‫كلية التمريض‪ -‬كلية معتمدة‬

:Objectives
1. Define the developmental theories emphasis on its
importance in children’s development.

2. Explain the grand and mini theories for child

development

3. Describe the concepts and stages of psychosexual

developmental theory.

4. Criticize the positive and negative point of Freud's

theory
Developmental theory

o Developmental theories provide a set of guiding

principles and concepts that describe and explain

human development.

o Developmental theories focus on development that

happens throughout the lifespan.

 Types of developmental theories
1- Grand theories:
oGrand theories are those comprehensive ideas often
proposed by major thinkers such as Sigmund Freud, Erik
Erikson and Jean Piaget.
oThese theories seek to explain much of human behaviour
but are often considered outdated and incomplete in the
face of modern research.
oPsychologists often use grand theories as a basis for
exploration.
 Types of developmental theories

2- Mini theories:
oExplain narrow behaviours, such as how self-esteem is

formed or early childhood socialization.

oThese theories are often rooted in the ideas established

by grand theories, but they do not seek to describe and

explain the whole of human behaviour and growth.

Importance of theory

1. Give meaning to what we observe.

2. Provide a framework for understanding how and why

people change as they grow older.

3. Provide a framework for understanding human behavior,

thought and development.
 .Importance of theory cont

4. Theories are dynamic and always changing. As new

discoveries are made, theories are modified and adapted to
account for new information.

5. As a basis for action -finding ways to improve the lives

and education of children.

6. Create basis for future research, Researchers use theories

to form hypotheses that can then be tested
:Freud’s theory

 Sigmund Freud born 6 May 1856 he was an

Austrian neurologist and the founder
of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for
treating psychopathology
:Concept of the theory

Freud believed that the human personality

consisted of three interworking parts:

1.The id

2.The ego

3.The superego.
:Concept of this theory

1. The id, the largest part of the mind, is related to desires and
impulses and is the main source of basic biological needs.

2. The ego is related to reasoning and is the conscious, rational

part of the personality; it monitors behavior in order to
satisfy basic desires without suffering negative
consequences.

3. The superego, or conscience, develops through interactions

with others (mainly parents) who want the child to conform
to the norms of society.
.
:Stages of the theory
1- The Oral Stage

o Age Range: Birth to 1 Year

o Erogenous Zone: Mouth

 During the oral stage, the infant's primary source

of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the
sucking reflex is especially important, and the infant
derives pleasure from oral stimulation through
gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking.
2- The Anal Stage

Age Range: 1 to 3 years

Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control
During the anal stage, Freud believed that the
primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder
and bowel movements. The major conflict at this
stage is toilet training--the child must learn to control
his or her bodily needs. Developing this control leads
to a sense of accomplishment and independence.
 3-Phallic stage (3-6 year)

Age Range: 3 to 6 years

Erogenous Zone: genitals

o This stage focus on the genitals

o Children begin to discover the differences between males

and females.

o Freud believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a

rival for the mother’s affection.
o For boys, this is called the Oedipus complex, involving

a boy's desire for his mother.

o The Electra complex, a girl's desire for her father's

attention and wish to take her mother’s place.

o The child also fears that he will be punished by the father

for these feelings, a fear Freud termed castration anxiety

 Latency stages (6_12 years) -4

o During this stage, the superego continues to develop

while the id's energies are suppressed.

o The child represses all interests on sexuality and

develops social and intellectual skills

o Child develops social skills, values and relationships

with peers and adults outside of the family.

o The child
)Genital stage (12-18)years -5

o The onset of puberty causes the libido to become

active once again.

o The individual develops a strong sexual interest in the

opposite sex.

o This stage begins during puberty but last throughout

the rest of a person's life.
Criticism of Freud’s Psychosexual
:Theory

Positive points:

The first who divided the psyche in to Id, Ego,

Superego.

He put a mechanism for resolving conflicts in every

stage.
 Criticism of Freud’s Psychosexual
:Theory
Negative points:

The theory is focused almost on male development.

The theory is difficult to test scientifically.

Future predictions are too vague. The length of time between

the cause and the effect is too long to assume that there is a
relationship between the two variables.

Freud's theory is based upon case studies and not empirical

research. Also, Freud based his theory on the recollections of his
adult patients, not on actual observation and study of children.