You are on page 1of 11

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ7HDFKLQJDQG/HDUQLQJ(QJOLVKDVDQ$GGLWLRQDO/DQJXDJH
*ORE(/7$SULO$QWDO\D7XUNH\

3HUFHSWLRQVRI()//HDUQHUVDERXW8VLQJDQ2QOLQH7RROIRU
9RFDEXODU\/HDUQLQJLQ()/&ODVVURRPV$3LORW3URMHFWLQ7XUNH\
7X÷oH.|VHD (GDdLPHQD(QLVD0HGHD
a
østanbul ùehir University, østanbul 34662, Turkey

$EVWUDFW

7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVVWXG\LVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWVRI4XL]OHWDQRQOLQHZHEVLWHRQYRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQWRI7XUNLVK()/
OHDUQHUVHQUROOHGLQDSUHSDUDWRU\SURJUDPDWDSULYDWHXQLYHUVLW\LQ,VWDQEXO7XUNH\7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHSUHSDUDWRU\VWXGHQWV
DWWKHSUHLQWHUPHGLDWHDQGLQWHUPHGLDWHOHYHOVRISURILFLHQF\7KHVWXG\ODVWHGIRUDZKROHWHDFKLQJPRGXOHFRQVLVWLQJRIZHHNV
:LWKLQWKLVSURFHVVIRUWKUHHZHHNVVWXGHQWVVWXGLHGDQGSUDFWLFHGWKHWDUJHWZRUGVZLWKRXWXVLQJWKHRQOLQHWRRO4XL]OHW)RUWKH
ODVWIRXUZHHNVVWXGHQWVZHUHZHHNO\DVVLJQHGZLWKH[HUFLVHVIURPWKHRQOLQHWRROFRYHULQJWKHXQLWVWKDWWKH\KDGOHDUQWLQWKH
SUHYLRXVZHHNV$VIRUWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQSURFHVVYRFDEXODU\TXL]]HVZHUHDGPLQLVWHUHGWRWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKH
DSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHWUHDWPHQWDQGWKHUHVXOWVZHUHFRPSDUHG&ODVVURRPREVHUYDWLRQVLQWHUYLHZVDQGVWXGHQWUHFRUGVZHUHDOVRXVHG
VRDVWRLGHQWLI\VWXGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRIWKHRQOLQHWRRO7KHILQGLQJVRIWKHVWXG\UHYHDOHGWKDWPDMRULW\RIWKHVWXGHQWVFRQVLGHUHG
WKHRQOLQHWRROWREHHIIHFWLYHSDUWLFXODUO\DWWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHVRIYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJFRQVLGHULQJ/GHILQLWLRQVV\QRQ\PVDQG
SURQXQFLDWLRQRIWKHWDUJHWZRUGVWKURXJKUHSHWLWLRQ
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI*ORE(/7
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GlobELT 2016 
Keywords:2QOLQH9RFDEXODU\/HDUQLQJ9RFDEXODU\'HYHORSPHQW()/


7X÷oH.|VH7HO
E-mail address:WXJFHD\GDV#VHKLUHGXWU


1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GlobELT 2016
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.051
Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372 363

/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ

1.1. The Role of Vocabulary Instruction in Language Learning and Teaching

9RFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJLVWKHKHDUWRIVHFRQGDQGRUIRUHLJQODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQDVLWHQDEOHVOHDUQHUVWRDFKLHYHDOO
IRUPV RI RUDO DQG ZULWWHQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ,W EHJLQV LQ D OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW ZKLFK LV ULFK LQ ZULWWHQ DQG RUDO
ODQJXDJH7KHHQYLURQPHQWVKRXOGSURYLGHOHDUQHUVZLWKGLUHFWWHDFKLQJDVZHOODVLQFLGHQWDOOHDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHV
7KHUHIRUHLWLVWHDFKHUV¶UHVSRQVLELOLW\WRDVVLVWWKHLUVWXGHQWVWROHDUQYRFDEXODU\DQGHTXLSWKHPZLWKVRPHOHDUQLQJ
VWUDWHJLHVWRR
,Q WKH ODVW IHZ GHFDGHV FHQWXU\ YRFDEXODU\ WHDFKLQJ SHUVSHFWLYH KDV FKDQJHG WR VRPH H[WHQW &XUUHQWO\ LW LV
FRQVLGHUHGDVDVHSDUDWHILHOG%\.HWDEL 6KDKUDNL  WZRFRQWHQWLRXVDSSURDFKHVZHUHSXWIRUZDUG7KHILUVW
DSSURDFKLVH[SOLFLWOHDUQLQJWKDWLQYROYHVSUHVHQWLQJQHZZRUGVZKLFKKDYHSUHYLRXVO\EHHQGHFLGHGDQGWHDFKLQJ
WKHPWRVWXGHQWVWKURXJKGLUHFWLQVWUXFWLRQ7KHVHFRQGRQHLVEDVHGRQLPSOLFLWOHDUQLQJIRFXVLQJRQ/YRFDEXODU\
WKURXJKUHDGLQJVSHDNLQJOLVWHQLQJDQGZULWLQJ,QDGGLWLRQ0DDQG.HOO\  HFKRHGWKHVDPHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ
E\GLYLGLQJYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJLQWZRSDUDGLJPV7KH\GHILQHGLPSOLFLWOHDUQLQJDVQDWXUDODQGHIIRUWOHVVOHDUQLQJ
ZKHUHDVUHJDUGLQJH[SOLFLWOHDUQLQJDVVRPHWKLQJUHTXLULQJPRUHPHQWDOHIIRUW
'UDZLQJRQWKHSUHYLRXVYRFDEXODU\DSSURDFKHVWKLVVWXG\KLJKOLJKWVYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQWWKRXJK
DQRQOLQHWRRO%HIRUHJHWWLQJLQWRWKHGHWDLOVRIWKHVWXG\WKHUHFHQWWKHRULHVRI/)/YRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJDVZHOODV
UHVHDUFKRQYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVDUHVXPPDUL]HGEULHIO\

1.1.1. The Explicit Learning Theory


7KHH[SOLFLWOHDUQLQJSDUDGLJPQDPHGDV³PL[HGDSSURDFK´E\&RDG\  HPERGLHVWZRDSSURDFKHVLQFOXGLQJ
H[SOLFLWOHDUQLQJDQGVWUDWHJ\LQVWUXFWLRQ S ,QWKLVVHQVH&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ &$// KDVD
VLJQLILFDQW UROH LQ YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ DV LW LQFOXGHV DFWLYLWLHV HPEUDFLQJ PHWDFRJQLWLYH LVVXHV VXFK DV PDNLQJ
LQIHUHQFHVIURPDFRQWH[WXVLQJLPDJHU\DQGVHPDQWLFWHFKQLTXHVHWF$VWKHVHFRQGDSSURDFKVWUDWHJ\EXLOGLQJ
HPSKDVL]HV WKDW IRU EHWWHU YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ SDUWLFXODU OHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV VKRXOG EH WDXJKW WR OHDUQHUV &RKHQ
&RKHQ:HDYHU /L2¶0DOOH\HWDO2[IRUG 6FDUFHOOD $WNLQVRQDQG5DXJK  
XQGHUOLQHWKDWVWUDWHJ\LQVWUXFWLRQLVEHQHILFLDOPRVWO\IRUORZHUOHYHOOHDUQHUVVLQFHWKH\DUHDVVXPHGWRPDNHXVHRI
PQHPRQLFVDQGLPDJHU\VWUDWHJLHVZKLFKOHDGWROLQNWKHIRUPDQGWKHPHDQLQJLQPHPRU\([SOLFLWOHDUQLQJSDUDGLJP
GRHV QRW WRWDOO\ UHMHFW WKH SURSRQHQWV RI LPSOLFLW OHDUQLQJ LW UDWKHU FRQVLGHUV WKHP DV D FRPSOHPHQWDU\ SDUW RI
YRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJ

1.1.2. Implicit Learning Theory


,WLVFODLPHGWKDWLPSOLFLWOHDUQLQJSDUDGLJPGLIIHUVIURPH[SOLFLWRQHE\WKHDEVHQFHRIFRQVFLRXVO\DFFHVVLEOH
NQRZOHGJH +XOVWLMQ   +HUH WKH NQRZOHGJH LV JDLQHG ZLWKRXW DZDUHQHVV RI WKH OHDUQHU LQ RWKHU ZRUGV QR
LQWHQWLRQDO HIIRUW WR JUDVS YRFDEXODU\ LV UHTXLUHG :KHQ FRPSDUHG ZRUNLQJ PHPRU\ DQG DWWHQWLRQ DUH OHVV DFWLYH
GXULQJLPSOLFLWOHDUQLQJ$OVRLWLVQRWDJHGHSHQGHQWDVH[SOLFLWOHDUQLQJDQGWKHYDULDELOLW\LQJDLQLQJNQRZOHGJHLV
ORZIURPSHUVRQWRSHUVRQ7KHSURFHVVLQYROYHVUHFHSWLYHVNLOOVVXFKDVUHDGLQJDQGOLVWHQLQJDQGUHTXLUHVUHSHDWHG
H[SRVXUHVWRZRUGVLQGLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WV

1.1.3. Constructivist Learning Theory


$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVWKHRU\OHDUQHUVPXVWFRQVWUXFWWKHLURZQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIZKDWWKH\DUHEHLQJWDXJKW,QRUGHU
WRSURPRWHVWXGHQWOHDUQLQJLWLVQHFHVVDU\IRUWHDFKHUVWRFUHDWHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWVWKDWGLUHFWO\H[SRVHWKHPWR
WKHPDWHULDOVEHLQJVWXGLHG/HDUQHUVDUHEHOLHYHGWRGHULYHPHDQLQJIURPWKHPRQO\E\VHOIH[SHULHQFH7KLVJLYHV
ULVH WR WKH YLHZ WKDW FRQVWUXFWLYLVW OHDUQLQJ PXVW WDNH SODFH ZLWKLQ D VXLWDEOH FRQVWUXFWLYLVW OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW
&/( :LOVRQ  GHILQHVWKH&/(DVDSODFHZKHUH³PHDQLQJIXODQGDXWKHQWLFDFWLYLWLHVKHOSWKHOHDUQHUFRQVWUXFW
XQGHUVWDQGLQJVDQGGHYHORSSUREOHPVROYLQJVNLOOV´ S +HFODVVLILHVWKHVHHQYLURQPHQWVLQWRWKUHHW\SHVFRPSXWHU
PLFURZRUOGVFODVVURRPEDVHGOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWVDQGODVWO\RSHQYLUWXDOOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWV S )LUVWO\
DPLFURZRUOGLVEDVLFDOO\DFRQFHSWXDOPRGHORISDUWLDODVSHFWVRIWKHUHDOZRUOG,WLVDNLQGRIVLPSOLILHGFRPSXWHU
EDVHGHQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFKOHDUQHUVH[SORUHWKHUXOHVRUUHODWLRQVKLSVRIWKHPRGHOOHGFRQFHSW,QEULHILWLVDNLQG
RI FRJQLWLYH WRRO WKDW FDQ FUHDWH HQJDJLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV IRU VWXGHQWV EDVHG RQ &RQVWUXFWLYLVW 3ULQFLSOHV VXFK DV
364 Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372

GLVFRYHU\DFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGLQGLYLGXDONQRZOHGJHFRQVWUXFWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQZLWKLQFODVVURRPEDVHGOHDUQLQJ
HQYLURQPHQWVWHDFKHUV¶UROHLVWRGHYHORSUHIOHFWLYHDWWLWXGHVLQWKHLUVWXGHQWV7KH\VKRXOGHQFRXUDJHWKHLUVWXGHQWV
WREHRSHQPLQGHGULVNWDNHUVDQGJHWWRNQRZWKHPVHOYHVDVOHDUQHUV &RUQX 3HWHUV 0RUHRYHUWKH\VKRXOG
GHPRQVWUDWH DQ HQFRXUDJLQJ UHVSRQVLYH LQWHUDFWLRQ VW\OH JLYLQJ FOHDU DQG FRQVLVWHQW PHVVDJHV WR WKH VWXGHQWV IRU
VXSSRUWLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKHLU UHIOHFWLYH DWWLWXGHV )LQDOO\ DV VWDWHG E\ 6WLOHV   YLUWXDO /HDUQLQJ
(QYLURQPHQWV 9/( FDQEHFDWHJRULVHGDVHLWKHUFRQWHQWRUOHDUQHUFHQWUHGERWKRIZKLFKZHUHGHYHORSHGVSHFLILFDOO\
WRDGGUHVVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKRVHWXWRUVZLVKLQJWRDGRSWOHDUQLQJSDUDGLJPV

1.1.4. Behaviourist Learning Theory


%HKDYLRULVWVEHOLHYHWKDWODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQLVWKHUHVXOWRIKDELWIRUPDWLRQ /LJKWERZQ 6SDGD 7KH
WHUP³KDELWV´LVXVHGWRH[SODLQDOONLQGVRIEHKDYLRUIRXQGLQODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ (OOLVS $FFRUGLQJWR
WKLV WKHRU\ WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH VWUDWHJ\ RI OHDUQLQJ YRFDEXODU\ LV WKURXJK KHDULQJ WKH ZRUG UHSHWLWLYHO\ 7KH
UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWHDFKHUVWRH[SRVHOHDUQHUVWRWKHVDPHZRUGVZLWKLQGLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WVDQGSURYLGHRSSRUWXQLWLHVWR
OHDUQHUVLQZKLFKWKH\FDQKDYHLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWZKLFKLVRQHRIWKHPRVWFUXFLDODVSHFWVRIWKH
WKHRU\7KHPRUHIUHTXHQWO\WKHZRUGLVKHDUGWKHPRUHOLNHO\WKHOHDUQHUZLOODFTXLUHLW7KHFRQGLWLRQDOUHIOH[WRWKH
ODQJXDJHLVSURGXFHGDVDUHVXOWRIKDELWIRUPDWLRQE\WKHOHDUQHU

1.1.5. Dual Coding Theory (DCT)


7KHLQWHJUDWLRQRIVRXQGSLFWXUHVDQLPDWLRQVDQGYLGHRLQDGGLWLRQWRWH[WSOD\VDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQYRFDEXODU\
DFTXLVLWLRQ &KXQ 3ODVV&KXQ 3D\QH 3UHVHQWLQJOH[LFDOLWHPVWRJHWKHUZLWKLPDJHVIRVWHUVUHWHQWLRQ
EHFDXVHWKHLPDJHDQGZRUGDUHGXDOO\FRGHG7KHPLQGHQFRGHVLQIRUPDWLRQLQFUHDVLQJWKHOHDUQHU¶VDELOLW\WRUHFDOO
LQIRUPDWLRQ 0XOWLPHGLD FDQ FRPSHQVDWH IRU PHPRU\ OLPLWDWLRQV DPRQJ VWXGHQWV ZLWK D ORZHU FDSDFLW\ IRU
UHPHPEHULQJSKRQRORJLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ &KXQ 3D\QH $FFRUGLQJWR'&7ZKHQUHFHLYHGERWKLQYHUEDODQG
YLVXDOPRGHVLQIRUPDWLRQLVPRUHOLNHO\WREHUHPHPEHUHGRUOHDUQWEHWWHU,WDOVRVXJJHVWVWKDWXVLQJDQGVHHLQJWKH
ZRUGVLQGLIIHUHQWOLVWHQLQJVSHDNLQJUHDGLQJRUZULWLQJFRQWH[WVHQKDQFHVWKHYRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQ

1.1.6. Word Cards Theory


,QWKLVWKHRU\WKHOHDUQHUJRHVWKURXJKDVHWRIFDUGVDQGWULHVWRUHFDOOLWVPHDQLQJ 1DWLRQ ,Q7XUNLVK
()/ FRQWH[W LW LV D FRPPRQO\ XVHG YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJ\ 7KHUH LV QR FRQWH[W WR KHOS OHDUQHUV JXHVV WKH
PHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGV5DWKHUWKH\DUHSUHVHQWHGDVGHFRQWH[WXDOL]HG7KLVPD\VHHPVRPHZKDWERULQJKRZHYHULW
LVWKHHDVLHVWZD\WRPHPRUL]HZRUGVHVSHFLDOO\IRUWKHRQHVZKRILQGLWGLIILFXOWWRDFTXLUH/YRFDEXODU\

1.2. Vocabulary Learning Strategies

9RFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHV 9/6 DUHDSSHDOLQJWRWHDFKHUVDQGOHDUQHUV)RUWKHODVWGHFDGHVWKH\KDYHDOVR


EHHQDSRSXODUUHVHDUFKWRSLFDPRQJUHVHDUFKHUV0RVWUHVHDUFKHVVRIDUKDYHGHPRQVWUDWHGDPHDQLQJIXOUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVDQGOHDUQLQJUHVXOWVHLWKHUWKURXJKDFRUUHODWLRQDODSSURDFK HJ)DQ
*X -RKQVRQ.RMLF6DER /LJKWERZQ RUE\HVWDEOLVKLQJVWUDWHJ\VLPLODULWLHVDQGGLIIHUHQFHVDPRQJ
OHDUQHUVZLWKGLIIHUHQWGHJUHHVRIVXFFHVV *XD0RLU 1DWLRQ 1DWLRQIRUH[DPSOH  
VXJJHVWVDJHQHUDOFODVVLILFDWLRQRIVWUDWHJLHVIRUYRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQ

 
Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372 365

7DEOH1DWLRQ¶VWD[RQRP\RI9/6V  
*HQHUDOFODVVRIVWUDWHJLHV  7\SHVRIVWUDWHJLHV
  
&KRRVLQJZRUGV
3ODQQLQJ &KRRVLQJZKDWWR
IRFXVRQDQGZKHQ &KRRVLQJWKH
 DVSHFWVRI
WRIRFXVRQLW
 ZRUGNQRZOHGJH
 &KRRVLQJ
 VWUDWHJLHV

 3ODQQLQJUHSHWLWLRQ

 

 

 $QDO\]LQJWKH
 ZRUG
 8VLQJFRQWH[W
)LQGLQJ
6RXUFHV LQIRUPDWLRQDERXW &RQVXOWLQJD
ZRUGV UHIHUHQFHVRXUFH

LQ/DQG/
  8VLQJSDUDOOHOVLQ
  /DQG/

  

  1RWLFLQJ

  5HWULHYLQJ

  *HQHUDWLQJ

 

3URFHVVHV (VWDEOLVKLQJ
NQRZOHGJH
 

1.3 Vocabulary Learning through CALL

7HFKQRORJ\LVDQLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUWRIRXUOLYHVLQWRGD\¶VZRUOGDQGWKDQNVWRWKH,QWHUQHWDQGWKHZHEWRROV
WKH UROH RI FRPSXWHUV LV LQFUHDVLQJO\ EHFRPLQJ PRUH DQG PRUH VLJQLILFDQW LQ (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ 8QOLNH
WUDGLWLRQDOODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJWHFKQLTXHVZLWKWKHLQWHUQHWDQGZHEVRFLDOVLWHVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRFRPELQHWKHEHQHILWV
RIFODVVURRPLQWHUDFWLYLW\ZLWKSHUVRQDODQGVHOIVWXG\7KHDFTXLVLWLRQRI/JUDPPDWLFDODQGYRFDEXODU\NQRZOHGJH
LVIDFLOLWDWHGE\RQOLQHWRROVVLQFHLQWKLVZD\VWXGHQWVFDQOHDUQRQWKHLURZQSDFHKHQFHPHHWLQJWKHLULQGLYLGXDO
QHHGVEHWWHU 6LQJK 
$QRWKHUYLWDOEHQHILWRIRQOLQHWRROVLVWKDWLWPDNHVLPPHGLDWHIHHGEDFNDQGPXOWLSOHDWWHPSWVSRVVLEOHWKHUHIRUH
OHDUQHUVFDQFUHDWHDQGWHVWK\SRWKHVHVDERXWWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH $UYDQ 0XVXPHFL)HOL[ ,WLVDOVR
FODLPHG E\ 'RODQ   WKDW D OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW DSSHDOLQJ WR GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI OHDUQHUV FDQ EH FUHDWHG E\
WHFKQRORJ\ZKHUHOHDUQHUVDUHHQFRXUDJHGWREHDXWRQRPRXV7KURXJK&$//VWXGHQWVFDQVWXG\LQDQDQ[LHW\RUULVN
IUHHHQYLURQPHQWDQGIHHOUHOD[HGPRWLYDWHGDQGVHFXUH +RUZLW]+XDQJ /LX .UDVKHQ  SRLQWV
RXWWKDWWKLVOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWOHDGVWRLPSURYHPHQWLQVHOIFRQILGHQFHORZDIIHFWLYHILOWHUDQGWKXVODQJXDJH
LQSXW ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKLV .KDOLOL DQG 6KDVKDDQL   FRQWHQGV WKDW XWLOL]LQJ PXOWLPHGLD PDWHULDOV UDWKHU WKDQ
WUDGLWLRQDOZD\VDURXVHLQWHUHVWLQVWXGHQWVDQGDVVLVWHIIHFWLYHOHDUQLQJ
6WXG\LQJYRFDEXODU\E\PHDQVRI&$//SURYLGHVOHDUQHUVZLWKWKHFRQVWDQWUHSHWLWLRQRIWKHVDPHZRUGVXQWLO
OHDUQHG ZKLFK LV RQH RI WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH FRJQLWLYH VWUDWHJLHV RI SUDFWLFLQJ LQ YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ 6WXGLHV
GHPRQVWUDWHWKDWDZRUGFDQEHOHDUQHGLILWLVUHSHDWHGVL[WLPHVRUPRUH .DFKURR&URWKHUV 6XSSHV 
,QWKLVUHJDUG6DUDJL1DWLRQDQG0HLVWHU  FRQFOXGHWKDWDQLQFUHDVHRISHUFHQWLQOHDUQLQJFDQEHDFKLHYHG
DVDFRQVHTXHQFHRIUHSHWLWLRQ$GGLWLRQDOO\LWLVHPSKDVL]HGE\/XWVFK  WKDW&$//LVDQHIIHFWLYHZD\RI
FDUU\LQJRXWUHSHDWHGGULOOVDVPDFKLQHVDUHDEOHWRSUHVHQWWKHVDPHPDWHULDOUHSHDWHGO\ZLWKRXWJHWWLQJERUHGDQG
VWXGHQWVFDQUHFHLYHQRQMXGJHPHQWDOIHHGEDFNIURPWKHP
366 Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372

$ VWXG\ E\ 7R]FX DQG &RDG\   IRXQG WKDW VWXGHQWV ZKR XVHG 7XWRULDO &$// WR OHDUQ KLJKO\ IUHTXHQW
YRFDEXODU\GLGOHDUQDVLJQLILFDQWO\ODUJHUQXPEHURIZRUGVWKDQWKRVHLQDFRQWUROJURXS7KH\FRPSDUHGFRPSXWHU
HQKDQFHG ZLWK IDFHWRIDFH LQVWUXFWLRQ ZLWK D WRWDO RI  LQWHUPHGLDWH (QJOLVK / OHDUQHUV DVVLJQHG LQWR DQ
H[SHULPHQWDORUDFRQWUROJURXS7KHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXSOHDUQHGKLJKIUHTXHQF\(QJOLVKZRUGVE\PHDQVRIVWXG\
SUDFWLFHDQGUHYLHZWDVNVXVLQJDQDV\QFKURQRXVLQWHUDFWLYHFRPSXWHUSURJUDPGXULQJKRXUVLQWKHVHPHVWHU7KH
FRQWURO JURXS UHDG WZR DUWLFOHV RQ VXEMHFWV RI WKHLU SUHIHUHQFH SHU ZHHN DQG FRPSOHWHG UHDGLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ
H[HUFLVHV&RPSDULQJWKHUHVXOWVRIDSUHWHVWDQGDQHLJKWZHHNGHOD\HGSRVWWHVWLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDWZKLOHERWK
JURXSV HTXDOO\ LQFUHDVHG WKHLU YRFDEXODU\ NQRZOHGJH DQG UHDGLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO JURXS
RXWSHUIRUPHGWKHFRQWUROJURXS7KHVHILQGLQJVDUHFODULILHGE\WKHDXWKRUVLQWHUPVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOL]HGDQGGLUHFW
LQVWUXFWLRQWKDWVWXGHQWVUHFHLYHZKHQWKH\ZRUNZLWKDFRPSXWHUSURJUDPVXFKDVWKHYRFDEXODU\VRIWZDUHXVHGE\
WKHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXS7KHIRFXVHGLQVWUXFWLRQSUDFWLFHDQGIHHGEDFNSURYLGHGE\WKHVRIWZDUHUHLQIRUFHGWKHNLQG
RIIRFXVHGDWWHQWLRQWKDWUHVXOWVLQDXWRPDWL]DWLRQDQGYRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQ
,QDQRWKHUVWXG\=DSDWDDQG6DJDUD  DQDO\VHGWKHHIIHFWVRIDQRQOLQHZRUNERRNDQGDSDSHUZRUNERRNRQ
/YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQ3DUWLFLSDQWVZHUH/OHDUQHUVRI6SDQLVKLQDODQJXDJHSURJUDPDWDQ$PHULFDQVWDWH
XQLYHUVLW\7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVUHFHLYHGKRXUVRIFODVVURRPLQVWUXFWLRQSHUZHHNDQGZRUNHGZLWKDQRQOLQHRUDSDSHU
ZRUNERRNRQFHDZHHNGXULQJWZRVHPHVWHUV,QDGGLWLRQWKH\FRPSOHWHGDVFUHHQLQJWHVWDQGIRXUYRFDEXODU\WHVWV
WZRGXULQJWKHILUVWVHPHVWHUDQGWZRGXULQJWKHVHFRQGVHPHVWHU$WWKHHQGRIRQHVHPHVWHURILQVWUXFWLRQDOWUHDWPHQW
VKRZHGQRVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHRQOLQHDQGWKHSDSHUZRUNERRNJURXSVZHUHREVHUYHG+RZHYHUWKH
RQOLQHZRUNERRNJURXSSURYHGEHWWHUWKDQWKHSDSHUZRUNERRNJURXSLQWKHVHFRQGVHPHVWHU7KDQNVWRWKHILQGLQJV
UHVXOWVRISUHYLRXVVWXGLHVRQWKHEHQHILFLDOUROHRI&$//RQ/YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQZHUHSURYHGDQGWKH\VKHG
OLJKWRQWKHSHGDJRJLFDODGYDQWDJHVRIRQOLQHZRUNERRNVIRUODUJHODQJXDJHSURJUDPVSURYLGHGWKDWHQRXJKOHQJWKRI
H[SRVXUHWRWKHRQOLQHHQYLURQPHQWLVDOORFDWHG
,QOLQHZLWKWKHSUHYLRXVOLWHUDWXUHWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\KLJKOLJKWVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI&$//LQYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJ
6SHFLILFDOO\WKLVUHVHDUFKDLPVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWVRI4XL]OHWDQRQOLQHZHEVLWHRQYRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQWRI
7XUNLVK()/OHDUQHUVHQUROOHGLQDSUHSDUDWRU\SURJUDPDWDSULYDWHXQLYHUVLW\LQ,VWDQEXO7XUNH\

0HWKRGRORJ\

2.1. Setting

7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVFDUULHGRXWLQDODQJXDJHSUHSDUDWRU\SURJUDPDWDIRXQGDWLRQ QRQSURILWSULYDWH LQ,VWDQEXO


7XUNH\7KLVSURJUDPZKLFKZDVHVWDEOLVKHGLQFRQVLVWVRIDERXWVWXGHQWVPDMRULW\RIZKRPDUH7XUNLVK
()/VWXGHQWVZKLOHWKHRWKHUVFRPHIURP(DVWHUQDQG$IULFDQFRXQWULHV7KHSULPDU\JRDORIWKHSURJUDPLVWRSURYLGH
WKHVWXGHQWVZLWK(QJOLVKODQJXDJHDQGVNLOOVLQDFRPPXQLFDWLYHZD\ZKLFKLVQHFHVVDU\WRSXUVXHWKHLUVWXGLHVLQ
WKHLUUHVSHFWLYHGHSDUWPHQWV,WLVYLWDOIRUVWXGHQWVWRSURSHUO\OHDUQ(QJOLVKLQRUGHUWREHFRPSHWHQWLQWKHILHOGV
VXFKDV(QJOLVKUHDGLQJDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJOLVWHQLQJDQGQRWHWDNLQJVWDWLQJWKHLURSLQLRQLQGLVFXVVLRQVDQVZHULQJ
WRWKHTXHVWLRQVLQWKHH[DPVDQGSUHSDULQJUHVHDUFKUHSRUWV,QDGGLWLRQWKHSURJUDPFUHDWHVRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKH
VWXGHQWV WR KHOS WKHP GLVFRYHU DQG H[SHULHQFH GLIIHUHQW FXOWXUHV DQG HPEUDFH D VHQVH RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ EHIRUH
HPEDUNLQJ XSRQ WKHLU XQGHUJUDGXDWH VWXGLHV DW WKLV XQLYHUVLW\ 7HFKQRORJ\LQWHJUDWHG ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ LV DOVR
FRQVLGHUHGWREHDQHVVHQWLDOSDUWRIWKLVSURJUDP
7KHFRXUVHV\VWHPLVEDVHGRQDPRGXODUV\VWHPIRUSUHSDUDWRU\VWXGHQWV7KHDFDGHPLF\HDULVFRPSULVHGRID
WRWDORIHLJKWZHHNPRGXOHVDQGOHYHOV $$%% & HDFKWDNLQJDERXWZHHNV7KHVWXGHQWVDUH
UHTXLUHGWRFRPSOHWHHDFKPRGXOHVXFFHVVIXOO\ZLWKDQRYHUDOOJUDGHRIPLQLPXPVRDVWRDGYDQFHWRDKLJKHU
OHYHO7KHDYHUDJHQXPEHURIWKHVWXGHQWVLQHDFKFODVVURRPLVEHWZHHQDQG7KHVWXGHQWVKDYHKRXUV(QJOLVK
FODVVHVDZHHNWDXJKWLQDQLQWHJUDWHGZD\ZLWKWHDFKHUVIRUHDFKFODVV7KHPHGLXPRILQVWUXFWLRQLV(QJOLVKDQG
WKHPHWKRGVXVHGDUHERWKFRPPXQLFDWLYHDQGWDVNEDVHGOHDUQLQJ7KHVWXGHQWVWDNHGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIH[DPVVXFKDV
YRFDEXODU\TXL]]HVSURFHVVZULWLQJVWLPHGZULWLQJVJURXSGLVFXVVLRQVVSHDNLQJWDVNVPLGWHUPH[DPVDQGHQGRI
PRGXOHH[DPVLQRUGHUWRUHDFKWKHOHYHORISURILFLHQF\DQGWDNHWKHSURILFLHQF\H[DPWRFRPSOHWHWKLVSURJUDP,Q
DGGLWLRQWRWKHH[DPVWKHVWXGHQWVDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHWDVNVRQDQRQOLQHOHDUQLQJPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPFDOOHG/06
7KURXJKWKLVRQOLQHV\VWHPVWXGHQWVFDQIROORZWKHLUDEVHQWHHLVPUHDFKWKHLPSRUWDQWGRFXPHQWVUHODWHGWRWKHFRXUVH
Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372 367

DQGZHHNO\PDWHULDOVDQGXSORDGWKHWDVNVVHWE\WKHLQVWUXFWRU%HVLGHVWKLVRWKHURQOLQHFRPSRQHQWVWRVWXG\DQG
SUDFWLFHYRFDEXODU\UHDGLQJOLVWHQLQJDQGJUDPPDUDUHLQWHJUDWHGWRWKHFRXUVHVIRUHDFKOHYHO
)LQDOO\IRUWKHYRFDEXODU\HDFKOHYHOLVSURYLGHGZLWKDYRFDEXODU\OLVWLQFOXGLQJWKHWDUJHWZRUGVRIWKHOHYHO$W$
DQG%OHYHOVVWXGHQWVWDNHWZRYRFDEXODU\TXL]]HVGXULQJDPRGXOH,QWKHYRFDETXL]]HVPHQWLRQHGVWXGHQWVDUH
UHTXLUHGWRZULWHDSDUDJUDSKXVLQJWKHJLYHQWDUJHWZRUGVLQDPHDQLQJIXOZD\

2.2. Participants

7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKHVWXG\FRQVLVWHGRI$DQG%VWXGHQWV IHPDOHDQGPDOH VWXGHQWVZHUH


7XUNLVKDQGRIWKHPZHUH$UDELF()/VWXGHQWVHQUROOHGLQWKLVSDUWLFXODUODQJXDJHSUHSDUDWRU\SURJUDP7KHDJH
UDQJHRIWKHVWXGHQWVZDVEHWZHHQWR\HDUVROG7KH\FDPHIURPDZLGHUDQJHRIGLVFLSOLQHVDQGDOOKDGVWXGLHG
(QJOLVKIRUDORQJHURUVKRUWHUSHULRGJHQHUDOO\EHJLQQLQJDWSULPDU\RUPRUHRIWHQKLJKVFKRRO$FFRUGLQJWRWKH
UHVXOWVRIWKHSODFHPHQWH[DPZKLFKZDVKHOGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHVHPHVWHUWKHVWXGHQWVZHUHDWHOHPHQWDU\DQG
SUHLQWHUPHGLDWHOHYHOVRISURILFLHQF\7KHIRUPHUJURXSIRUPVWKH$OHYHOJURXSRIWKHVWXG\ZKHUHDVWKHODWWHURQH
ZDVVWXG\LQJDW%OHYHO
$OWKRXJKWHFKQRORJ\LVKLJKO\LQWHJUDWHGLQWRWKHLQVWLWXWLRQ¶VSURJUDPVWXGHQWVJHQHUDOO\SUHIHUWRVWLFNWRWKH
WUDGLWLRQDOPHWKRGVDYRLGXVLQJLW%DVHGRQRXUREVHUYDWLRQVGRQHE\WKHWZRUHVHDUFKHUVZKRDUHDOVRWKHLQVWUXFWRUV
LQ WKLV SURJUDP RQO\ D PLQRULW\ PDNH XVH RI RQOLQH DFWLYLWLHV HLWKHU FUHDWHG E\ WKH WHDFKLQJ VWDII RU UHDG\PDGH
PDWHULDOV WKDW DUH VROG DV DQ H[WUD FRPSRQHQW RI WKH ERRNV XVHG LQ WKH FODVV ,QVWHDG RI XVLQJ YDULRXV YRFDEXODU\
VWUDWHJLHVHIIHFWLYHO\PDMRULW\WHQGWRSUDFWLVHQHZO\OHDUQWYRFDEXODU\LWHPVE\MXVWZULWLQJGRZQWKHLUHTXLYDOHQWV
LQWKHLUPRWKHUWRQJXH

2.3. Data collection and procedures

7KHGDWDIRUWKLVFXUUHQWVWXG\ZHUHREWDLQHGWKURXJK VWXGHQWUHFRUGVRISUDFWLFLQJDQGUHYLHZLQJZRUGVRQ
4XL]OHWFRP WZRVWDQGDUGL]HGYRFDEXODU\TXL]]HV FODVVURRPREVHUYDWLRQVDQG VHPLVWUXFWXUHGLQWHUYLHZV
FRQGXFWHGZLWKWKHVWXGHQWV
$VIRUWKHRQOLQHWRRO4XL]OHWLVDZHEVLWHZKLFKSURYLGHVIUHHYRFDEXODU\IODVKFDUGV$Q\RQHFDQORJLQWRWKH
ZHEVLWHYLDWKHLU)DFHERRNDFFRXQWRUE\FUHDWLQJDQHZDFFRXQWRQWKHV\VWHP,WKHOSVOHDUQHUVEHFRPHDXWRQRPRXV
VLQFH LW HQDEOHV WKHP WR UHYLVH VRPH VSHFLILF ZRUGV RQ WKHLU RZQ WKURXJK GLIIHUHQW DFWLYLWLHV VXFK DV IODVKFDUGV
PDWFKLQJZULWLQJGHILQLWLRQVDVZHOODVWKHSURQXQFLDWLRQRIWKHZRUGV)ODVKFDUGVZHUHSUHSDUHGE\WKHLQVWUXFWRUV
EHIRUHKDQGRQWKHZHEVLWHFRQVLGHULQJWKHWDUJHWZRUGVIRUHDFKOHYHODQGWKHUHOHYDQWERRNV,WRIIHUVWKUHHOHDUQLQJ
DFWLYLWLHVDQGWZRJDPHVDVIROORZV

7DEOH$FWLYLWLHVLQ4XL]OHW

/HDUQLQJ$FWLYLWLHV /HDUQUHDGWKHGHILQLWLRQDQGW\SHLQWKHZRUG
 
 6SHOOHUUHDGWKHGHILQLWLRQOLVWHQWRWKHVRXQGFOLSDQGW\SHLQWKHZRUG

 7HVW:ULWWHQTXHVWLRQ UHDGWKHGHILQLWLRQDQGW\SHLQWKHZRUGV 
0XOWLSOHFKRLFHTXHVWLRQ
7UXH)DOVH4XHVWLRQ UHDGWKHZRUGDQGFKHFNLWV
GHILQLWLRQ 

*DPHV 6FDWWHUPDWFKZRUGVZLWKGHILQLWLRQV
6SDFH5DFHVSHHG\VSHOOLQJ

)RUWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQSURFHGXUHGXULQJWKHILUVWWKUHHZHHNVRIWKHWHDFKLQJPRGXOHWDUJHWZRUGVZHUHWDXJKW
DQGSUDFWLFHGZLWKRXWLQWURGXFLQJ4XL]OHWDQGDWWKHHQGRIWKHZHHNVWXGHQWVWRRNDYRFDEXODU\TXL],QWKHIRXUWK
368 Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372

ZHHN4XL]OHWZDVLQWURGXFHGDQGVWXGHQWVZHUHZHHNO\DVVLJQHGWKHUHOHYDQWXQLWVRQWKHZHEVLWH+DYLQJXVHGWKH
ZHEVLWHIRUIRXUZHHNVVWXGHQWVWRRNDQRWKHUYRFDEXODU\TXL]DQGWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHWZRTXL]]HVZHUHFRPSDUHG
$VWKHQH[WVWHSYRFDEXODU\TXL]]HVIRUHDFKOHYHOZDVSUHSDUHGE\WKHWHVWLQJH[SHUWVRIWKHLQVWLWXWLRQ,QWKH
TXL]]HVVWXGHQWVZHUHUHTXLUHGWRZULWHDSDUDJUDSKXVLQJWKHJLYHQZRUGVWDUJHWZRUGVZHUHJLYHQKRZHYHU
VWXGHQWVQHHGWRXVHPLQLPXPZRUGVLQDPHDQLQJIXOZD\7KHTXL]]HVZHUHRXWRISRLQWVDQGDOORIWKHP
ZHUHHYDOXDWHGE\WKHLQVWUXFWRURIWKHVSHFLILFOHYHODIWHUKDYLQJVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQVHVVLRQV
)XUWKHUPRUHFODVVURRPREVHUYDWLRQVZHUHFRQGXFWHGZKLOHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHGRLQJWKHDFWLYLWLHVRQWKHLUODSWRSV
LQ WKH FODVV 7KH UHVHDUFKHUV WRRN ILHOG QRWHV RI  SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ PDQLSXODWLRQ RI WKH ZHEVLWH UHDFWLRQV DQG
FRQYHUVDWLRQVZLWKHDFKRWKHUDERXWWKHYRFDEXODU\WDVNVEDVHGRQ/LIHDQG5HDGLQJ([SORUHUERRNV7KHUHVHDUFKHUV
WRRNVRPHILHOGQRWHVGXULQJWKHREVHUYDWLRQV
)LQDOO\DVWKHODVWVWHSRIWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQSURFHGXUHWKHUHVHDUFKHUVKHOGVHPLVWUXFWXUHGLQWHUYLHZVZLWK
UDQGRPO\ FKRVHQ VWXGHQWV IURP HDFK OHYHO VR DV WR LGHQWLI\ WKHLU SHUFHSWLRQV RQ 4XL]OHW ,Q WKHVH LQWHUYLHZV
SDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHDVNHGWKUHHEDVLFTXHVWLRQV +RZGLGRQOLQHIODVKFDUGVDQGH[HUFLVHVKHOS\RXOHDUQYRFDEXODU\"
  +RZ GLG \RX IHHO DERXW OHDUQLQJ YRFDEXODU\ WKURXJK RQOLQH IODVKFDUGV DQG H[HUFLVHV"   :K\ LV 4XL]OHW
HDV\GLIILFXOW WRXVH"DQG WKHLU UHVSRQVHV ZHUHUHFRUGHG WREHGHFLSKHUHG ODWHURQ7KH PRVW FRPPRQO\ SURPSWHG
DQVZHUVZHUHGHPRQVWUDWHGLQWKHUHVXOWVSDUWRIWKHUHVHDUFK

5HVXOWV

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH ILQGLQJV REWDLQHG IURP FODVVURRP REVHUYDWLRQV DQG ILHOG QRWHV ERWK JURXSV VHHPHG UHDOO\
PRWLYDWHGZKLOHVHOIVWXG\LQJRQ4XL]OHWGXULQJFODVVKRXUV+RZHYHUZKHQWKHRQOLQHV\VWHPGLGQRWDFFHSWVWXGHQWV¶
DQVZHUVGXHWRPLQRUSXQFWXDWLRQPLVWDNHVRUPLVVLQJDUWLFOHVWKH\IHOWIUXVWUDWHG,QWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHFODVVHYHQWKH
JLUOZKRKDGEHHQXQPRWLYDWHGDQGSOD\LQJZLWKKHUPRELOHSKRQHDOOWKHWLPHLQPRVWRIWKHFODVVHVZDVRQWDVN
GRLQJWKHDFWLYLWLHVRQ4XL]OHWHDJHUO\)ROORZLQJDUHVRPHVDPSOHVIURPVWXGHQWV¶UHDFWLRQV

S1: Oh, that’s really fun!
S2: I really like it, from now on I will use it to study vocabulary!
S3: Teacher, although I wrote the answer, it was not accepted!
S4: I can play this game all day long!
S5: I got A+ for the first time in my life!

7KH PDMRULW\ RI WKH VWXGHQWV DW SUHLQWHUPHGLDWH OHYHO ZHUH DOVR PRWLYDWHG 7KH\ HQMR\HG GRLQJ WKH DFWLYLWLHV
HVSHFLDOO\6FDWWHUDQG7HVWRQWKHV\VWHP7KHPDMRULW\SURYLGHGSRVLWLYHIHHGEDFNRQWKHWRROV

S1: I wish we had used this tool before.
S2: Timed activities are great! I like competition.
S3: I will use it weekly to revise the vocabulary and prepare for the vocabulary quiz.

1HYHUWKHOHVVVRPHVWXGHQWVFRPSODLQHGWKDWWKHWRROSURYLGHVQHLWKHUVDPSOHVHQWHQFHVLQFOXGLQJWKHWDUJHWZRUGV
QRUWKHIRUPVRIWKHZRUGV7KHUHIRUHWKH\IRXQGWKHWRROXVHOHVVDQGXQKHOSIXOIRUWKHLUYRFDEXODU\TXL]]HV

S4: If the activities had pictures and example sentences, it would be useful. However, it is not helpful for me this
way.
S5: Only definitions are provided. I cannot memorize the definitions. I need examples!

)XUWKHUPRUHLWZDVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRUHDFKVWXGHQWV¶UHFRUGVRQ4XL]OHW7KHFRPSOHWHGDQGLQFRPSOHWHDFWLYLWLHV
GRQHE\WKHVWXGHQWVFRXOGEHWUDFNHGHDVLO\7KHFKDPSLRQVIRUJDPLILHGDFWLYLWLHVLQFOXGLQJWKHLUVFRUHVFRXOGDOVR
EHGLVSOD\HG



Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372 369

)LJXUH%FKDPSLRQVRIJDPLILHGDFWLYLWLHV

,QDGGLWLRQEDVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVGLVSOD\HGLQ7DEOHEHORZScatter ZDVWKHPRVWFRPPRQO\ XVHGDFWLYLW\DQGLW


ZDVIROORZHGE\ Learn, Gravity DQG Speller

7DEOH$FWLYLWLHVFRPSOHWHGE\ERWKOHYHOV

 6FDWWHU /HDUQ *UDYLW\ 6SHOOHU

&RPSOHWHGE\%6WXGHQWV    

&RPSOHWHGE\$6WXGHQWV    

7DEOH%&KDPSLRQVDQG4XL]5HVXOWV

:((. %22. $FWLYLW\ &KDPSLRQ 4XL] 4XL]
: /8 6FDWWHU %8  
: /8 6FDWWHU %  
: /8 *UDYLW\ %  
: &7 6FDWWHU g=  
: / 6FDWWHU 5h  
: / *UDYLW\ g=  
: &7 6FDWWHU %  
: &7 *UDYLW\ 6  
: 5( 6FDWWHU %  
: /8 6FDWWHU 5h  
: /8 6FDWWHU 8  
: &7 6FDWWHU (  

)XUWKHUPRUHDVFRXOGEHVHHQLQ7DEOHDERYHHLJKWGLIIHUHQWFKDPSLRQVZHUHUHFRUGHGDW%OHYHOLQWKHODVW
WKUHHZHHNV7KHVHSDUWLFXODUZHHNVZHUHLQFOXGHGVLQFHWKHVWXGHQWVZHUHMXVWUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHUHOHYDQWXQLWVWDXJKW
LQ WKHVH ZHHNV LQ WKH VHFRQG YRFDEXODU\ TXL]  :KHQ WKH TXL] UHVXOWV RI FKDPSLRQV LQ JDPLILHG DFWLYLWLHV ZHUH
FRPSDUHGLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHUHZDVDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHLQWKHVFRUHVRIVWXGHQWV'HFUHDVHZDVREVHUYHGMXVW
LQRQHVWXGHQW2QHFKDPSLRQGLGQRWWDNHWKHVHFRQGTXL]DQGWZRRIWKHPJRWIXOOSRLQWVLQERWKTXL]]HV

7DEOH$&KDPSLRQVDQG4XL]5HVXOWV

:((. %22. $FWLYLW\ &KDPSLRQ 4XL] 4XL]
: 5(8D 6FDWWHU <d  
: 5(8E *UDYLW\ $1  
: /8 6FDWWHU %.  
: /8 *UDYLW\ 56  
: 5(8E 6FDWWHU 5h  
: /8 *UDYLW\ $<  
: /8 *UDYLW\ ('  

,QWKHSUHLQWHUPHGLDWHOHYHOWKHUHZHUHVHYHQGLIIHUHQWFKDPSLRQVLQ6FDWWHUDQG*UDYLW\DFWLYLWLHVLQWKHZHHNV
DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\ 7DEOH $IWHUWKHXQLWVLOOXVWUDWHGDERYHZHUHFRYHUHGVWXGHQWVZHUHVXSSRVHGWRFRPSOHWH
370 Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372

WKHUHOHYDQWDFWLYLWLHVRQWKHWRRO+RZHYHURQO\WKHPLQRULW\PDGHWKHWRRODSDUWRIWKHLUVHOIVWXG\'XULQJWKH
FODVVURRPSUDFWLFHVRPHRIWKHVWXGHQWVZHUHUHOXFWDQWWRFRPSOHWHWKHDFWLYLWLHVVWDWLQJWKDWWKH\FDQQRWFRQFHQWUDWH
RQWKHH[HUFLVHVLQWKHFODVVURRPDWPRVSKHUH+RZHYHUDSSDUHQWO\WKH\GLGQRWFRPSOHWHWKHH[HUFLVHVDWKRPHHLWKHU
VLQFHWKHDFWLYLWLHVZHUHEDVLFDOO\FRPSOHWHGE\WKHSDUWLFLSDQWVVKRZQDERYH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHUHVXOWVGLVSOD\HGLQ
WKHWDEOHZKLOHWKHUHZDVQRGLIIHUHQFHLQDVWXGHQWV¶SHUIRUPDQFHRQHVWXGHQWJRWIURPWKHERWKTXL]]HVDQG
WKHRWKHUVWXGHQWV¶DFKLHYHPHQWVGLVSOD\HGDQLQFUHDVH

7DEOH%4XL]5HVXOWV $4XL]5HVXOWV

%6WXGHQWV 4XL] 4XL] $6WXGHQWV 4XL] 4XL]

$   $.  


$+   %$  
$<   (2  
%   %.  
%ø   ('  
%8   +6  
(   ø.  
(6   5h  
*   .ù  
+$   0d  
+   28  
.   $1  
0   6'  
02   6<  
g=   <d  
g   <6  
5   $.  
5h   %$  
6('   $<  
 
6(   
 
6   
  
8   

$VVKRZQLQWKHWDEOHDERYHDOOWKHVWXGHQWVVWDUWHGWRXVH4XL]OHWDIWHUWKHILUVW9RFDEXODU\4XL]DQGZKHQWKH
TXL]UHVXOWVRI%VWXGHQWVZHUHFRPSDUHGZHREVHUYHGWKDWZKLOHRIWKHVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFHGDQLQFUHDVHLQ
WKHLUVFRUHVGHFUHDVHZDVVHHQLQWKHVFRUHVRIRIVWXGHQWV2QHVWXGHQWGLGQRWWDNHWKHVHFRQGTXL]DQG
VWXGHQWVUHFHLYHGIXOOVFRUHVRQERWKTXL]]HV
:KHQSUHLQWHUPHGLDWHOHYHOVWXGHQWV¶DFKLHYHPHQWZDVWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQZHFDQQRWVD\WKDWWKHUHZDVD
GUDPDWLFFKDQJHEHWZHHQWKHLUTXL]DQGUHVXOWVDVLQLQWHUPHGLDWHOHYHO2QO\RIWKHVWXGHQWVZHUHDEOHWRJHW
EHWWHUJUDGHVIURPWKHTXL]ZKHUHDVWKHKDGORZHUVFRUHVWKDQWKHILUVWTXL]1RGLIIHUHQFHZDVREVHUYHGLQWKH
SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHUHPDLQLQJ
,QDGGLWLRQLQWHUYLHZVZHUHKHOGZLWKILYHVWXGHQWVIURPHDFKOHYHO$FFRUGLQJWRWKHLUUHVSRQVHVWKH\IRXQGWKH
RQOLQHWRRO4XL]OHWWREHKHOSIXOZLWKWKHLUYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJVXFKDVZRUGGHILQLWLRQVV\QRQ\PVSDUWVRIVSHHFK
DQGSURQXQFLDWLRQDVVKRZQLQWKHH[FHUSWVEHORZ
 >«@ %\ XVLQJ 4XL]OHW , OHDUQHG QHZ ZRUGV DQG WKHLU V\QRQ\PV ,W DOVR KHOSHG PH LPSURYH P\
SURQXQFLDWLRQ 6WXGHQW,QWHUYLHZGDWDUG)HE 

 >«@4XL]OHWKHOSHGPHWROHDUQGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRIVSHHFKDVZHOODVQHZZRUGV 6WXGHQW,QWHUYLHZ
GDWDUG)HE 
$QRWKHU LQWHUHVWLQJ ILQGLQJ DERXW WKH LQWHUYLHZV LV WKDW ZKLOH ZRUG IRUPDWLRQ ZDV SURYLGHG RQ 4XL]OHW IRU %
VWXGHQWVLQVRPHDFWLYLWLHVLWZDVQRWSURYLGHGIRU$VWXGHQWV7KDWLVZK\VRPH$VWXGHQWVFRPSODLQHGDERXWLW
7KHIROORZLQJFRPPHQWVXSSRUWVWKLVILQGLQJ

Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372 371

 >«@4XL]OHWKHOSHGPHWROHDUQFRUUHFWIRUPDWLRQ+RZHYHUWKHUHZDVQRWVXFKDQDFWLYLW\LQ$OHYHO
,ZLVKWKHUHZDV,IRXQGLWYHU\XVHIXOIRUP\YRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQW 6WXGHQW,QWHUYLHZGDWDUG
)HE 
%HVLGHVWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHVWXGHQWVDWERWKOHYHOVFRQVLGHUJDPLILHGDFWLYLWLHVOLNH6FDWWHUDQG*UDYLW\DVIXQDQG
PRWLYDWLQJ7KH\ILQDOO\VXJJHVWHGWKDWGXHWRFRPSUHKHQVLRQSUREOHPVLWZRXOGEHEHWWHULIWKHVDPSOHVLQFOXGLQJ
WKHWDUJHWZRUGVDUHSURYLGHG7KHIROORZLQJTXRWDWLRQVVXSSRUWWKHLUFRPPHQWV

 >«@,OLNHGSOD\LQJJDPHVOLNH6FDWWHUDQG*UDYLW\LQ4XL]OHW,WZDVIXQDQGPRWLYDWLQJ 6WXGHQWY
,QWHUYLHZGDWDUG)HE 

 >«@,HQMR\HGWKHRQOLQHWRROEXWKDGGLIILFXOW\ZKLOHXQGHUVWDQGLQJVRPHZRUGV,WZRXOGEHEHWWHULI
WKHUHZHUHVRPHH[DPSOHVLQFOXGLQJWDUJHWZRUGV 6WXGHQW,QWHUYLHZGDWDUG)HE 

&RQFOXVLRQDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

7KLVVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWVRIDQRQOLQHWRRO4XL]OHWRQWKHYRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQWRI
$DQG%VWXGHQWVDVZHOODVWRLGHQWLI\WKHLUSHUFHSWLRQVDERXWLQWHJUDWLRQRIVXFKDWRROLQ()/FODVVURRPV,QLWLDOO\
FODVVURRPREVHUYDWLRQVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWVWXGHQWVDW%OHYHODFWXDOO\VHHPHGPRUHPRWLYDWHGDQGHDJHUWRXVHLW
FRPSDUHGWR$VWXGHQWV
)XUWKHUPRUH$VWXGHQWVFRPSODLQHGDERXWWKHODFNRIH[DPSOHVLQFOXGLQJQHZZRUGVZKLFKPLJKWKDYHDIIHFWHG
WKHLUPRWLYDWLRQLQDQHJDWLYHZD\%HVLGHVZKHQWKHVWXGHQWUHFRUGVZHUHDQDO\VHGLWZDVDOVRDSSDUHQWWKDW%
VWXGHQWVZHUHDZD\PRUHDFWLYHWKDQ$VWXGHQWVDQGDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHZDVREVHUYHGLQWKHTXL]UHVXOWVRIWKH
IRUPHUJURXS7KHUHIRUHLWFDQEHLQGLFDWHGWKDWXVLQJ4XL]OHWKDGDJUHDWLPSDFWRQWKHYRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQWRI
%VWXGHQWVZKLOHWKH$VWXGHQWVGLGQRWH[SHULHQFHVXFKDELJLQFUHDVHLQWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHVLQFHWKH\ZHUHQRWDV
DFWLYHXVHUVRIWKHWRRODVWKHIRUPHUJURXS
$VIRUWKHSHUFHSWLRQVRIWKHVWXGHQWVEDVHGRQWKHLQWHUYLHZVWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHVWXGHQWVIRXQG4XL]OHWXVHIXO
VLQFHLWKHOSHGWKHPOHDUQWKHGHILQLWLRQVRIWKHZRUGVV\QRQ\PVDQGSURQXQFLDWLRQWKURXJKUHSHWLWLRQ+RZHYHUWKH\
DVNHGIRUPRUHVDPSOHVFRPSULVLQJQHZZRUGVDVZHOODVZRUGIRUPDWLRQDFWLYLWLHVDFURVVGLIIHUHQWSURILFLHQF\OHYHOV
$SDUWIURPWKHILQGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\WKHUHDUHVRPHOLPLWDWLRQVDORQJZLWKIXWXUHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVWREHWDNHQ
LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ)LUVWWKHWDUJHWSRSXODWLRQZHUHRQO\WZRJURXSVRIVWXGHQWV%DQG$ZKLFKPLJKWKDYHDIIHFWHG
WKHJHQHUDOL]DELOLW\RIWKHUHVXOWV$UHSOLFDWLRQVWXG\FRPSULVLQJGLIIHUHQWSURILFLHQF\OHYHOVFRXOGEHDQRSWLRQIRU
WRFURVVFKHFNWKHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\,QDGGLWLRQWKHGDWDZDVFROOHFWHGRQO\IURPVWXGHQWVZKLFKGRQRWSURYLGH
PXFKLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHSHUFHSWLRQVDQGUHIOHFWLRQVRIWHDFKHUVDERXWXVLQJDQRQOLQHWRROLQWKHLUFODVVHV)XWXUH
UHVHDUFKPLJKWIRFXVRQWKHWHDFKHUVDVZHOOWRJDWKHUPRUHLQGHSWKLQIRUPDWLRQWKLVSDUWLFXODUWRSLF)LQDOO\GLIIHUHQW
GDWDFROOHFWLRQLQVWUXPHQWVODUJHUVDPSOHVDQGGDWDDQDO\VLVSURFHGXUHVFRXOGEHXVHGWRSURYLGHPRUHLQVLJKWDERXW
WKHWRSLFRILQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGDOORZWKHJHQHUDOL]DELOLW\RIWKHILQGLQJV
,QEULHIWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\DWWHPSWHGWRLGHQWLI\WKHSHUFHSWLRQVRI()/OHDUQHUVHQUROOHGLQDODQJXDJHSUHSDUDWRU\
SURJUDPDWDSULYDWHXQLYHUVLW\LQ7XUNH\DERXWDQRQOLQHWRRO4XL]OHWIRUWKHYRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQW7KHREWDLQHG
ILQGLQJVUHYHDOHGWKDWPDMRULW\RIWKHVWXGHQWVFRQVLGHUHGLWDVDXVHIXORQOLQHWRROGXULQJWKHLUSURFHVVRIYRFDEXODU\
OHDUQLQJ%DVHGRQWKHVHUHVXOWVVXFKRQOLQHWRROVVKRXOGEHLQWHJUDWHGLQODQJXDJHSUHSDUDWRU\SURJUDPVWRDLGZLWK
WKHYRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQWRIOHDUQHUVGXULQJWKHLUODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJSURFHVV


5HIHUHQFHV

$UYDQ/ 0XVXPHFL'  ,QVWUXFWRUDWWLWXGHVZLWKLQWKH6&$/(HIILFLHQF\SURMHFWVJournal of Asynchronous Learning Network,


5HWULHYHG1RYHPEHUIURPKWWSZZZDOQUHVHDUFKRUJ'DWDB)LOHVDUWLFOHVIXOOBWH[WIVDUYDQKWP
&RUQX5/ 3HWHUV-7RZDUGVFRQVWUXFWLYLVWFODVVURRPVWKHUROHRIWKHUHIOHFWLYHWHDFKHUJournal of Educational Enquiry, Vol. 6, No. 1,
2005
&URWKHUV( 6XSSHV3  Experiments in second-language learning1HZ<RUN$FDGHPLF3UHVV
'RODQ'  /HDUQHUDXWRQRP\DQGWHFKQRORJ\$QLQWHJUDWHGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH
RQ&RPSXWHUVLQ(GXFDWLRQ
372 Tuğçe Köse et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 362 – 372

'ROH- +HUPDQ3$WKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFHLQYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJDQGLQVWUXFWLRQThe Elementary School Journal, Vol. 89, No.1 (Sep., 1988),
pp.42-54.
(OOLV++HSSHOO6.LUULHPXLU-.URWRVNL$ 0F)DUODQH$  Unlimited learning: Computer and video games in the learning
landscape. /RQGRQ(QWHUWDLQPHQWDQG/HLVXUH6RIWZDUH3XEOLVKHUV$VVRFLDWLRQ
(QQLV&ROH'/8VLQJPLFURZRUOGVLQWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ7HFKQRORJ\ &RJQLWLRQ&ROOHJHRI(GXFDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK7H[DV
)HOL[8  /DQJXDJHOHDUQLQJRQOLQH'HFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHP\WKVAustralian Journal of Educational Technology±
*DEULHOD=DSDWD 1XULD6DJDUUD  &$//RQKROG7KHGHOD\HGEHQHILWVRIDQRQOLQHZRUNERRNRQ/YRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJComputer
Assisted Language Learning'2,
*X3<  9RFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJLQDVHFRQGODQJXDJHSHUVRQWDVNFRQWH[WDQGVWUDWHJLHV1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI(GXFDWLRQ1DQ\DQJ
7HFKQRORJLFDO8QLYHUVLW\
+RUZLW](.  6WXGHQWDIIHFWLYHUHDFWLRQVDQGWKHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJRIIRUHLJQODQJXDJHVInternational Journal of Educational
Research23  
+RJOH-*  &RPSXWHUPLFURZRUOGVLQHGXFDWLRQFDWFKLQJXSZLWK'DQQ\'XQQ8QLYHUVLW\RI*HRUJLD'HSDUWPHQWRI,QVWUXFWLRQDO
7HFKQRORJ\
.DFKURR-1  5HSRUWRQDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWRWKHWHDFKLQJRIYRFDEXODU\LQWKHILUVW\HDURI(QJOLVKBulletin of the Central Institute of
English, 2
.HWVPDQ20DVPDOL\HYD/ 0RHOOHU$-  7KHHVVHQWLDOVRIYRFDEXODU\WHDFKLQJIURPWKHRU\WRSUDFWLFHFaculty Publications:
Department of Teaching, Learning and Teacher Education. S
/XWVFK&  Computer-Based Language Learning: A Case Study. Integration of notebook PCs into the English language classroom of 11
and 12 year olds.
/LJKWERZQ03 6SDGD1  How languages are learned2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
0DUN%  &/(SURMHFWSDSHU*HRUJH0DVRQ8QLYHUVLW\(',7
2UKDQ.  (IIHFWVRIFRPSXWHUDVVLVWHGYRFDEXODU\LQVWUXFWLRQRQYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJDQGYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHV<HGLWHSH
8QLYHUVLW\,VWDQEXO
6DUDJL71DWLRQ,63 0HLVWHU*)  9RFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJDQGUHDGLQJSystem, 6
6LQJK+  %XLOGLQJHIIHFWLYHEOHQGHGOHDUQLQJSURJUDPVEducational Technology  ±
7R]FX$ &RDG\-  6XFFHVVIXOOHDUQLQJRIIUHTXHQWYRFDEXODU\WKURXJK&$//DOVREHQHILWVUHDGLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQDQGVSHHG
Computer Assisted Language Learning17±


You might also like