psychoanalytic theory Freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality

unconscious A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges,
drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware

psychodynamic approaches to personality Approaches that assume that personality is motivated by

inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control

id The raw, unorganized, inborn part of the personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created
by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression and irrational impulses

ego The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world

superego According to Freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and
wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers, and other important figures

psychosexual stages Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter
conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges

fixations Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

conscience Prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way by making us feel guilty if we do wrong

oral stage According to Freud, a stage from birth to 12 months in which an infant's center of pleasure is
the mouth

anal stage According to Freud, a stage from age 12/18 mos to 3 years in which a child's pleasure is
centered on the anus

phallic stage According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 in which a child's pleasure is centered
on the genitals

Oedipal conflict A child's sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through
identification with the same-sex parent

identification The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that
person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values

latency period According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which
children's sexual concerns are temporarily put aside

genital stage According to Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual
behavior

defense mechanisms In Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by
distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves

repression The primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed
back into the unconscious

anxiety An intense, negative, emotional experience

neurotic anxiety Irrational impulses emanating from the id threaten to burst through and become
unbearable

neo-Freudian psychoanalysts Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who
later rejected some of its major points

collective unconscious According to Jung, a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we
inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past

archetypes According to Jung, universal symbolic representations of particular person, object or

experience such as good and evil

inferiority complex used to describe adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of
inferiority they developed as a child

trait theory A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe
personality

traits Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations

cardinal trait According to Allport, a single characteristic that directs most of a person's activities

Central traits Traits that make up the core of someone's personality. Most people have 1-5 of them

secondary traits characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than
central or cardinal traits

Big 5 personality traits OCEAN (opennes to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness,

and neuroticism)

social cognitive approaches to personality Theories that emphasize the influence of a person's
cognitions-- thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values -- as well as observation of others' behavior, in
determining personality

self-efficacy The belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive
outcomes

observational learning viewing the actions of others and observing the consequences

self-esteem The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self evaluations

biological and evolutionary approaches to personality Theories that suggest that important components
of personality are inherited

temperament An inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life

humanistic approaches to personality Theories that emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to
achieve higher levels of functioning

self-actualization A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a
unique way
unconditional positive regard An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no
matter what the person says or does

psychological tests Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively; used by psychologists to
help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves

norms standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with
the scores of others who have taken the same test

self-report measures A method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a
sample of their behavior

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- 2 the most widely researched and clinically used of all
personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most
appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. used to predict everyday
behaviors

test standardization A technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the
responses of people with known diagnoses

projective personality test A test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to
describe it or tell a story about it

Rorschach test A test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are
asked what the figures represent to them.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and
interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

anal stage According to Freud, a stage from age 12 to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child's
pleasure is centered on the anus.

archetypes According to Jung, universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects,
ideas, or experiences.

collective unconscious According to Jung, an inherited set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that
are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past.

defense mechanisms In Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by
distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves.

ego The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world.

fixations Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.

genital stage According to Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual
behavior (that is, sexual intercourse).

id The raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by
primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irra- tional impulses.
identification The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that
person's behavior and adopt- ing similar beliefs and values.

latency period According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which
children's sexual concerns are temporarily put aside.

neo-Freudian psychoanalysts Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who
later rejected some of its major points.

Oedipal conflict A child's intense, sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent.

oral stage According to Freud, a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months, in which an infant's center of
pleasure is the mouth.

personality The pattern of enduring char- acteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given
person.

phallic stage According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's pleasure
focuses on the genitals.

psychoanalytic theory Freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determi- nants of personality.

psychodynamic approaches to personality Approaches that assume that personality is primarily

unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.

psychosexual stages Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter
conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.

repression The primary defense mech- anism in which the ego pushes unac- ceptable or unpleasant
impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious.

superego The personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior.

unconscious A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges,
drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.

biological and evolutionary approaches to personality Theories that suggest that important components
of personality are inherited.

humanistic approaches to personality Theories that emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to
achieve higher levels of functioning.

self-actualization A state of self- fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own
unique way.

self-efficacy The belief that we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

self-esteem The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations.

social cognitive approaches to personality Theories that emphasize the influence of a person's
cognitions— thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values—as well as observation of others' behavior, in
determining personality.
temperament An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in
life.

traits Consistent personality characteris- tics and behaviors displayed in different situations.

trait theory A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe
personality.

unconditional positive regard An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no
matter what a person says or does.

behavioral assessment Direct measures of an individual's behavior used to describe personality

characteristics.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) A widely used self-

report test that identifies people with psycholog- ical difficulties and is employed to predict some
everyday behaviors.

projective personality test A test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to
describe it or tell a story about it.

psychological tests Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively; used by psychologists to
help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves.

Rorschach test A test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are
asked what the figures represent to them.

self-report measures A method of gath- ering data about people by asking them questions about their
own behavior and traits

test standardization A technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the
responses of people with known diagnoses.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked
to write a story.

After the resolution of the Oedipal conflict typically around age 5 or 6, children move into the ( ) period
which last until puberty latency

Probably the most primary of the defense mechanisms is that of: repression

Which defense mechanism is CORRECTLY matched with a definition? Displacement - an unwanted

feeling is redirected from a threatening individual to a less threatening one

Which of the following is NOT one of Eysenck's major personality dimensions? Agreeableness

Which of the following specific traits is CORRECTLY paired with a description in terms of the Big Five
dimensions? Imaginative - high openness

_____ approaches to personality are theories that suggest that important components of personality are
inherited. Biological and evolutionary
Humanistic approaches in psychology have been most influential in: therapeutic settings.

Which term indicates the ability of a test to measure what it is actually designed to measure? Validity

A series of symmetrical stimuli is to picture what _____ is to _____. Rorschach; TAT

Minnie is taking the TAT. Tammy is taking the Rorschach. Minnie is looking at _____. Tammy is
examining _____. pictures; a series of symmetrical stimuli

Which of the following is true of stress? Stress is a very personal thing.

Which category of stressor is correctly matched with an example? Personal stressor—being fired

Misplacing one's keys illustrates a: background stressor.

Which of the following would qualify as an example of a background stressor? Getting irritated as one's
headphones are not working

In the psychology of health and stress, Hans Selye is associated with the study of: the general adaptation
syndrome.

Eve was stressed as she had got transferred to Italy. She decided to look at the brighter side of her
relocation by telling herself that it will be a new experience, that she will be able to meet different
people, and see new places. Eve is observing _____ coping. emotion-focused

Which of the following refers to the ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive after profound
adversity? Resilience

Vivian always makes sure that he submits his class assignments before anybody else does. Also, he aims
at getting the highest score among his classmates. Vivian has a _____ behavior pattern Type A

Katie was very excited about the athletics event to be held in her school. She got injured just a few days
before the event and was asked by her physician to take rest for one full day. She was very frustrated
and worried that she might be replaced by her friend, Elaine, if she misses her daily practice. She
ignored her physician's advice, went ahead with her practice, and worsened the injury. Katie is most
likely a _____ personality. Type A

Annie is a Type A individual. She would be characterized by _____ behavior. hostile

Martha has a Type B behavior pattern. Which of the following characteristics would be observed in
Martha? Cooperation

The average smoker tries to quit about _____ times before being successful 8-10

Laura and Celia are identical twins. They were adopted at birth by different families and raised in
different environments. However, there are a lot of behavioral similarities between them. In the context
of developmental psychology, which of the following best explains this phenomenon? Their similarities
reflect the influence of nature on development.

A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments. He

finds large differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli. What might the
researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the
preference for visual novelty? Nature contributes substantially to the monkeys' preference for visual
novelty.

Which of the following is true about sequential research? It combines cross-sectional and longitudinal
research.

_____ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information. Chromosomes

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the units of genetics, from the smallest and most
specific to the largest and most inclusive? DNA → gene → chromosome

Scientists were able to map the human genome in the year: 2001

In the _____ stage of development, the developing individual is less than an inch long, and has
developed a rudimentary beating heart, a brain, an intestinal tract, and a number of other organs that
are at a primitive stage of development. embryonic

From eight weeks after conception until birth, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n): fetus.

Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
Phenylketonuria—the child cannot produce a critical enzyme, resulting in an accumulation of poisons, in
turn causing mental retardation

The animal ethologist _____ conducted classic studies of imprinting among goslings. Konrad Lorenz

The study of attachment style is associated with _____ and the study of parenting style is associated
with _____. Ainsworth; Baumrind

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive
development, from birth through adolescence? sensorimotor → preoperational → concrete operational
→ formal operational

According to Piaget, mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the _____ stage of
development. concrete operational

According to Erikson, adolescents are primarily engaged in resolving the psychosocial crisis of: identity
versus role confusion

From the late teens into the mid-20s, individuals are in a transitional phase that developmental
psychologists call _____ adulthood. emerging

Age-related declines are more apparent in _____ memory than in _____ memory. episodic; semantic

Ashworth is interested in the pattern of enduring characteristics of people that produce consistency and
individuality in a given person. Ashworth is interested in people's _____. personality