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Problem 49: Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable almost everywhere on (a, b).
Show that Z b
f 0 = f (b) − f (a)
a
if and only if
Z bh i Z b
lim Diff1/n f = lim Diff1/n f .
a n→∞ n→∞ a
Solution: Since f is continuous and differentiable a.e. on (a, b), we have that
Z b
lim Diff1/n f = lim Av1/n f (b) − Av1/n f (a) = f (b) − f (a),
n→∞ a n→∞
and Z bh i Z b
lim Diff1/n f = f0
a n→∞ a
for almost all x. The result then follows immediately.
Problem 50: Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable almost everywhere on (a, b).
Show that if {Diff1/n f } is uniformly integrable over [a, b], then
Z b
f 0 = f (b) − f (a).
a
1
Show that Z b
f 0 = f (b) − f (a).
a
Solution: By Lebesgue dominated convergence, we know that
Diff1/n f ≤ g on [a, b] for all n.
2
(i) Show that |f 0 | ≤ v 0 a.e. on [a, b], and infer from this that
Z b
|f 0 | ≤ T V (f ).
a
(ii) Show that the above is an equlity if and only if f is absolutely continuous on [a, b].
(iii) Compare parts (i) and (ii) with Corollaries 4 and 12, repectively.
Solution:
(i) Suppose we take a partition P = {u, v}, with u, v ∈ [a, b]
therefore
|f (v) − f (u)| T (f[a,v] ) − T (f[a,u] )
≤ ,
v−u v−u
since f is of bounded variation, and T V (f[a,x] ) is absolutely continuous, the limits as
u → v exists pointwise a.e., so |f 0 | ≤ v 0 a.e. However,
Z b Z b
0
|f | ≤ v 0 ≤ v(b) − v(a) = T V (f ).
a a
(ii) If f is absolutely continuous, then we know that for any (u, v) ⊆ [a, b]
Z v
f 0 = f (v) − f (u).
u
Therefore Z b
T V (f ) ≤ |f 0 |
a
and so by the previous inequality,
Z b
T V (f ) = |f 0 |.
a
To show the coverse, suppose that we have equality. We can see from the work in part
(i) that this must imply that
Z b
v 0 = v(b) − v(a).
a
3
Since v is strictly increasing, this means that v is absolutely continuous on [a, b]. Let
δ > 0 be such that if {(ak , bk )} is a collection of disjoint open intervals then
n
X n
X
|T V (f[a,bk ] ) − T V (f[a,ak ] )| = T V (f[ak ,bk ] ) <
k=1 k=1
Pn
whenever k=1 [bk − ak ] < δ. By the definition of T V (f[ak ,bk ] ) have
Therefore n n
X X
|f (bk ) − f (ak )| ≤ T V (f[ak ,bk ] ) <
k=1 k=1
Pn
whenever k=1 [bk − ak ] < δ.
(iii) If f is increasing as in Corollaries 4 and 12, then we know that total variation is
T V (f ) = f (b) − f (a), and f 0 is positive, Part (i) says that
Z b
f 0 ≤ f (b) − f (a)
a
which is equivalent to Corollary 4, and part (ii) says that f is absolutely continuous if
and only if Z b
f 0 = f (b) − f (a)
a
which is equivalent to Corollary 12.
Problem 56: Let g be strictly increasing and absolutely continuous on [a, b].
(i) Show that for any open subset O of (a, b),
Z
m(g(O)) = g 0 (x)dx.
O
(iii) Show that for any subset E of [a, b] that has measure 0, its image g(E) also has measure
0, so that Z
m(g(E)) = 0 = g 0 (x)dx.
E
4
(iv) Show that for any measurable subset A of [a, b],
Z
m(g(A)) = g 0 (x)dx.
A
(v) Let c = g(a), and d = g(b). Show that for any simple function φ on [c, d],
Z d Z b
φ(y)dy = φ(g(x))g 0 (x)dx.
c a
(vi) Show that for any nonnegative integrable function f over [c, d].
Z d Z b
f (y)dy = f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx.
c a
(vii) Show that part (i) follows from (vi) in the case that f is the characteristic function of
O and the composition is defined.
Solution:
T∞
(ii) Write a Gδ sets E as theTintersection of a countable collection of open sets E = k=1 Ok .
Since for any n, En = nk=1 Ok is open and descending, we have
Z
m(g(En )) = g0.
En
Since g is strictly increasing and continuous, we know g(En ) is also open and descend-
ing, therefore, Z
m(g(E)) = g0.
E
5
(iv) Since A is measurable, we may write it as A = E ∪ F , a union of a Gδ set E and F a
set of measure 0. Since g(E ∪ F ) = g(E) ∪ g(F ), and g(F ) is measure 0 and g(E) is
Gδ , Z Z
0
m(g(A)) = m(g(E)) = g = g0.
E A
(v)* We first show this for an indicator function χE of a measurable set E ⊂ [c, d]. That is,
we would like to show that
Z b
m(E) = (χE ◦ g) · g 0 .
a
Note, the difficulty here is that we do not know the measurability of χE ◦ g ≡ χg−1 (E) ,
since the inverse of a strictly increasing absolutely continuous function may not map
measurable sets to measurable sets. This can be seen in a counter-example by Silvia
Spataru where an absolutely continuous strictly increasing fucntion f is constructed
so that f 0 = 0 a.e. on a ‘fat’ cantor set B, and f maps B to a set of measure 0. Hence
g −1 behaves like the Cantor-Lebesgue function, mapping a set of measure 0 to a set of
positive measure.
However, it turns out that while χE ◦g may not be measurable, (χE ◦g)·g 0 will always be
measurable. We will show this by approximation with measurable functions. Denote
h := (χE ◦ g) · g 0 and note that since g is continuous, then for any open set O and
compact K, (χO ◦ g) and (χK ◦ g) are both measurable functions. In particular this
implies by (iv) that
Z b Z b
0
m(O) = (χO ◦ g) · g , and m(K) = (χK ◦ g) · g 0 .
a a
We now choose {On } a decreasing sequence of open sets containing E, and {Kn } an
increasing sequence of compact sets contained in E so that,
φ1 ≤ . . . ≤ φn ≤ h ≤ ψn ≤ . . . ≤ ψ1 .
Since g 0 ≥ 0 a.e., {φn } and {ψn } are monotone sequences of functions bounded by g 0 .
Thus they have pointwise limits a.e. In particular since g 0 is integrable, dominated
convergence gives Zb
lim (ψn − φn ) = m(E) − m(E) = 0.
a n→∞
Since ψn − φn ≥ 0 we conclude
lim (ψn − φn ) = 0
n→∞
6
pointwise. Therefore
lim |h − φn | ≤ lim (ψn − φn ) = 0,
n→∞ n→∞
Now suppose that ϕ is a simple function over (c, d) given in canonical form by
n
X
ϕ= sk χEk .
k=1
where {Ek } is a finite disjoint collection of measurable sets such that nk=1 Ek = (c, d).
S
We find
Z g(b) Xn Xn Z b Z b
0
ϕ= sk · m(Ek ) = sk (χEk ◦ g) · g = (ϕ ◦ g) · g 0 .
g(a) k=1 k=1 a a
(vii) Choose f to be the characteristic function of g(O), where O ⊆ (a, b). Then
Z b Z b Z
0 0
m(g(O)) = (χg(O) ◦ g)g = χO g = g0
a a O