
NA NA
 T
24
11/10/2017
HANGER TO BEAM
Lower half of beam

may cause splits
not recommended
Split Exception: light load

<100 lbs
>24” o.c.
HANGER TO BEAM
Full wrap
Load supported in upper half of beam
sling option
• Above the neutral axis
NA NA
25
11/10/2017
POLLING QUESTION
3. Which of the following can potentially

initiate tension perpendicular to grain in
wood?
a) Notches
b) Small diameter fasteners
c) Hanging loads
d) All of the above
e) a) and c)
CONNECTION SERVICEABILITY
Bristlecone Pine
Giant Sequoia Western Juniper

26
11/10/2017
Wood, like other hygroscopic materials, moves in varying environments
MOISTURE CHANGES IN WOOD
Causes dimensional changes perpendicular to grain
Growing As wood
tree is dries, it
filled with shrinks
water perp. to
Tangentially
grain
Radially
27
11/10/2017
WOOD SHRINKS
Woodmagazine.com
Moisture Effects
1% change in
dimension for
every 4%
change MC
28
11/10/2017
WET SERVICE FACTOR, CM
• Dowel-type connectors
Saturated
• bolts
• drift pins
19% MC • drift bolts
• lag screws
• wood screws
fabrication MC • nails
in-service MC
Dry
CM 1.0 0.7 0.4* Lateral load (*CM=0.7 for D<1/4″)
1.0 0.7 1.0 Withdrawal load - lag & wood screws only
1.0 0.25 0.25 Withdrawal load - nails & spikes
WET SERVICE FACTOR, CM
Saturated CM = 1.0 if:

19% MC 1 fastener
2+ fasteners
Dry
CM 0.4 Lateral load (D>1/4″) split splice
plates
fabrication MC
in-service MC Table 10.3.3 footnote 2
29
11/10/2017
Issue: direct water ingress
• Water is absorbed most

quickly through wood end
grain
No end
caps or
flashing
• Re-direct the water flow around the

connection
end caps and flashing
30
11/10/2017
Or, let water out if it gets in...
Moisture trap -
No weep holes
BEAM TO COLUMN
Full-depth side plates

• may cause splitting
• wood shrinkage
31
11/10/2017
BEAM TO COLUMN
Smaller side plates
• transmit force
• allow wood movement
BEAM TO COLUMN
Problem
• shrinkage
• tension perp
32
11/10/2017
BEAM TO COLUMN
Problem
• shrinkage
• tension perp
BEAM TO WALL
Solution
• bolts near bottom
• minimizes effect of
shrinkage
Slotted hardware
33
11/10/2017
Avoid contact with cementitious materials
Beam on Shelf
• prevent contact with concrete

• provide lateral resistance and uplift
BEAM TO CONCRETE
Beam on Wall
• prevent contact with concrete
• provide lateral resistance and uplift
• slotted to allow longitudinal movement
• typical for sloped beam
34
11/10/2017
BEAM TO MASONRY
• Application
Need 1/2” air gap between wood and masonry
COLUMN TO BASE
Problem
• no weep holes in closed shoe

• moisture entrapped
• decay can result
35
11/10/2017
COLUMN TO BASE
Angle brackets
• anchor bolts in brackets
HIDDEN COLUMN BASE
Floor slab poured over connection
• will cause decay

• not recommended
36
11/10/2017
COLUMN TO BASE
Floor slab poured below connection
POLLING QUESTION
4. Good design practice of connections
for wood should consider which of the
following:
a) Use small diameter fasteners
b) Stagger closely spaced fasteners
c) Avoid direct contact with concrete or
masonry
d) Avoid tension perpendicular to grain
e) All of the above
37
11/10/2017
CH 4 –CONCRETE OR MASONRY WALL ANCHORAGE
• 4.1.5.1 Anchorage of
Concrete or Masonry
Walls to Diaphragm
• SDC C, D, E, or F
New
Source: APA
38
11/10/2017
IRREGULARITY
Reentrant Corner
Collector
Collector
IRREGULARITY
Collector forces likely

comply with exception per
ASCE Sec. 12.10.2.1
39
11/10/2017
CHAPTER 4 - LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS
• Wood Diaphragms
Anchor bolting of ledger:

Design for 25% more shear
Wood Diaphragms
Boundary nail
(B.N.) diaphragm
Collector NOT subject to
beam 25% increase
40
11/10/2017
IRREGULARITY
EXCEPTION TO OVERSTRENGTH
41
11/10/2017
EXCEPTION TO OVERSTRENGTH
POLLING QUESTION
5. Increase in forces due to Irregularities
for SDC D‐F structures apply to the
diaphragm nailing.
True or False
42
11/10/2017
SHEAR WALL - PARTS
Five parts of a shear wall
2 wood
structural
panels wood frame
1
3
nails
5
hold downs
plate
4 anchors
SHEAR WALL TEST
8 ft x 8 ft wood structural panel shear wall

cyclic test
43
11/10/2017
SHEAR WALL TEST
Typical failure of sheathing nailing
a) Nail yielding at ad-

b) Nail yielding and head pull through
joining panel edge
at panel to bottom plate location 87
SHEAR WALL 3X REQUIREMENTS
At adjoining
panel edges
Sill plate
88
44
11/10/2017
CONNECTING WOOD- PHILOSOPHY
Splitting happens because wood is

relatively weak perpendicular to
grain
Nails too close (act like a wedge)
STAGGERED NAILING
Framing
Wood Structural
Panel
Nail
1/8" Gap
Between Panels
Nailing not
Nailing not staggered
staggered Nailingstaggered
Nailing staggered
45
11/10/2017
CONNECTING WOOD- PHILOSOPHY
Splitting occurs parallel to grain
Staggering
Splitting will not occur Staggering a line of nails

perpendicular to grain, no parallel to wood grain
matter how close nails are minimizes splitting
CH. 4 - SHEAR WALLS SHEATHED ON 2 SIDES
Provisions for shear walls sheathed on two sides

•Table 4.3A Footnote 6
6. Where panels are applied on both faces of a shear wall and nail spacing is less than 6"
on center on either side, panel joints shall be offset to fall on different framing members.
Alternatively, the width of the nailed face of framing members shall be 3" nominal or
greater at adjoining panel edges and nails at all panel edges shall be staggered.
46
11/10/2017
CH. 4 - SHEAR WALLS SHEATHED ON 2 SIDES

Adjoining Panel Edge Details
CHAPTER 4 – CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
NEW
4.3.6.1.1 Common Framing
Members
• 2-2x permitted to replace 3x
• Fastened together per NDS
• Spacing <4” o.c. shall be
staggered
• Applies broadly to all framing
4.3.7 Shear Wall Systems

• 2-2x permitted to replace 3x
• Wood Structural Panels (4.3.7.1(5))
• Particleboard (4.3.7.3(5))
47
11/10/2017
(2) 2X AT ADJOINING PANEL EDGES

95
(2) 2X AT ADJOINING PANEL EDGES
48
11/10/2017
3X AT ADJOINING PANEL EDGE
Section 4.3.7.1(4). 3x framing also required at

adjoining panel edges where:
• Nail spacing of 2 in. o.c.

• 10d common nails having penetration of more
than 1-1/2 in. at 3 in. o.c. or less
• Nominal unit shear capacity on either side exceeds
700 plf in SDC D, E, or F
Exception: (2) 2x framing permitted in lieu of (1) 3x
where fastened in accordance with the NDS to transfer
the induced shear between members.
(2) 2X AT ADJOINING PANEL EDGE
Fastener spacing – 2x
stud to 2x stud
connection
3”
Approximate stud to stud connection spacing for wood structural panel (WSP) walls sheathed on one side.
* Spacing based on 8’ wall and assuming only 87.5” of stud height available for stud-to-stud fastening.
49
11/10/2017
FOUNDATION BOTTOM PLATE
Plate washer:
Must extend to within ½ in. of sheathed edge of
bottom plate
Exceptions:
Lower capacity sheathing materials (nominal unit shear
is 400 plf or less)
Hold-downs are sized for full overturning – neglecting
dead load
FOUNDATION BOTTOM PLATE –TESTING
Failure Mode?
Mode A
Small scale test specimen to induce

cross grain bending
50
11/10/2017
FOUNDATION BOTTOM PLATE – TESTING
Mode A and Mode B observed in small specimen testing
FOUNDATION BOTTOM PLATE –TESTING

Failure Mode?
Mode A Mode B
Small scale test specimen to
Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums induce cross grain bending 102
51
11/10/2017
View of bottom plate after test.

Shear wall assembly in test fixture View of bottom plate after test.
52
11/10/2017
CHAPTER 4 - SHEAR WALL ANCHORAGE – 3”X3” DEFAULT
Shear wall anchorage provisions at

foundation – Section 4.3.6.4.3
3" x 3" x 0.229" steel
slotted hole permitted
placed within ½" of sheathing material
automatically satisfied for 2x4 plate
CHAPTER 4 - SHEAR WALL ANCHORAGE – 3”X3” DEFAULT
Shear wall anchorage provisions at

foundation – Section 4.3.6.4.3
• Exception: Standard cut washers
permitted
• Anchor bolts designed to resist shear only
• Hold downs designed for uplift neglecting DL
• Aspect ratio < 2:1
• Limited nominal shear wall capacities
• < 980 plf seismic
• < 1370 plf wind
53
11/10/2017
2018 NDS
• References ASCE 7-16

• Wind Uplift Loads Increase
• Change in Out-of-plane wind loads on roof
• New equation for withdrawal design values for
smooth shank stainless steel nails
• New provisions for Roof Sheathing Ring Shank
nails in accordance with ASTM F 1667
• New design provisions for fastener head pull-thr
ough of fasteners with round heads
• Revision to method for calculating of lateral desi
gn values for threaded nails in accordance with
ASTM F 1575
• Revised timber rivet design value tables
• Revised terminology for Fire Design of Wood
Members
• Changes to the NDS Supplement
RAILING DETAIL
54
11/10/2017
RAILING DETAIL
COLUMN TO BASE
Column on pedestal
55
11/10/2017
COLUMN TO BASE
COLUMN TO BASE
Column on pedestal
56
11/10/2017
POLLING QUESTION
6. Square plate washers may be omitted when:
a) Anchor bolts are designed to resist uplift
b) Hold downs designed for uplift neglecting DL
c) Aspect ratio is greater than 2:1
d) The shear capacity is > 1400plf
e) All of the above
MORE INFO???
NDS
http://awc.org/codes-
standards/publications/nds-2015
57
11/10/2017
MORE INFO???
https://www.apawood.org/publication
-search?q=connection+details&tid=1
Form EWS T300J
MORE INFO???
TR 12 - General Dowel Equations for Calc

ulating Lateral Connection Values (2014)
http://awc.org/codes-standards/publicati
ons/tr12
AWC Calculators http://awc.or

g/codes-standards/calculators
-software
58
11/10/2017
MORE INFO. - LEDGER CONNECTION
DCA 6 Prescriptive Residential

Deck Construction Guide http:
//awc.org/codes-standards/pu
blications/dca6
i n fo @ a w c . o r g | w w w. a w c . o r g
This concludes the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution,

display and use of the presentation without written permission of American Wood Council (AWC) is
prohibited. © American Wood Council 2017
59

Woodworks - 2017 Wood Connections

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Woodworks - 2017 Wood Connections

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11/10/2017

Lori Koch, P.E. Michelle Kam-Biron, P.E., S.E. S.E.C.B

The American Wood Council is a Registered

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 2

The American Wood Council’s (AWC) National Design

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 3

1 Wood Connections 3 Local Stresses

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 4

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 5

• Balance high strength, poor ductility

low strength, good ductility

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 7

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 8

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 9

• Balance high strength, poor ductility

CONNECTING WOOD - PHILOSOPHY

Fastener selection is key to connection

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 11

• Model wood cells as a bundle of straws

Stronger Less strong

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 12

CONNECTING WOOD - PHILOSOPHY

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 13

CONNECTING WOOD - PHILOSOPHY

• Wood likes compression parallel to grain

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 14

CONNECTING WOOD - PHILOSOPHY

• keep them small

Issue is scale of fastener relative to wood

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 15

CONNECTING WOOD - PHILOSOPHY

Wood likes to take on load spread over its surface

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 16

CONCENTRATED AT A SINGLE FASTENER

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 17

Column Cap & Base hardware

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 18

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 19

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 20

LOCAL STRESSES IN FASTENER GROUPS

2015 NDS - 11.1.2 Stresses in Members at Connections

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 21

LOCAL STRESSES IN FASTENER GROUPS

• Closely spaced fasteners

Wood failure mechanisms

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 22

LOCAL STRESSES IN FASTENER GROUPS

Spread out the

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 23

LOCAL STRESSES IN FASTENER GROUPS

• Appendix E NDS Expressions

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 24

LOCAL STRESSES IN FASTENER GROUPS

•Appendix E NDS Expressions

•Note: spacing between outer rows of

EXAMPLE: BOLTED SPLICE – LOCAL STRESSES

Note: hole size for net area includes

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 26

EXAMPLE: BOLTED SPLICE – LOCAL STRESSES

EXAMPLE: BOLTED SPLICE – LOCAL STRESSES

Note: hole size for net area

EXAMPLE: BOLTED SPLICE – LOCAL STRESSES

Final Bolt Capacity

Cornucopia of Classic Connection Conundrums 29