Unit 1.

General Description of a Ship

Skills: getting to know the main parts of the ships, their types and
principal characteristics

Study the wordlist:

Word list:

1.starboard/port side правий/лівий борт

2.bulkhead перебирання

3.double bottom подвійне дно

4.freeboard надводна частина судна

5.roll бортова хитавиця

6.pitch кильова хитавиця

7.anchor якір

8.derrick кран-стріла, деррик

9.winch лебідка

10.
to let out (mooring віддавати швартові
lines)
11.
hatch cover люкове закриття

12.
gear редуктор, привід

13.
load line вантажна ватерлінія
 14.
to stow укладати вантаж

15.
tween deck твіндек

16.
poop ют

17.
forecastle півбак

18.
trim правильне розміщення вантажу

19.
heel крен

20.
list or inclination крен на один из бортів

21.
to engrave (ви)гравлівать

22.
ship's underwater body підводна частина корпусу судна

23.
permanent постійна надбудова
superstructure
24.
draught marks марки поглиблення

25.
Load Line Certificate свідоцтво про вантажну марку

Warm up

Skim the text. What main parts of a ship do you remember?

 Read and translate the text, paying attention to the words in italics.

The Main Parts of a Ship

There are two main parts of a ship: the hull and machinery. The
structural parts of the hull of a steel ship include frames, beams, keel,
keelson, stem, sternpost, shell plating, bulkheads, and decks.

The main body of a ship is called a hull. The hull is divided into three
main parts: the foremost part is called the bow; the rearmost part is
called the stern; the part in between is called amidships. The hull is the
main part of the ship. This is the area between the main deck, the sides
(port and starboard) and the bottom. It is made up of frames covered
with plating. The part of the hull below water is the ship's underwater
body. The distance between the waterline and the main deck is the
vessel's freeboard. The hull is divided up into a number of watertight
compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulkheads are vertical steel
walls going across the ship and along.The hull contains the engine room,
cargo space and a number of tanks. In dry cargo ships the cargo space is
divided into holds. Openings giving access to holds are called hatches.
In liquid cargo vessels the cargo space is divided into tanks. At the fore
end of the hull are the forepeak tanks, and at the after end are afterpeak
tanks. They are used for fresh water and fuel. If a ship has double sides,
the space between the sides contains wing tanks. The space between the
tank top and the space contains double bottom tanks.

Function: Made of steel the key role of ships hull is to maintain its
water tight integrity and reduce water drag. And so hull plays a major
role in determining overall efficiency of a ship. Ships hull are thus
coated with special paints that not only reduce frictional drag but also
avoid marine growth which further increase the resistance to ships
motion. Thus ships hull are cleaned and repainted with special coating
during dry dock operation.

2.All permanent housing above the main deck is known as superstruc-

ture. Nowadays, cargo vessels are normally built with the after location
of the engine room and bridge superstructure to gain more space for
cargo. The forward raised part of the deck is called the forecastle and its
after raised part is the poop. On deck there are cargo handling facilities,
such as cranes, winches, derricks etc. Ships having derricks also have
cargo masts and cargo posts (or Samson posts) on deck.

A forecastle accounts for the front part of the ships upper deck and is not
more than 7% of total deck length. It can be easily identified on a ship
structure by a sudden rise in the fore deck near the ships bow. In earlier
days forecastle of a ship was used for a specific purpose of taking
defensive positions by the soldier in the military vessel. These days it is
used most for holding and securings major ships parts.It is the part most
used for anchoring operation and checking or maintaining navigation
lights on foremast.

Function: Being one of the key structural parts of ship, a forecastle

holds all the necessary equipments required for anchoring operation. On
navy ships apart from holding anchoring tools and equipment a
forecastle also holds strategic defensive guns position.

The overall shape of a hull is designed to make the ship as stable

(steady) as possible. A ship must not roll (rock from side to side)
or pitch (rock from front to back) too much. Most modern ships also use
stabilizing systems to reduce rolling.

The engine is fitted near the bottom of the ship in the engine room. The
engine drives the propeller at the stern of a ship. The engines of most
ships are steam turbines, gas turbines, or diesel engines. The largest and
fastest ships have steam turbines. Steam produced in the boilers spins
the bladed wheels of the turbine. The turbine, through a series
of gears, drives the propeller shaft and makes the propeller revolve. On
turboelectric ships, the turbine turns a generator that produces electricity
for a motor. The motor, in turn, drives the propeller. Almost all
merchant ships use oil as the fuel to heat the boilers that create the
steam. Many of the most advanced ships have gas turbines. Gas turbines
work much like steam turbines but use hot gases instead of steam.

Vessels propelled by diesel engines are called motorships. They have

either geared-drive or diesel-electric machinery. On a geared-drive ship,
the engine works through gears to turn the propeller. On a diesel-electric
ship, the engine turns a generator that supplies current to an electric
motor connected to the propeller shaft.

Other parts and equipment of a ship include funnels (smokestacks)

situated near the bridge to discharge smoke and exhaust fumes,
an anchor on the left and right sides of the bow, and enough lifeboats to
hold all persons onboard. Modern ships have power-driven winches to
raise or lower the anchors and to bring in or let out the mooring
lines used to tie vessels at a pier. Power-driven winches also operate the
cranes for loading and unloading cargo. The cargo is loaded and
discharged to the holds through the cargo hatches. Booms that are fitted
to the masts are called derricks', they are necessary for cargo operations,
especially if there is no possibility to use harbour's cranes. Derricks are
operated by winches. Ships having derricks also have cargo masts
and cargo posts (or Sampson posts) on deck.

Modem ships also have high-speed pumps to pump out ballast water or
to pump up seawater in case of fire. Radio-telegraph equipment keeps
ships in constant touch with the rest of the world. The maximum breadth
of a ship is the beam. The total length measured from the foremost to the
aftermost points of a ship's hull is called the length overall. The draught
is the depth of the ship's bottom or keel below the water surface. The
forward draught is measured at the bow and the draught aft at the stern.
Exercise 1.

Give brief answers to the following questions:

1. What is the hull? 2. What are the bulkheads? 3. What does the hull
contain? 4. What is the main deck? 5. What is the superstructure? 5.
What is the bow? 6. What is stern? 7. How many types of engines do
you know? What is the difference between them? 8. What types of ships
do you know? (according to the type of the engines) 9. What the other
parts and equipment do you know? 10. How is the cargo loaded and
discharged? 11. What is the function of the winches/anchors? 12. Do
you know the ship’s overall dimensions? 13. What does the term
“draught” mean? 14. What are the main parts of a ship? 15. What is the
difference between a dry cargo ship and a liquid cargo ship?

Exercise 2. Give equivalents:

 in Ukrainian: bulkhead, port side, to discharge, cargo space, stern,

screw, weather deck, merchant ship, forecastle, hatches,
underwater body, power-driven winches, anchor, wing tanks,
double bottom, poop, pitching, overall dimensions, beam, plating,
freeboard, ladder;

 in English: ніс, водонепроникний відсік, завантажувати,

правий борт, зміцнювати (вантаж), трюм, шлюпка, витравляти
(якір), надбудова, гвинт, бортова хитавиця, відкачувати,
турбина, суховантаж, габаритні розміри, обшивка, теплохід,
паливна цистерна (танк), корма, неправильне навантаження,
пробоїна, кран-стріла, вантажний простір, танкер.
Exercise 3. Match the term with its definition.

term definition
1. bulkheads a. a permanent covering over a compartment or a
hull of a ship
2. list b. the watertight body of a ship or boat
3. deck c. an enclosed space on a boat or on a ship
4. cabin d. the vertical surfaces dividing the internal space
5. hull e. inclination of the vessel to port side or
starboard side

Exercise 4. Choose the right variant.

1. lifeboat

a) рятувальна шлюпка b) моторний човен c) пліт

2. poop

a) надбудова b) півбак c) ють

3. gear

a) привід b) кермо c) трос

4. double bottom tank

a) танк подвійного дна b) подвійна цистерна c) другий танк

5. draft

a) вантажна марка b) осідання c) вантажна лінія

6. трюм

a) hold b) poop c) derrick

7. вантажні приміщення
a) accommodation spaces b) engine room c) cargo spaces

8. обшивка корпусу

a) plating shell b) bilge keel c) shell plating

Exercise 5. Role play the dialogue and then make up your own one.

A: So, this is a cargo ship, isn’t it?

B: Yes. It’s a general cargo ship. Now we are on the navigating bridge.
This is the place where the captain and his mates control the ship. If we
look forward we’ll see the main deck and the forecastle. The main deck
(or we can call it weather deck) covers the cargo spaces or holds. There
are openings cut in the decks, and those openings are the hatches, one to
each hold.

A: How do you load the cargo into the hold and discharge it?

B: We use derricks. A derrick is a strong boom (грузовая стрела) made

of steel and wood, that can swing from side to side. But a lot of ships are
fitted with cranes.

A: How many holds are there on the ship?

B: There are four on the main deck forward and one right aft. We
number them from one to five. And each hold is served by two derricks.

A: You’ve mentioned the forecastle, haven’t you?

B: Yes, right so. The forecastle is that small extra deck above the main
deck, forward of number one hold, right up in the bow. It carries the
anchors and their cables. I’ll take you up there in a few minutes.

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into English.

 1. Щоб забезпечити міцність та збільшити безпеку плавання,
корпусу судна розділяється водонепроникними перебірками
на ряд відсіків.

2. Форпік і ахтерпик використовуються зазвичай для прийому

забортної води (баласту)

3. Відсіки, призначені для прийому, води, рідкого палива або

рідкого вантажу, називаються цистернами або танками.

4. Відсіки судна, розташовані між другим дном і нижньої

палубою і призначені для перевезення вантажів, називаються
вантажними трюмами.

5. На вантажопасажирських судах в твиндеках, розташованих

вище вантажної ватерлінії, розміщують житлові приміщення
(accommodation).

Speaking

Exercise 7.

Look through the text and then decide which statement is true/false.
Prove your point of view.

 In case of flooding the watertight compartments allow a ship to be

afloat with a hole.
 Bulkheads are the special decks.
 All the structures below the main deck make up the superstructure.
 Overloading and faulty loading can lead to severe damage of a
ship.
 Usually cargo is stowed in the tanks.
Writing

Exercise 8.

Imagine that there are several newcomers onboard. The captain asked
you to show them around. Prepare a short presentation for them.

TYPES OF THE VESSELS

1. Read the text. Be ready to discuss the text with your study partner

Modern seagoing commercial vessels come in all shapes and sizes and
are designed to carry a wide variety of cargoes. This article will attempt
to provide a brief overview of the main types that are plying the oceans
today and give some history as to how each design has evolved.
 
To begin, the main cargo types should be defined. For the purposes of
this article, cargoes shall be divided into dry, liquid and specialised, with
each of these divided further into sub categories. Dry cargoes include
bulk, general and breakbulk, containers, reefer and Ro-Ro. Liquid
cargoes are predominantly oil based but may also include chemicals and
liquefied gasses. Specialised cargoes include passengers, livestock and
heavy-lift/project.
 
Dry Cargo Ships: 
Historically, dry cargo vessels were the mainstay of the world's
merchant fleet. Known as general cargo vessels, they would be "geared",
that is equipped with their own cargo loading equipment, usually in the
form of derricks. The cargo would be stowed in different holds and the
speed and effectiveness of the loading/unloading process would depend
on the skill of the ship's crew and the port workers or "Stevedores". Such
ships would sometimes operate a regular service between two or more
ports as "liners", but could also operate in the "tramp trade" where
vessels would go wherever they were required.
Bulk Carriers:

For dry cargoes with a high weight to cost ratio such as coal, grain and
ore, economies of scale have produced the modern bulk carrier. These
usually large vessels are divided up into several separate holds covered
by hatches. In port, cargo is loaded by conveyor and spouts or by crane
and grab. Some bulk carriers are geared (usually a crane is located
between each hatch) to allow the loading and unloading of cargo at
berths without the need for shore equipment. 
 
For unloading, cranes with grabs are the norm although specialised
equipment may be used for certain cargoes. When vessels unload using
cranes and grabs, personnel and vehicles will often be placed inside the
holds to assist the process. Cargo will usually be unloaded into hoppers
and will then be transferred by conveyor to silos or open storage, smaller
vessels may discharge directly into road vehicles.
 
General Cargo Vessels:
Although largely replace by bulk and container carriers, general cargo
vessels still operate throughout the world. Cargo is usually in the form
of pallets or bags and is known as breakbulk. There may be specialised
handling facilities for such cargo, but usually loading and unloading is
carried out using cranes and straps (for boxes) or slings (for bags).
Loose or irregular cargo is also carried, in this case the vessel's crew and
port stevedores will pack the cargo to minimise damage and maximise
the utilisation of space.

Container Vessels:
Containers have become the main way of transporting manufactured
goods around the world. A container can be transferred between truck,
train and ship relatively easily and is a standard size to simplify
transportation. Containers can accommodate anything from foodstuffs to
electrical equipment to automobiles. Containers are also used to
transport bagged and palletised goods, liquids and refrigerated cargo.
 
Standard containers are measured as TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent
Units) and are generally 20 feet (1 TEU) or 40 feet (2 TEUs) long. All
standard shipping containers are 8 feet wide and 8 feet 6 inches tall.
There are also longer, taller and even shorter standard sizes, but these
are less common.
 
Container ships are made up of several holds, each equipped with "cell
guides" which allow the containers to slot into place. Once the first
layers of containers have been loaded and the hatches closed, extra
layers are loaded on top of the hatches. Each container is then lashed to
the vessel but also to each other to provide integrity. Containers are
usually loaded by specialised cranes or even general purpose cranes with
container lifting attachments but some small container vessels are geared
to allow self-loading/discharging.
 
Container vessels are used predominantly on liner routes and are some
of the biggest vessels afloat. Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCVs)
such as the Emma Maersk (lead ship of the Maersk E-Class vessels) are
able to carry approximately 15,000 TEU (depending on container
weight). Large container vessels are restricted by their size to certain
ports around the world and are also unable to transit certain areas due to
draft or, in the case of canals beam, restrictions.

Reefer Vessels:
Ships designed to carry a refrigerated cargo usually comprising
perishable goods such as fruit or meat are known as "Reefer Vessels".
Cargo is stowed in holds which are then sealed and temperature
controlled. Traditional reefer vessels have been largely replaced by the
use of reefer containers which may be carried on board a container
vessel. Reefer containers only need a power source to function although
they are usually loaded to allow the crew to inspect them during the
voyage.

Ro-Ro Vessels:
Roll on-Roll off or Ro-Ro vessels come in many forms including vehicle
ferries and cargo ships carrying truck trailers but the major type used for
the transport of road vehicles is the car carrier. These slab-sided vessels
feature multiple vehicle decks comprising parking lanes, linked by
internal ramps with access to the shore provided by one or more loading
ramp. Cargo capacity of such vessels is measured in Car Equivalent
Units (CEU) and the largest car carriers afloat today have a capacity of
over 6,000 CEU.
 

Liquid Cargo Ships: 

These vessels, collectively known as tankers, carry a range of liquid
cargoes. Tankers were first developed in the mid nineteenth century
when the use of iron allowed liquids to be carried in bulk economically
and without leakage. Like the case of the bulk carrier, economies of
scale have driven up the size of tankers and to day the largest examples
have a carrying capacity or "deadweight" of over 400,000 tons.
 
Tankers are divided into separate tanks into which the cargo is pumped
via a pipeline system. Modern tankers have large and segregated ballast
tanks to allow them to sit lower in the water on the return 'empty'
journey to improve stability. Many tankers also feature systems to add
an inert gas to the tanks to reduce the risk of fire and explosion.

Crude Carriers:
The largest ships afloat are the Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) and
the Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCCs). These ships are designed to
load crude oil and transport it to refineries around the world where it can
be processed into petroleum products. The largest crude carriers often
load and unload at offshore buoys and terminals as they are too large to
enter most ports.

Product Carriers:
These vessels, which are generally smaller than crude carriers, transport
the refined products from larger terminals to smaller ports around the
world. Products carried can include petroleum, jet fuel, diesel, asphalt,
lubricating oil and tar. Smaller tankers are also used to transport non-
petroleum bulk liquids such as molasses and palm oil.

Chemical Carriers:
These ships usually have a deadweight of 5,000-40,000 tons and often
have specialised cargo systems suited to the type of cargo carried. These
systems can include heating or cooling apparatus and advanced cleaning
systems to ensure the purity of a cargo is maintained when loaded into a
tank that may have previously carried something different.

Liquefied Gas Carriers:

These ships began as converted oil tankers but have evolved into highly
specialised purpose-built vessels. Designed to carry Liquefied Petroleum
Gas (LPG) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) under pressure, the cargo
tanks are generally spherical for strength. LNG carriers are usually
larger than those carrying LPG, the largest LNG carriers are the 'Q-Flex'
vessels with a gas capacity of up to 266,000 cubic metres.
 
 

Specialised Cargoes:
Most types of cargo could be considered as specialised due to the
specific loading, unloading or stowage arrangements required. Many
such cargoes are however, moved with such regularity and ease that the
term 'specialised' takes on a new meaning. For the purpose of this
article, it refers to cargoes that are either difficult to categorise as dry or
liquid, or to cargoes that are relatively difficult to handle.

Passenger Vessels:

This category includes everything from 10 person foot ferries up to

cruise ships able to carry over 6,000 passengers. Perhaps the most
specialised cargo of all, the needs and desires of passengers have driven
the design of the modern ferries and cruise vessels.
Ferries, once seen as 'a means to an end' for most, are now lavishly
equipped with lounges, restaurants, shops and entertainment facilities –
particularly when the ferry is on a relatively long route. The ships have
got larger too, the Ulysees for example which runs between Holyhead
and Dublin, is able to carry over 1,300 cars and 2,000 passengers.
 
The first example of ships undertaking a public 'cruise' can be traced
back to the nineteenth century but cruising gained mass popularity in the
latter twentieth century. Many cruise vessels were originally liners
which were sent to warmer climates during seasonal bad weather on
their regular routes. Arguably, the last of the liners is the Queen Mary 2,
which still operates a regular transatlantic service.
Today, cruise passengers demand and expect a wide range of facilities
including casinos, gymnasiums, shops, theatres, cinemas, pools,
restaurants and bars. The largest cruise vessels can be up to 360 m. long
and 60 m. wide. Popular cruising areas are the Mediterranean, Caribbean
and Scandinavia.

Livestock Carriers:
These ships are often converted from other types of vessel and are
equipped with pens for large numbers of animals. The main
considerations during the transport of livestock are adequate ventilation,
food and water, but also the ability of the reception facilities at the
destination port to handle the cargo. Some livestock carriers are reported
to be able to transport up to 120,000 sheep. A Common route for
livestock carriers is Australia and New Zealand to the Middle East.

Heavy-lift/Project Cargo Vessels:

These, mostly purpose built, vessels specialise in the transport of
extremely heavy or bulky objects such as other ships and large industrial
components. Some heavy-lift vessels are equipped with high capacity
cranes to load at ports without a heavy-lift capability. Other types are
semi submergible, which allows a cargo to be floated into position
before the heavy-lift vessel de-ballasts to lift the cargo out of the water.
 
Notable occasions where semi-submersible heavy-lift vessels have been
used are the return of RFA Sir Tristram to the UK following the
Falklands conflict and the return of the USS Cole to the United States
following the bombing in Aden. Heavy-lift vessels have also transported
offshore platforms from their construction site to the drilling site.
Common project cargoes are wind turbine blades and towers, quay
cranes and industrial machinery. Some project cargo vessels have been
adapted further to suit their role. 'Jack up' vessels for example are able to
put down 'legs' to lift themselves out of the water. This is commonly
used by vessels installing offshore wind farms where stability is required
during the placing of the turbine towers.
Tugs:
Even with the advent of highly manoeuvrable vessels equipped with
thrusters and azimuth pods, the tug is still vitally important to the
maritime industry. Modern tugs are highly manoeuvrable with pulling
power (bollard pull) sometimes in excess of 100 tonnes, although
harbour tugs are generally much less powerful. Such vessels are on hand
in ports around the world to assist in the berthing, unberthing and
movement of large or less manoeuvrable vessels within port limits. Tugs
are also used to assist the most manoeuvrable vessels during periods of
bad weather or when carrying dangerous or polluting cargoes. Harbour
tugs are also often employed to move barges, floating cranes and
personnel around ports. Larger units are kept on standby in strategic
locations to act as deep-sea rescue and salvage tugs.
 
Tugs are also used to tow barges from port to port, these sea-going tugs
are also employed for the movement of large structures such as offshore
platforms and floating storage units. Some tugs are utilised to push
barges, this is particularly common on rivers where the tug is able to
exert more turning force on the tow. There are also tugs that are
designed to ‘slot’ into a barge or hull, once secured, this composite unit
behaves and is treated like a standard powered vessel. These composite
units, like tugs employed to push the cargo, are more common on North
American river and coastal trade.
Exercise 2. Match the words and their definitions:
1.universal ship 2.research ship 3.specialized ship 4.tug 5.tanker
6.container ship 7.cargo ship 8.dry cargo ship 9.passenger ship
10.trawler

1. Ship or boat carrying people. 2. Ship designed to carry principal

different types of cargo. 3. A sort of ship or vessel that carries
cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. 4. Vehicle
designed to transport liquids in bulk. 5. A fishing ship that uses a
trawl net or dragnet to catch fish. 6. A powerful small boat
designed to pull or push larger ships. 7. A merchant ship specially
designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal,
ore, and cement in its cargo holds. 8. A ship designed and
equipped to carry out research at sea. 9. Ship designed to carry one
type of cargo (bulk cargo, timber, refrigerated goods, oil etc.). 10.
A vessel designed to carry standard intermodal containers enabling
efficient loading, unloading and transport to and from the vessel.

Exercise 3. Find the wrong information and give the correct variant.
1. Large oceangoing vessels are called boats. 2. Multipurpose ships are
designed to haul either ore or oil. 3. Dry cargo ships are designed to haul
different kinds of liquid cargo, such as petroleum and liquid natural gas.
4. Tankers can carry only solid cargo such as grain, salt and ore. 5.
Specialized ships are designed with refrigerated space for foods that
spoil easily, tank space for liquid cargo and a deck for automobiles.

Exercise 4. Copy the sentences and correct all spelling mistakes.

1. Thousands of ships cross the oceans, sail along seacoasts and travel
on inland wateways. 2. Many ships and boats have been designed to do
particular jobs to help ships and shiping. 3. Tankers were among the first
ships designed to carry only one kind of cargo – petrolem. 10 10 10 4.
New development is multi-pupose ship combining features of both
universal and specialized ships. 5. Tugs tow bages along canals and
rivers and guide huge passenger liners and freighters in and out of
harbors. 6. Ro-Ro ships haul cars, buses, house trailers, trucks and any
other cargo that can be ralled aboard. 7. There are specialized ships
designed for carring different kinds of cargoes. 8. Dock liftin cargo
method is used on FO-FO (float on/float off) vessels. 9. Container ships
eliminate the individual haches, holds and derricks of the traditional
general cargo vessels. 10. All the great trading nations try to have a large
merchent marine.

Exercise 5. Ask your partner the questions starting with the word in
brackets.
1. Ship is one of the oldest and most important means of transportation.
(What?) 2. Every day, thousands of ships cross the oceans, sail along
seacoasts and travel on inland waterways. (How often?) 3. All ships are
divided into two main groups. (How many groups?) 4. Large
oceangoing vessels are called boats. (What?) 5. New development is
multi-purpose ship combining features of both universal and specialized
ships. (What features?) 6. There are many different types of ships of
merchant service. (How many?) 7. All cargo ships are divided into 2
types: dry cargo ships and tankers. (How many types?) 8. Ro-Ro ships
haul cars, buses, house trailers, trucks and any other cargo that can be
rolled aboard. (What?) 9. FO-FO (float on/float off) vessels are used
dock lifting cargo method. (What method?) 10. Today, ships are as
important as ever to a country’s prosperity and strength. (When?)

Speaking
Exercise 6. Pick up one type of the ships from the table and make a
presentation on the topic chosen.
As you listen to other cadets present their their type of ship, keep notes
of their basic characteristics by filling in the chart. Then produce the
information about other types of ships to check this information.

Type of Carg Carg How Special Max/speed Size

ship o o is loaded/unloa structur
carrie ded al
d features
in/on
…
Genera
l cargo
ship
Dry
bulk
carrier
Contai
ner
ship
Tanker

Exercise 7. Make a plan of the text “Types of Ships” and speak on the
topic.

Writing
Exercise 8. Write an email to your groupmate and describe your
working day onboard. Pay special attention to the vessels you met
during your voyage, describe their types and principal characteristcs.

GRAMMAR
PRESENT SIMPLE

The simple present tense is used to express habits, general truths,

repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes.

Grammar Reference
Exercise 1.
Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in simple present
tense.

1. Tommy (live) _______ at 107 Pine Lane. 2. Juana (cook) _______

dinner for her family. 3. They (eat) _______ lunch at 12:00. 4. Nina
(take) _______ medicine when she is sick. 5. I (like) _______ chocolate.
6. He (drive) _______ a nice car. 7. We (want) _______ to see a movie
tonight. 8. Mr. Anderson (teach) _______ chemistry at Hill High School.
9. They (study) _______ English at school. 10. I (want) _______ to go
home now. 11. Bill and Calicia (drive) _______ to the mountains every
year. 12. We (eat) _______ pasta once a week. 13. It (snow) _______
here in December
Exercise 2.
Write the following sentences in negative.
1. I ________ (go) shopping with my brother. 2. We sometimes
________ (use) a dictionary in class. 3. My friends ________ (study)
Italian at their school. 4. School ________ (finish) at three o´clock.
5.You ________ (live) near me. 6. He ________(like) rap music. 7. She
________ (do) her homework before dinner. 8. We ________ (play)
tennis in school on Wednesday afternoon. 9. I ________ (watch) TV in
the evening. 10. My mother ________ (teach) art.

Exercise 3.
Write the sentences and finish the short answers.
1. live / at / you / Do / school / ?
_____________________________________________ No,
___________________
2. in / students / Do / the canteen / ? / eat
_____________________________________________ Yes,
___________________
3. to school / your brother / on Saturday / ? / Does / go
_____________________________________________ No,
___________________
4. live / near / Do / your friends / you / ?
_____________________________________________ Yes,
___________________
5. at / school/ finish / Does / three o´clock / ?
_____________________________________________ No,
___________________
Exercise 4.
Write questions to the highlighted word.
1. You speak English well.
2. She works hard.
3. They have dinner at eight
4. Jill and Tom study at university
5. You do your homework every day.
6. John watches TV after dinner.
7. He washes the car at the weekend.
8. Her friends live in London.
9. Your friends go to the cinema very often.

Exercise 5.
Read the letter. Use the words to complete the sentences.

Like, gives, listen, play, read, often, never, Korean, likes

Dear_______________
How are you? I am fine. I really ____________my new job on this
vessel. The work is difficult but I enjoy it.
 Every morning the Chief Engineer ____________ me a lot of jobs to
do. I have some free time after work so I often ___________ chess with
my friend Andy. He is very good at chess- I__________ win! I
sometimes ______________ a book before going to sleep.
I share my cabin with another cabin. He is __________. He _______
listening to music. We sometimes ____________ to music together.
That’s all for now. Please write soon. I _______think of you.
Best regards.