International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 9, September 2018, pp. 1256–1262, Article ID: IJMET_09_09_136

Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=9
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

BIRD STRIKE ANALYSIS ON AIRCRAFT

WINDSHIELD
T. Niruban Projoth, R. Rohith Renish
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
VelTech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

Sivarathinabala, Vinu Lakshmi

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
VelTech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT
This research title concerns in developing the Windshield with greater strength.
Since the physical testing on bird strike is expensive, consumes more time. The
simulation are carried out in the NASTRAN, PATRAN analysis, In that the bird is
taken as a Force using software and strikes on aircraft windshield . With the help of
simulation, the von mises tress, forces, time and displacement are obtained as a result.
The Detailed CAD geometry of the windshield is modeled in CATIA V5 R19, Meshing
in the NASTRAN PATRAN. The results obtained from the simulation are compared
with the data and the process is validated. It has been suggested that the results
obtained from simulation can be utilized in the initial design stages as well as for
certification of an Aircraft for Bird strike requirements as per rules of Federal
Regulations.
Key words: Aircraft Windshield, Displacement, Von-mises stresses, Forces, Time.
Cite this Article: T. Niruban Projoth, R. Rohith Renish, Sivarathinabala, Vinu
Lakshmi, Bird Strike Analysis on Aircraft Windshield, International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering and Technology 9(9), 2018, pp. 1256–1262.
http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=9

1. INTRODUCTION
Bird strikes is considered to be a major concern from the early days of powered flight for
safety aviation. As a result of bird strike, first accident happened in 1912 that was occurred
when the flyer experienced a flock of gulls while conducting a demonstration of flight. The
investigation made had found that one of the gulls had jammed the rudder control that causes
the aero plane to dive into the surf, breaking the pilot’s neck. Since 1912 it has been predicted
that 47 fatal accidents have occurred due to a bird strike involving commercial air transports.
The total number of fatalities is about 242 people and 90 hulls lose. The total number of fatal
incidents in military navigation is believed to be much higher when compared with
commercial air transport.

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 T. Niruban Projoth, R. Rohith Renish, Sivarathinabala, Vinu Lakshmi

Thus the crashed surface of an aircraft is said to be unloaded; the effect that is caused
because of preloading on the impact behavior has great significance[1]. In past years it has
been a familiar process for bird-proof designing of aircraft components that has to be built and
tested, then again redesigned and tested [2]. Composite materials are well known in order to
show its increased stiffness or strength properties under highly dynamic loaded conditions.
The Exterior aircraft system, foreign object damages such as hail, runway debris or impact of
tire rubber about 90% of all these accidents that occurs today are been reported is mainly
occurred by bird strike[3].
The contact algorithm that has to match with large deformations and splitting of the
projectile, sliding of the bird material over the target surface and the creation of multiple
contact interfaces due to its possible fracture and structure penetration. Based on continuum
damage mechanics and stiffness degradation, nonlinearities are taken into account in
increasing the damage which is caused due to micro level cracks under load [4-6].

2. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Figure 1 Front view of a wind shield Figure 2 Top view of a wind shield

Figure 3 Side view of a wind shield Figure 4 Isometric view of a wind shield
Fig. 1, 2, 3 & 4 represents the Front view, Top view, Side view and Isometric view of a
wind shield has been modeled using CATIA.

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 Bird Strike Analysis on Aircraft Windshield

2.1. Meshed File

Figure 5 Meshed solid model

Table 1 Type of mesh and number of elements

Number of
S. No Elements
elements
1 Quad 578
2 NODE 630
The wind shield has been meshed with equal intervals to achieve the result in periodic
manner which is shown in the Fig. 5

3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
3.1. Material Property
Polyethylene Terephthalate : PET is a material which has its stiffness, light weight, glass-
reinforced resin offering the process to be easier that can possess its high ability performance
in parts .PET is also clear, tough, and shatter proof which is identified to be used as a barrier
to oxygen, water and carbon dioxide and is identified.

Table 2 Material Properties

Tensile strength(σt) 55–75 MPa

Elastic limit 50–150%
notch test 3.6 kJ/m2
Glass transition temperature (Tg) 67 to 81 °C
Vicat B 82 °C
linear expansion coefficient (α) 7×10−5/K
Water absorption (ASTM) 0.16

2D properties have applied to the meshed model. 2D shell elements are given to the wind
shield. Load and boundary condition have to wind shield section. Edges of the wind shield are
fixed using displacement constraint and load is applied as nodal force. Force is calculated for
bird strike from mass of the bird and velocity at which it is hitting.
After applying loads and materials properties are applied in NASTRAN. PATRAN gives
us a different type of analysis like linear static non-linear thermal.

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 T. Niruban Projoth, R. Rohith Renish, Sivarathinabala, Vinu Lakshmi

Figure 6 Load and boundary conditions Figure 7 Load and boundary conditions
For wind shield linear static analyses have been done to find out loads, Solution sequence
is 101.BDF file is created, it consists of information like elements grid or node spc and the
property of material load and its boundary condition. BDF of bulkhead and then the run
command is shown below. The analysis is made and the results is achieved as shown in the
figure.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Linear Static Analysis for Windshield

Figure 8 Maximum Principal Stress 114 N/mm2 Figure 9 Maximum Principal Stress -0.0181 N/mm2

Figure 10 Maximum Shear Stress6.21 N/mm2 Figure 11 Von mises stress 10.9 N/mm2

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 Bird Strike Analysis on Aircraft Windshield

Figure 12 Displacement the maximum displacement 1.35mm

4.2. Linear Static Analysis for Acrylic

Figure 13 maximum principal stress 0.386N/mm2 Figure 14 Minimum principal stress 0.0152N/mm2

Figure 15 Maximum Shear Stress the maximum shear stress Figure 16 Von mises stress The von mises stress
for wind shield 0.427N/mm2 at wind shield 0.779 N/mm2

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 T. Niruban Projoth, R. Rohith Renish, Sivarathinabala, Vinu Lakshmi

Figure 17 Displacement The maximum displacement at bulkhead 0.289 mm

4.3. Result Validation

The result is validated based on material ultimate strength with R.F= ultimate
strength/obtained stress
• Component fails - R.F value < 1.
• Component is safe - R.F value is > 1 to 1.5.
• Component is too safe - R.F value is > 1.5.

Table 3 R.F (wind shield) PET (30% Glass Reinforced)

Type of stress Ultimate stress (N/mm2) Obtained stress R.F value
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
Max. principal 65 11.4 5.7
Max. shear 39 6.21 6.2
Von mises 65 11 5.9

Table 4 R.F (wind shield) Acrylic

Type of stress Ultimate stress (N/mm2) Obtained stress R.F value
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
Max. principal 80 38.6 2.07
Max. shear 48 42.7 1.21
Von mises 80 72.9 1.09

Table 5 RF value comparison table

RF Value for PET RF Value for Acrylic
Max. principal 5.7 2.07
Max. shear 6.2 1.21
Von mises 5.9 1.09

5. CONCLUSIONS
Glass materials are very brittle and require little energy to create the first failure in the
material. Just to create a safety product, union of the acrylic material is added to the glass
material that increases the safety possibility. The interlayer of the glass retains the fragments
and this avoids the propagation. Due to double curvature of the surface, windshield geometric
shape and the impact angle reducing factors of the effects of the bird strike. Damage is
reduced by increasing the certification requirement in an effective way.

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 Bird Strike Analysis on Aircraft Windshield

REFERENCES
[1] E.F.Bruh(1973) “Analysis and Design of flight vehicle Structures” published by S.R.
Jacobs & Associates, Inc. U.S.A.

[2] Donadon, M.V., 2005 “The impact behaviour of composite structures manufactured using
resin infusion under flexible tooling”, Ph.D Thesis, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial
College London, England, UK, 375.

[3] Donadon, M. V. and Iannucci L., 2006 “Bird strike modelling using a new woven glass
failure model”, Proceedings of the LS-DYNA International Conference, Michigan,
Dearborn, USA

[4] Michael Chun- Yung Niu (19(9)8) “Airframe Structural Design” published by Lockheed
Aeronautical Systems Company Burbank, California, conmilit press Ltd.

[5] Trevor Brough, July 19(9)3. Average Weight of Birds, Aviation Bird Unit, Agricultural
Science Service.

[6] Vergnaud JM. 1991. Liquid transport processes in polymeric materials. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs Athens,

[7] Greece, May 2005. ‘Fatalities & Destroyed Civil Aircraft due to Bird Strikes 2002 to
2004.

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