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Week 1 - Chapter 1.1 - 1.8 (Ogos 2021) - Madam Abir
Week 1 - Chapter 1.1 - 1.8 (Ogos 2021) - Madam Abir
PHY094
019 - 4462716
03 - 89245543
abirwa2887@uitm.edu.my
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
1. State basic quantities and their respective SI units
2. State derive quantities and their respective units and symbols
3. State the definition of a dimension and give examples of the
dimensions of some basic physical quantities
4. Use dimension to check equations for consistency
5. Use dimensional analysis to check homogeneity and construct
equation of physics
6. Convert physical quantities from one system of units to another unit
7. Identify the number of significant figures in a given physical
calculation/measurement.
8. Apply significant figures to estimate the proper accuracy of a
combination of physical measurements.
9. Estimates for the physical quantities using approximations
Mechanics uses three fundamental quantities
Length [L]
Mass [M]
Time [T]
SI – Systéme International
› Agreed to in 1960 by an international committee
› Main system used in this text
Section 1.1
Units
› meter, m
The meter is currently
defined in terms of the
distance traveled by light
in a vacuum during a
given time
› Also establishes the value
for the speed of light in a
Section 1.1
vacuum
Units
› kilogram, kg
The kilogram is currently
defined as the mass of a
specific cylinder kept at the
International Bureau of
Weights and Measures
Section 1.1
Units
› seconds, s
The second is currently
defined in terms of the
oscillation of radiation
from a cesium atom
Section 1.1
Section 1.1
Listing the 5 base quantities with units:
Quantity Symbols SI Units Symbols
Length l meter m
Mass m kilogram kg
Time t second s
Temperature T Kelvin K
Current I ampere A
Section 1.1
Technique to check the correctness of an
equation
Dimensions (length, mass, time,
combinations) can be treated as algebraic
quantities
› Add, subtract, multiply, divide
Both sides of equation must have the same
dimensions
Cannot give numerical factors: this is its
limitation
Section 1.3
Dimensions of some common quantities are
listed in Table 1.5
Section 1.3
Section 1.3
L
L = L + T
T
➢ It might seem at first that the last term has
different dimensions than the other two.
➢ However, dimensions obey the same rules of
algebra as other quantities.
➢ Thus the dimensions of time cancel in the last
term:
L
L = L + T = L + L
T
➢ As a result, we see that each term in this
formula has the same dimensions.
➢ This type of calculation with dimensions is
referred to as dimensional analysis
Section 1.3
➢ Dimensional analysis is the checking of
dimensions of all quantities in an equation to
ensure that those which are added, subtracted, or
equated have the same dimensions.
➢ Example:
Is this the correct equation for velocity?
Section 1.3
A significant figure is a reliably known digit
All non-zero digits are significant
For example, 91 has two significant digits (9
and 1), while 123.45 has five significant digits
(1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-
zero digits are significant.
Example: 101.12 has five significant digits:
1, 0, 1, 1 and 2.
Section 1.4
Leading zeros are not significant. For example,
0.00052 has two significant digits: 5 and 2.
Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal
point are significant
For example:
12.2300 has six significant digits: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and
0. The number 0.000122300 still has only six
significant digits (the zeros before the 1 are not
significant)
In addition, 120.00 has five significant digits.
Section 1.4
This convention clarifies the precision of such
numbers; for example, if a result accurate to four
decimal places is given as 12.23 then it might be
understood that only two decimal places of
accuracy are available.
Section 1.4
Example:
A turtle travels at 2.51 cm/s for 12.23 s. How far does the
turtle go? (Give the answer in three significant figures)
Answer:
2.51 cm/s × 12.23 s = 30.7 cm
Section 1.4
Scientific Notation
• Leading or trailing zeroes can make it hard to determine
number of significant figures: 2500, 0.000036
• Each of these has two significant figures
• Scientific notation writes these as a number from 1-10
multiplied by a power of 10, making the number of significant
figures much clearer:
2500 = 2.5 × 103
If we write 2.50x103, it has three significant figures
0.000036 = 3.6 x 10-5
Section 1.4
Round-off error:
The last digit in a calculated number may vary depending
on how it is calculated, due to rounding off of insignificant
digits
Example:
$2.21 + 8% tax = $2.3868, rounds to $2.39
$1.35 + 8% tax = $1.458, rounds to $1.49
Sum: $2.39 + $1.49 = $3.88
SOLUTION
1. Convert the length of the warehouse to meters:
Section 1.5
Convert Audi R8’s
top speed into m/s
Acceleration of the
car is 7.12 m/s2.
convert into km/hr2
Section 1.5
Why are estimates useful?
1) As a check for a detailed calculation – if your answer
is very different from your estimate, you’ve probably
made an error
2) To estimate numbers where a precise calculation
cannot be done
Section 1.6
Section 1.6
Section 1.7
• The basic trigonometric functions are as follows;
Section 1.8
Section 1.8
Summary