You are on page 1of 8

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 41 – 48

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ7HDFKLQJDQG/HDUQLQJ(QJOLVKDVDQ$GGLWLRQDO/DQJXDJH
*ORE(/7$SULO$QWDO\D7XUNH\


,QWHJUDWLQJ&XOWXUHLQWR(/7&ODVVHV:KDW:K\DQG+RZ"
g]OHP.DUDD÷Do7XQDD6DOLP5D]ÕE 
a
School of Foreign Languages, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
b
ELT Dept., Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey

$EVWUDFW

7KHOLQJXDIUDQFDUROHRI(QJOLVKKDVPDGHDVLJQLILFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRZDUGGHYHORSLQJIRUHLJQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJFXUULFXOXPV
IURP DQ LQWHUFXOWXUDO SHUVSHFWLYH 7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ DLPHG WR LQYHVWLJDWH KRZ SUHVHUYLFH DQG LQVHUYLFH IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH
WHDFKHUV FRQVLGHU WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FXOWXUH LQWR ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ 7KH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI FXOWXUDO HOHPHQWV WKH\
WKLQN VKRXOG EH LQWHJUDWHG PRUH LQ WKH FXUULFXOXP ZDV LQ WKH IRFXV RI WKH VWXG\ LQ DGGLWLRQ WR SRVVLEOH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ
SHUFHSWLRQV RI SUHVHUYLFH DQG LQVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV 7KH VWXG\ ZDV FDUULHG RXW ZLWK WK JUDGH (/7 VWXGHQWV DW WKH )DFXOW\ RI
(GXFDWLRQ3DPXNNDOH8QLYHUVLW\±DVWDWHXQLYHUVLW\LQ7XUNH\±DQG(QJOLVKLQVWUXFWRUVDWWKH6FKRRORI)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJHVDWWKH
VDPH XQLYHUVLW\ LQ WKH IDOO WHUP RI  DFDGHPLF \HDU 'DWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG ERWK TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ DQG TXDOLWDWLYHO\ YLD DQ
LQYHQWRU\RIFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVDQGLQWHUYLHZV,QWRWDOLQVWUXFWRUVDQGVWXGHQWVUHVSRQGHGWRWKHLQYHQWRU\)LYHVWXGHQWV
DQG IRXU LQVWUXFWRUV ZHUH DOVR LQWHUYLHZHG 7KH LQYHQWRU\ LQFOXGHG  HOHPHQWV RI FXOWXUH XQGHU QLQH FDWHJRULHV
LQWHOOHFWXDO
YDOXHV¶ µOLIHVW\OHV¶ µEHKDYLRXUV¶ µPHGLD¶ µDUWLVWLF YDOXHV¶ µIDPLO\¶ µPLQRU YDOXHV¶ µPDMRU YDOXHV¶ DQG µIRUPDO YDOXHV¶ 7KH
UHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWERWKSUHVHUYLFHDQGLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVFRQVLGHUDZLGHUDQJHRIFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVVKRXOGEHLQWHJUDWHGLQWR
ODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJWRHQDEOHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRILQWHUFXOWXUDOVNLOOV,QWHUYLHZVHVVLRQVUHYHDOHGUHDVRQVZK\WHDFKHUVWKLQNWKDW
FXOWXUHVKRXOGEHLQWHJUDWHG)LQGLQJVDUHH[SHFWHGWRFRQWULEXWHWRGHYHORSPHQWRIIRUHLJQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJFXUULFXOXPVWKDW
JLYHLPSRUWDQFHWRLQWHUFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFH
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GlobELT 2016
Keywords:&XOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWV(QJOLVKDVDOLQJXDIUDQFD,QYHQWRU\RI&XOWXUDO&RPSRQHQHWVWHDFKLQJFXOWXUH


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOH[WID[
E-mail address: VDOLPUD]L#JPDLOFRP

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GlobELT 2016
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.009
42 Özlem Karaağaç Tuna and Salim Razı / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 41 – 48

,QWURGXFWLRQ

/HDUQLQJDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHUHTXLUHVWKHSUDFWLFHRIVXEODQJXDJHVNLOOVE\PHDQVRIIDPLOLDULW\ZLWKOLQJXLVWLF
IHDWXUHV RI WKH WDUJHW ODQJXDJH QDPHO\ JUDPPDWLFDO VWUXFWXUHV DQG OH[LFDO LWHPV $OWKRXJK SUHYLRXV ODQJXDJH
WHDFKLQJ PHWKRGV KDYH PDLQO\ IRFXVHG RQ WKHVH IHDWXUHV WKH QRWLRQ RI µFXOWXUH¶ KDV UHFHQWO\ EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG DV
DQRWKHU YLWDO FRPSRQHQW RI IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ 7KH DZDUHQHVV RI ERWK LQVHUYLFH DQG SUHVHUYLFH IRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJHWHDFKHUVUHODWHGWRWKLVQHZVKLIWVKRXOGQRZEHFRQVLGHUHGPRUHFORVHO\LQRUGHUWRSUHYHQWWHDFKHUVIURP
HGXFDWLQJ µIOXHQW IRROV¶ %HQQHWW  S   ZKR WKLQN WKH\ FDQ VSHDN D IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH EXW LQ UHDOLW\ ODFN
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRILW
$FFRUGLQJWR%HQQHWW S ³$IOXHQWIRROLVVRPHRQHZKRVSHDNVDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHZHOOEXWGRHVQ¶W
XQGHUVWDQGWKHVRFLDORUSKLORVRSKLFDOFRQWHQWRIWKDWODQJXDJH´%HQQHWWVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHFXOWXUHRIWKHODQJXDJH
OHDUQWVKRXOGDOVREHXQGHUVWRRGLQRUGHUQRWWREHDIOXHQWIRRO7KHUHDVRQEHKLQGWKLVLVWKDW³FXOWXUHLVDYLWDOSDUW
RI WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SURFHVV´ gQDODQ  S   6XFK DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI FXOWXUH UHIOHFWV WKH SHUFHSWLRQV RI
SUHYLRXVODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJPHWKRGVZKHUHSUDFWLFHRIWKHWDUJHWFXOWXUHZDVHVVHQWLDOLQOHDUQLQJDIRUHLJQODQJXDJH
,QWKLVUHVSHFW(QJOLVKDVD)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH ()/ OHDUQHUVZHUHH[SHFWHGWRIDPLOLDUL]HWKHPVHOYHVHLWKHUZLWK
%ULWLVK RU $PHULFDQ FXOWXUH +RZHYHU LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK QHZ PHWKRGRORJLFDO WUHQGV GHYHORSLQJ LQWHUFXOWXUDO
FRPPXQLFDWLYHFRPSHWHQFH ,&& UHTXLUHVIDPLOLDUL]DWLRQZLWKFXOWXUHVIURPDQ\SDUWRIWKHZRUOG
,QWHUFXOWXUDO FRPSHWHQFH LV GHILQHG E\ %HQQHWW DQG %HQQHWW  S   DV ³7KH DELOLW\ WR FRPPXQLFDWH
HIIHFWLYHO\LQFURVVFXOWXUDOVLWXDWLRQVDQGWRUHODWHDSSURSULDWHO\LQDYDULHW\RIFXOWXUDOFRQWH[WV´5HODWLYHWRWKLV
GHILQLWLRQ%\UDP  GHVFULEHVDQLQWHUFXOWXUDOVSHDNHUWKXV
7KHLQWHUFXOWXUDOVSHDNHULVVRPHRQHZKRLVDZDUHRIFXOWXUDOVLPLODULWLHVDQGGLIIHUHQFHVDQGLVDEOHWRDFWDV
PHGLDWRU EHWZHHQ WZR RU PRUH FXOWXUHV WZR RU PRUH VHWV RI EHOLHIV YDOXHV DQG EHKDYLRXUV 7KH LQWHUFXOWXUDO
VSHDNHULVQRWVRPHRQHZKRLVELFXOWXUDOVRPHRQHZKRFDQSDVVDVEHORQJLQJWRWZRFXOWXUDOJURXSV7KLVLVD
PDWWHU RI FLUFXPVWDQFHV RI EHLQJ EURXJKW XS LQ D VLWXDWLRQ ZKHUH LGHQWLI\LQJ ZLWK WKH YDOXHV EHOLHIV DQG
EHKDYLRXUV RI WZR JURXSV LV DQ RSWLRQ RU HYHQ D QHFHVVLW\ %LFXOWXUDO SHRSOH DUH QRW QHFHVVDULO\ DEOH WR DFW
LQWHUFXOWXUDOO\DVWKH\PD\QRWEHFRQVFLRXVRIWKHWZRFXOWXUHVLQZKLFKWKH\OLYHDQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ
WKHP$FWLQJLQWHUFXOWXUDOO\SUHVXSSRVHVWKDWRQHLVDZDUHRIGLIIHUHQFHDQGVLPLODULW\DQGFDQGHFHQWUHLQRUGHU
WR KHOS RWKHUV WR DFW WRJHWKHU ± RU LQGHHG WR DFW RQHVHOI ZLWK RWKHUV ± LQ ZD\V WKDW RYHUFRPH REVWDFOHV RI
GLIIHUHQFH %\UDPS 
,QWHUFXOWXUDOVSHDNHUVWKHQDUHH[SHFWHGWREHQHILWIURPWKHLUFXOWXUDOVFKHPDDWDQRSWLPXPOHYHO,WVKRXOGEH
UHPHPEHUHG WKDW FXOWXUDO VFKHPD LV EDVLF WR WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SURFHVV DQG UH EXLOGLQJ VFKHPD LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU
ODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVWREHDEOHWRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKRWKHUV 5D]Õ %|F 7KHUHIRUHLWLVFOHDUWKDWOLQJXLVWLF
UHODWLYLW\ ³+RZ VSHDNHUV RI GLIIHUHQW ODQJXDJHV WKLQN GLIIHUHQWO\ ZKHQ VSHDNLQJ´ .UDPVFK  S   LV WKH
UHDVRQIRUWHDFKLQJFXOWXUHLQ(/7FODVVHV+RZHYHUWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKLFKFXOWXUHWRWHDFKQHHGVWREHDQVZHUHG
7KHUHKDVEHHQDPRYHIURPWKHWDUJHWFXOWXUHWR,&&DQGWKHUHDVRQEHKLQGWKLVFDQEHGHILQHGWKURXJK.DFKUX¶V
  WKUHH FLUFOHV RI (QJOLVK 7KH VPDOOHVW FLUFOH LQ WKH FHQWUH UHSUHVHQWV DERXW  PLOOLRQ SHRSOH WKDW VSHDN
(QJOLVK DV WKHLUILUVW ODQJXDJH /  WKH PLGGOH FLUFOH UHSUHVHQWV DERXW PLOOLRQSHRSOH WKDW VSHDN(QJOLVK DV D
VHFRQG ODQJXDJH /  DQG WKH ODUJHVW FLUFOH UHSUHVHQWV  ELOOLRQ SHRSOH WKDW VSHDN ()/ :KHQ WKHVH QXPEHUV DUH
FRQVLGHUHGLWLVFOHDUWKDWWHDFKLQJRQO\WKHWDUJHWFXOWXUHWKHFXOWXUHRIWKRVHSHRSOHZKRVSHDN(QJOLVKDV/ZLOO
QRWEHVDWLVIDFWRU\ZKLOHWKHUHDUHVRPDQ\/DQGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHVSHDNHUVRI(QJOLVK7KHUHIRUHWKLVSURYLGHV
HYLGHQFHIRUWKHQHHGWRGHYHORSLQWHUFXOWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLYHFRPSHWHQFH
7KHUHDUHPDQ\FRPSRQHQWVLQDQ\ODQJXDJHWKDWFKDQJHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFXOWXUHRIWKHSHRSOHVSHDNLQJWKHPDQG
OLYLQJLQGLIIHUHQWUHJLRQVDURXQGWKHZRUOG)DUQLDDQG$EGXO6DWWDU  FDUULHGRXWDVWXG\RQ0DOD\VLDQDQG
,UDQLDQ XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV¶ PDQQHU RI H[SUHVVLQJ JUDWLWXGH WKURXJK DQ RSHQHQGHG TXHVWLRQQDLUH DQG IROORZ XS
LQWHUYLHZV7KH\IRXQGWKDWWKHUHZHUHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRJURXSVRIVWXGHQWVLQWHUPVRIWKHXVHRISRVLWLYH
IHHOLQJV PDNLQJ DSRORJLHV DQG DOHUWHUV 0DOD\ VWXGHQWV XVHG PRUH DSRORJLHV DQG DOHUWHUV $V DQ H[SODQDWLRQ IRU
WKLV WKH UHVHDUFKHUV VXJJHVW WKDW LQ 0DOD\ FXOWXUH LW LV WKH QRUP WR VKRZ SROLWHQHVV DQG VWXGHQWV XVHG WKLV QRUP
ZKLOHVSHDNLQJ(QJOLVKWRR,WFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHFXOWXUHRIWKHSHRSOHDIIHFWVWKHZD\WKH\VSHDNDODQJXDJH
DQG WKH UHVHDUFKHUV VXJJHVW WKDW ODQJXDJH HGXFDWRUV WHDFK WKH FXOWXUDO DVSHFWV RI D ODQJXDJH LQ RUGHU WR KHOS WKHLU
VWXGHQWVEHFRPHPRUHVXFFHVVIXOVSHDNHUVRIWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH
Özlem Karaağaç Tuna and Salim Razı / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 41 – 48 43

%HDULQJ WKHVH LVVXHV LQ PLQG KLJKOLJKWV WKH QHFHVVLW\ RI FXOWXUH EHLQJ FRQVLGHUHG D YLWDO FRPSRQHQW RI IRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ FODVVHV ZLWK WKH KRSH RI GHYHORSLQJ PRUH HIILFLHQW FRPPXQLFDWRUV LQ WKH WDUJHW ODQJXDJH 7KH
UHOHYDQW OLWHUDWXUH HJ ,]DGSDQDK  0XWKXVDP\ 0DULPXWKX  6DEDSDWK\  4LDR  :X  0HQJ
=KDQJ <DQ GHDOVZLWKWKLVGLVFXVVLRQDQGSURYLGHVHYLGHQFHIRUWHDFKLQJFXOWXUHLQIRUHLJQODQJXDJH
FODVVHV)RUH[DPSOHLQDUHOHYDQWVWXG\gQDODQ  LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHRSLQLRQVDQGEHOLHIVRI7XUNLVKWHDFKHUVRQ
LQFOXGLQJFXOWXUHLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVKDGDSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGLQFOXGLQJFXOWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQ
LQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ 7KH UHVHDUFKHU UHYHDOHG WKDW WKH  RI WKH WHDFKHUV EHOLHYH WKDW LW LV EHQHILFLDO WR LQFOXGH
FXOWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHLUFODVVHVDQGWKHUHIRUHWKH\GLGVR

0HWKRGRORJ\

%RWKTXDOLWDWLYHDQGTXDQWLWDWLYHPHWKRGVZHUHXVHGWRFROOHFWGDWDLQWKLVVWXG\)LUVWO\WRFROOHFWTXDQWLWDWLYH
GDWD DQ LQYHQWRU\ RI FXOWXUDO FRPSRQHQWV ZDV XVHG UHODWHG WR WKH SHUFHSWLRQV RI SUHDQG LQVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV RQ
WHDFKLQJFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVLQODQJXDJHFODVVHV7KHQWRFROOHFWTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDLQWHUYLHZVHVVLRQVZHUHFRQGXFWHG
7KHVWXG\DLPHGWRDQVZHUWKHIROORZLQJUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV

 'RSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVLQWKHGHSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVK/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJRI3DPXNNDOH8QLYHUVLW\WKLQN
WKDWFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ",IVRZKLFKFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVVKRXOGEH
LQFOXGHG"
 'R WKH (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH LQVWUXFWRUV DW 3DPXNNDOH 8QLYHUVLW\ 6FKRRORI )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJHV WKLQNWKDW
FXOWXUDO HOHPHQWV VKRXOG EH LQFOXGHG LQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ" ,I VR ZKLFK FXOWXUDO HOHPHQWV VKRXOG EH
LQFOXGHG"
 'RWKHYLHZVRISUHDQGLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVGLIIHURQWHDFKLQJFXOWXUHLQ()/FODVVHV"

2.1. Setting and participants

7KHVWXG\ZDVFDUULHGRXWLQWKHIDOOWHUPRIWKHDFDGHPLF\HDUDWWZRGLIIHUHQWXQLWVRI3DPXNNDOH
8QLYHUVLW\7XUNH\QDPHO\SUHSDUDWRU\FODVVHVLQWKH6FKRRORI)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJHVDQGWKHGHSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVK
/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJLQWKH)DFXOW\RI(GXFDWLRQ
$ WRWDO RI  ()/ LQVWUXFWRUV IURP WKH 6FKRRO RI )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJHV DQG  VHQLRU VWXGHQWV IURP WKH (/7
GHSDUWPHQWSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHTXDQWLWDWLYHSDUWRIWKHVWXG\ n  RIWKHLQVWUXFWRUVZHUHPDOHDQG n 
 ZHUHIHPDOH:LWKUHJDUGVWRWKHLUVHFRQGIRUHLJQODQJXDJH n  RIWKHLQVWUXFWRUVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKH\
VSHDN*HUPDQ n  )UHQFKDQG n  ERWK*HUPDQDQG)UHQFK2QHLQVWUXFWRUDOVRUHSRUWHGVSHDNLQJ
5XVVLDQRQH,WDOLDQDQGRQHLQVWUXFWRUNQRZLQJ6SDQLVK:KHQ\HDUVRIWHDFKLQJH[SHULHQFHZHUHFRQVLGHUHG
n  RIWKHLQVWUXFWRUVKDGEHHQWHDFKLQJIRUPRUHWKDQWHQ\HDUV n  IRU\HDUVDQG n  
IRU  \HDUV  n    RI WKH LQVWUXFWRUV ZHUH JUDGXDWHV RI (QJOLVK /DQJXDJH 7HDFKLQJ  n    ZHUH
(QJOLVK/DQJXDJHDQG/LWHUDWXUHJUDGXDWHV n  ZHUH$PHULFDQ&XOWXUHDQG/LWHUDWXUHJUDGXDWHV n  
ZHUH7UDQVODWLRQDQG,QWHUSUHWLQJJUDGXDWHV n  ZDVD/LQJXLVWLFVJUDGXDWHDQG n  ZDVD3ROLWLFDO
6FLHQFH JUDGXDWH  n    RI WKH LQVWUXFWRUV KHOG DQ 0$ GHJUHH DQG  n    RI WKHVH 0$V ZHUH RQ
(QJOLVK/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ2QO\ n  RIWKHLQVWUXFWRUVKDGD3K'
:LWKUHJDUGVWRJHQGHUGLVWULEXWLRQ n  RIWKHVWXGHQWVZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHVWXG\ZHUHIHPDOHDQG
 n  ZHUHPDOH n  RIWKHSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKH\FRXOGVSHDN*HUPDQ n 
 )UHQFK n  5XVVLDQ n  $UDELF n  .RUHDQDQG n  WKH8]EHNODQJXDJH
)LYH SUHVHUYLFH DQG IRXU LQVHUYLFH ()/ WHDFKHUV ZHUH LQWHUYLHZHG 7KUHH RI WKH SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV ZHUH
IHPDOHDQGWZRRIWKHPZHUHPDOHZKHUHDVWKUHHRIWKHLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVZHUHIHPDOHDQGRQHRIWKHPZDVPDOH

44 Özlem Karaağaç Tuna and Salim Razı / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 41 – 48

2.2. Instruments

7KHLQYHQWRU\RIFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVGHYHORSHGE\5D]Õ  ZDVXVHGWRFROOHFWTXDQWLWDWLYHGDWD7KHLWHPV


LQWKHLQYHQWRU\ZHUHILYHVFDOHOLNHUWW\SHTXHVWLRQVDQGWKHVFDOHZDVUHJDUGHGWREHUHOLDEOH Į  7KHUHDUH
LWHPVXQGHUQLQHFDWHJRULHVLQWKHLQYHQWRU\DVIROORZV

x Intellectual values: 7KRXJKWVKDELWVEHOLHIVWUDGLWLRQDOYDOXHVHWLTXHWWHHWKLFVDQGLGHDV


x Lifestyles: 8QLTXHGDQFHVXQLTXHMHZHOOHU\KREELHVSDUWLFXODUVNLOOVXQLTXHWRROVGUHVVLQJKDELWVIRRGDQG
JDPHV
x Behaviours: 1RQYHUEDOEHKDYLRXUDOSDWWHUQVYHUEDOEHKDYLRXUDOSDWWHUQVRWKHUEHKDYLRXUDOSDWWHUQVPHDQVRI
FRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGUHDFWLRQVWRSDUWLFXODUVLWXDWLRQV
x Media: 7HOHYLVLRQVKRZVQHZVEURDGFDVWVSRSXODUZHEVLWHVDGYHUWLVLQJVFLHQWLILFWHFKQRORJLFDO
DFFRPSOLVKPHQWVDQGSULQWHGPDWHULDOVVXFKDVQHZVSDSHUVDQGPDJD]LQHV
x Artistic values: 0XVLFFLQHPDDUWDQGOLWHUDWXUH
x Family: )DPLO\OLIHWDERRVUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGGDLO\OLIH
x Minor values: 3XEOLFKROLGD\VZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVWUDIILFUXOHVDQGWUDYHOKDELWV
x Major values:+LVWRU\JHRJUDSK\DQGSKLORVRSK\
x Formal values: /HJDOV\VWHPSROLWLFVDQGWKHHFRQRP\

4XHVWLRQVIRUWKHVHPLVWUXFWXUHGLQWHUYLHZVHVVLRQZHUHIRUPXODWHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV
7KH LQWHUYLHZ VHVVLRQV LQFOXGHG QLQH RSHQHQGHG TXHVWLRQV IRU WKH LQVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV DQG WKUHH RSHQHQGHG
TXHVWLRQVIRUWKHSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUV$IWHUWKHTXHVWLRQVZHUHFRPSLOHGWKUHHH[SHUWVZHUHFRQVXOWHGUHJDUGLQJWKH
YDOLGLW\RIWKHTXHVWLRQVDQGWKH\ZHUHSLORWHGZLWKWZRLQVHUYLFHDQGWZRSUHVHUYLFH()/WHDFKHUV

2.3. Procedures for data collection and analysis

7KHUHVHDUFKHUVFRQWDFWHGWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQSHUVRQDQGDVNHGIRUWKHLUFRQVHQWWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHVWXG\7KH
LQYHQWRU\ ZDV GHOLYHUHG DV KDUG FRS\ WR DOO SDUWLFLSDQWV E\ WKH UHVHDUFKHUV 3DUWLFLSDQWV IRU WKH LQWHUYLHZ VHVVLRQ
ZHUHFKRVHQUDQGRPO\7KHLQWHUYLHZVZHUHDXGLRUHFRUGHGDQGWKHQZHUHOLVWHQHGWRIRULQGXFWLYHFRQWHQWDQDO\VLV
'HVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVZHUHXVHGWRDQDO\VHWKHTXDQWLWDWLYHGDWDRQ6366  

)LQGLQJV

3.1. Research question 1

'R SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV LQ WKH GHSDUWPHQW RI (QJOLVK /DQJXDJH 7HDFKLQJ RI 3DPXNNDOH 8QLYHUVLW\ WKLQN WKDW
FXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ",IVRZKLFKFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHG"
$OO SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH FXUULFXOXPV RI ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ VKRXOG LQFOXGH FXOWXUDO HOHPHQWV
:KLOHEHLQJLQWHUYLHZHGWKUHHFOHDUO\VWDWHGWKDWODQJXDJHDQGFXOWXUHVKRXOGEHZRYHQWRJHWKHULQDQLQVHSDUDEOH
PDQQHU 7KH\ LQVLVWHG WKDW LW ZRXOG EH LPSRVVLEOH WR OHDUQ D IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH ZLWKRXW GHDOLQJ ZLWK FXOWXUH ,W LV
WKHUHIRUHFOHDUWKDWWKH\DUHLQIDYRXURILQFOXGLQJFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVLQODQJXDJHFODVVHV7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHLQWHUYLHZ
VHVVLRQV MXVWLILHG WKHLU UHDVRQV 2QH UHDVRQ ZDV UHODWHG WR WKH XVH RI FROORTXLDO (QJOLVK GXH WR WKH GLIILFXOWLHV LQ
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ SURYHUEV DQG LGLRPV UHTXLULQJ IDPLOLDULW\ LQ RWKHU FXOWXUHV $QRWKHU UHDVRQ KLJKOLJKWHG WKH
PRWLYDWLRQDO LPSDFW RI FXOWXUHUHODWHG WDVNV LQ ODQJXDJH FODVVHV 2QH RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV LQGLFDWHG WKDW ³ZKHQ WKH
FXOWXUHLVLQWHJUDWHGFODVVHVZLOOEHPRUHLQWHUHVWLQJDQGWKHVWXGHQWVDUHPRUHZLOOLQJWROHDUQWKHODQJXDJH´7KH
UHVSRQGHQWDOVRPHQWLRQHGWKHSRVVLEOHFRQWULEXWLRQRIVXFKDQLPSDFWRQWKHWHDFKHUV¶PRWLYDWLRQWKDW³LQWHJUDWLQJ
FXOWXUH HQDEOHV WKH WHDFKHU WR LQFRUSRUDWH YDULRXV DFWLYLWLHV E\ DYRLGLQJ VLPSO\ IRFXVLQJ RQ WHDFKLQJ JUDPPDU´
'XULQJWKHLQWHUYLHZVSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVVXJJHVWHGSRVVLEOHFXOWXUHUHODWHGDFWLYLWLHVDVOLVWHGEHORZ

x ,QWURGXFLQJVRPHRQHIURPDGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUH
x 8VHRISRZHUSRLQWSUHVHQWDWLRQVRUYLGHRVWRIDPLOLDUL]HWKHVWXGHQWVZLWKKLVWRU\FXVWRPVFORWKHVDQGPXVLF
Özlem Karaağaç Tuna and Salim Razı / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 41 – 48 45

x )RRGKRPHZRUN$VNLQJVWXGHQWVWRFRRNIRRGIURPDQRWKHUFXOWXUHDQGEULQJLWWRWKHIROORZLQJFODVVWRVKDUH
ZLWKWKHLUFODVVPDWHVZKLOHKDYLQJDQLQWHUFXOWXUDOFRQYHUVDWLRQDERXWLW
x 8VHRIVRQJVDQGWDVNVUHODWHGWRWKHO\ULFVZLWKDFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVJDSILOOLQJ
x 8VLQJPRYLHVDVKRPHZRUNDQGDVNLQJVWXGHQWVWRLGHQWLI\WKHFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVWKH\HQFRXQWHUHG
x 5ROHSOD\DFWLYLWLHVLQWKHFODVVURRP

7KH VHFRQG SDUW RI WKH ILUVW UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQ DLPHG WR UHYHDO WKH FRPSRQHQWV WKDW VKRXOG EH LQFOXGHG LQ ()/
FODVVHV 7R DQVZHU WKLV UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQ SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV¶ PHDQ VFRUHV UHODWHG WR WKH QLQH FDWHJRULHV RQ WKH
VFDOHZHUHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHVHFDWHJRULHVLQGHVFHQGLQJRUGHU













)LJ0HDQYDOXHVRISUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVRQFDWHJRULHVLQVFDOH

$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDOOFXOWXUDOFDWHJRULHVUHFHLYHGKLJKPHDQYDOXHVZLWKWKHLPSOLFDWLRQWKDWWKH\VKRXOGDOO
EH FRYHUHG LQ ODQJXDJH FODVVHV ,W PLJKW DOVR EH LQIHUUHG WKDW SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV H[SHFW D YDULHW\ RI FXOWXUDO
FRPSRQHQWV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG 7KLV ILQGLQJ ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ LQWHUYLHZ ILQGLQJV )RU H[DPSOH WZR RI WKH
LQWHUYLHZHHVLQGLFDWHGWKDWUHOLJLRQVKRXOGEHLQWHJUDWHGLQWRODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJVLQFHLWKDVDYLWDOLPSDFWRQVHYHUDO
RWKHUFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWV7KHLQWHUYLHZHHVDGGHGWKDWLQWHJUDWLQJIDPLO\OLIHLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWDVLWLVWKHIDFWRU
WKDWVKDSHVDQLQGLYLGXDO$VDILQDOUHPDUNUHODWHGWRWKHLQWHUYLHZHHV
UHVSRQVHVWZRRIWKHPHPSKDVLVHGWKDWDOO
DVSHFWVRIWKHFXOWXUHDUHLPSRUWDQWDQGWKH\VKRXOGDOOEHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQLQODQJXDJHFODVVHV,QDGGLWLRQ
WKH TXDQWLWDWLYH GDWD UHODWHG WR SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV¶ UHVSRQVHV WR WKH  LWHPV RI WKH VFDOH UHYHDOHG µPHDQV RI
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ¶ M SD  µGDLO\OLIH¶ M SD  DQGµSHRSOH¶VUHDFWLRQV¶ M SD 
 DVWKHKLJKHVWVFRUHGLWHPVZKHUHDVµXQLTXHMHZHOOHU\¶ M SD  µXQLTXHGDQFHV M SD
 DQGXQLTXHWRROV M SD  UHFHLYHGWKHORZHVWPHDQVVFRUHV

3.2. Research question 2

'R WKH (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH LQVWUXFWRUV DW 3DPXNNDOH 8QLYHUVLW\ 6FKRRO RI )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJHV WKLQN WKDW FXOWXUDO
HOHPHQWVVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ",IVRZKLFKFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHG"
$OO LQVHUYLFH WHDFKHU SDUWLFLSDQWV DV ZLWK WKH SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV DJUHHG RQ WKH QHHG WR LQFOXGH FXOWXUDO
HOHPHQWVLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJFXUULFXOXPVZLWKUHJDUGVWRWKHLUDQVZHUVLQWKHVFDOH,QWHUYLHZVHVVLRQVFRQILUPHG
WKHLUUHVSRQVHVZKHUHWKH\VWUHVVHGWKDWFXOWXUHDQGODQJXDJHFDQQRWEHVHSDUDWHGIURPHDFKRWKHU)RUH[DPSOHRQH
UHVSRQGHQWLQGLFDWHGWKDW
$Q\()/OHDUQHUVKRXOGNQRZZKDWRWKHUVHDWKRZRWKHUVOLYHKRZRWKHUVVSHQGWKHLUWLPHZKDWLVLPSRUWDQWWR
WKHPDQGZKLFKYDOXHVWKH\KDYH,QRUGHUIRUDVWXGHQWWRLQWHUQDOL]HWKHODQJXDJHZKROO\FXOWXUHVKRXOGEH
WDXJKW7HDFKLQJFXOWXUHVXSSRUWVWKHFRQWHQWRIODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJDQGZLWKRXWLWWKHODQJXDJHEHFRPHVDEVWUDFW
,QVHUYLFHUHVSRQGHQW 
$QRWKHUUHDVRQPHQWLRQHGE\LQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUSDUWLFLSDQWVUHODWHGWRVFKHPDWLFNQRZOHGJH7KH\LQVLVWHGWKDWLW
LVPRUHGLIILFXOWWRXQGHUVWDQGVSRNHQDQGZULWWHQWH[WVZLWKRXWKDYLQJWKHUHOHYDQWFXOWXUDOEDFNJURXQGNQRZOHGJH
0RUHRYHUWKH\DOVRLQGLFDWHGWKDWLQWHJUDWLQJFXOWXUHLQWRWKHODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJFXUULFXOXPLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHLW
46 Özlem Karaağaç Tuna and Salim Razı / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 41 – 48

HQVXUHV VWXGHQWV KDYH DQ HQODUJHG YLHZ RI WKH ZRUOG DQG DOORZV WKHP WR ZLGHQ WKHLU KRUL]RQV DGRSW DSSURSULDWH
RSLQLRQVEHDZDUHRIDQGUHVSHFWGLIIHUHQWEHOLHIVDQGOLIHVW\OHVDQGVHHWKLQJVIURPDQRWKHUSRLQWRIYLHZ
,Q WHUPV RI LQWHJUDWLQJ FXOWXUDO HOHPHQWV LQWR ()/ FODVVHV WKH LQVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV FDOOHG DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH
LPSRUWDQFHRIFRXUVHERRNV)RUWKHVHWHDFKHUVZLWKWKHKHOSRIUHDGLQJYLGHRVDQGOLVWHQLQJDFWLYLWLHVFRXUVHERRNV
DOUHDG\LQFOXGHFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVVLQFHVXFKDFWLYLWLHVGHDOZLWKWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIGDLO\OLIHOLIHVW\OHKROLGD\V
IHVWLYDOVVSRUWVHWF7KHWHDFKHUVDOVRUHIHUUHGWRWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIYLGHRVDYDLODEOHRQWKHLQWHUQHW0RUHRYHUWKH\
LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH\ FKRRVH UHDGLQJ WH[WV E\ SD\LQJ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKHLU FRQWULEXWLRQ WRZDUGV GHYHORSLQJ FXOWXUDO
FRPSHWHQFH,QWKLVUHVSHFWWKH\UHJDUGHGVLPSOLILHGYHUVLRQVIURPOLWHUDWXUHWREHEHQHILFLDOLQDGGLWLRQWRPRYLHV
DQGUROHSOD\DFWLYLWLHV,QVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVDOVRKLJKOLJKWHGWKDWLWZRXOGEHSRVVLEOHWRLQWHJUDWHJUDPPDUIRFXVHG
DFWLYLWLHVLQWDQGHPZLWKFXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHV
$OOLQDOODVDUHVXOWRIWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIFXOWXUHLQWRODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ()/OHDUQHUVDUHH[SHFWHGWRUHDOL]HWKDW
WKHUH DUH OLIHVW\OHV DQG EHOLHIV GLIIHUHQW IURP WKHLUV 7KLV ZLOO HQDEOH WKHP WR ZHOFRPH GLIIHUHQW FXOWXUHV E\
FRQWULEXWLQJ WR WKHLU SHUVRQDO GHYHORSPHQW ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW LW LV KRSHG WKDW ()/ OHDUQHUV ZLOO EHFRPH PRUH
HQWKXVLDVWLF DERXW OHDUQLQJ D IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH VLQFH WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FXOWXUH VDYHV FODVVHV IURP EHFRPLQJ
PRQRWRQRXVDQGPDNHVOHDUQLQJPRUHPHDQLQJIXO
7KHVHFRQGSDUWRIWKHVHFRQGUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQDLPHGWRUHYHDOWKHFRPSRQHQWVWKDWVKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGLQ()/
FODVVHV7RDQVZHUWKLVSDUWRIWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUV¶PHDQVFRUHVUHODWHGWRQLQHFDWHJRULHVLQ
WKHVFDOHZHUHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHVHFDWHJRULHVLQGHVFHQGLQJRUGHU












)LJ0HDQYDOXHVRILQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVRQFDWHJRULHVLQVFDOH

$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDOOFXOWXUDOFDWHJRULHVUHFHLYHGKLJKPHDQYDOXHVZLWKWKHLPSOLFDWLRQWKDWWKH\VKRXOGDOO
EHLQFOXGHGLQODQJXDJHFODVVHV7KLVLQGLFDWHVWKDWVLPLODUWRSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVDOVRH[SHFWD
YDULHW\RIFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVWREHFRYHUHGLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJFXUULFXOXPV7KHTXDQWLWDWLYHGDWDUHODWHGWRLQ
VHUYLFHWHDFKHUV¶UHVSRQVHVRQWKHLWHPVRIWKHVFDOHUHYHDOHGµYHUEDOEHKDYLRXU¶ M SD  µGDLO\
OLIH¶ M SD  DQGµSHRSOH¶VUHDFWLRQV¶ M SD  WREHWKHKLJKHVWVFRUHGLWHPVZKHUHDV
µXQLTXHMHZHOOHU\¶ M SD  µXQLTXHWRROV¶ M SD  DQGµXQLTXHGDQFHV¶ M SD
 UHFHLYHGWKHORZHVWPHDQVFRUHV

3.3. Research question 3

'RWKHYLHZVRISUHVHUYLFHDQGLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVGLIIHURQWHDFKLQJFXOWXUHLQ()/FODVVHV"
$ FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH PHDQ YDOXHV UHJDUGLQJ WKH FXOWXUDO FRPSRQHQWV RQ WKH VFDOH LQ WKH SUHYLRXV WZR UHVHDUFK
TXHVWLRQVFOHDUO\KLJKOLJKWVVLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQWKHSUHDQGLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUV¶UHVSRQVHV VHH)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH
 6XFKVLPLODULWLHVDUHREVHUYDEOHLQWKHFDVHRILQGLYLGXDOFRPSDULVRQRIWKHVFDOHLWHPVDVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH
)RU WKUHH LWHPV WKH WZR JURXSV VFRUHG WKH VDPH PHDQ YDOXH DQG IRU WKH UHVW WKHLU UHVSRQVHV ZHUH RQO\ VOLJKWO\
GLIIHUHQWIURPHDFKRWKHU7RUHYHDOZKHWKHUWKHVOLJKWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQSUHDQGLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUV¶UHVSRQVHV
ZHUH VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW LQGHSHQGHQW VDPSOHV tWHVW ZDV DGPLQLVWHUHG 7KH UHVXOWV GLG QRW LQGLFDWH VLJQLILFDQW
GLIIHUHQFHVt   p!EHWZHHQSUHVHUYLFH M SD  DQGLQVHUYLFH M SD  
WHDFKHUV¶UHVSRQVHV
Özlem Karaağaç Tuna and Salim Razı / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 41 – 48 47

7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRIFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVLQFOXGHGLQFXUULFXOXP
,WHPV In-service teachers Pre-service teachers Mean
M SD M SD Difference
WKRXJKWV     
KDELWV     
EHOLHIV     
WUDGLWLRQDOYDOXHV     
HWLTXHWWH     
HWKLFV     
LGHDV     
XQLTXHGDQFHV     
XQLTXHMHZHOOHU\     
KREELHV     
SDUWLFXODUVNLOOV     
XQLTXHWRROV     
GUHVVLQJKDELWV     
IRRG     
JDPHV     
QRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRXU     
YHUEDOEHKDYLRXU     
EHKDYLRXUDOSDWWHUQV     
PHDQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ     
SHRSOH
VUHDFWLRQV     
WHOHYLVLRQVKRZV     
QHZVEURDGFDVWV     
SRSXODUZHEVLWHV     
DGYHUWLVLQJ     
VFLHQWLILFDFFRPSOLVKPHQWV     
SULQWHGPDWHULDOV     
PXVLF     
FLQHPD     
DUW     
OLWHUDWXUH     
IDPLO\OLIH     
WDERRV     
UHODWLRQVKLSV     
GDLO\OLIH     
SXEOLFKROLGD\V     
ZHDWKHU     
WUDIILFUXOHV     
WUDYHOKDELWV     
KLVWRU\     
JHRJUDSK\     
FRXQWU\     
SKLORVRSK\     
OHJDOV\VWHP     
SROLWLFV     
(FRQRP\     

'LVFXVVLRQFRQFOXVLRQDQGLPSOLFDWLRQV

:LWKUHJDUGVWRWKHILQGLQJVDVZLWKWKHLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVDOOSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVVHHPHGWREHDZDUHRIWKH
LPSRUWDQFHRILQWHJUDWLQJFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVLQWRWKHODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJFXUULFXOXP+RZHYHUWKLVILQGLQJVKRXOGEH
48 Özlem Karaağaç Tuna and Salim Razı / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 41 – 48

DSSURDFKHG ZLWK FDXWLRQ IURP WKH SRLQW RI GHYHORSLQJ LQWHUFXOWXUDO FRPPXQLFDWLYH FRPSHWHQFH 7KH SDUWLFLSDQWV
KLJKOLJKWHGWKDWODQJXDJHDQGFXOWXUHDUHZRYHQWRJHWKHUDQGFDQQRWEHVHSDUDWHG7KLVPD\LPSO\WKDWWKH\FRQVLGHU
WKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIWDUJHWFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWV HJ%ULWLVKRU$PHULFDQ LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK()/WHDFKLQJ<HWWKLV
ILQGLQJ LV VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP SUHYLRXV UHVHDUFK )RU H[DPSOH gQDODQ   UHSRUWHG WKDW  RI WHDFKHUV
FRQVLGHUFXOWXUHDVDFRPSRQHQWWREHLQFOXGHGLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ7KHUHIRUHLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWDGHFDGH
DIWHU gQDODQ¶V VWXG\ DQ LQFUHDVH LQ DZDUHQHVV RI WHDFKLQJ FXOWXUH DPRQJ ()/ WHDFKHUV LV REVHUYDEOH +RZHYHU
ZKHWKHUWKLVLQFUHDVHLVVSHFLILFDOO\UHODWHGWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI,&&RUWKHWDUJHWFXOWXUHZDVEH\RQGWKHVFRSHRI
WKHSUHVHQWVWXG\7KHUHIRUHIXWXUHUHVHDUFKHUVPD\FRQVLGHUWKLVJDSLQWKHLUVWXGLHV
9LGHRVZHUHVXJJHVWHGDVWKHPRVWEHQHILFLDOZD\WRLQWHJUDWHFXOWXUHLQWR()/FODVVHV7KHWHDFKHUV
MXVWLILFDWLRQ
IRU WKLV UHVSRQVH ZDV UHODWHG WR PRWLYDWLRQDO IDFWRUV ,W DSSHDUV WKDW D V\VWHPDWLF DSSURDFK LQ ZKLFK YLGHRV DUH
LQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRDFWLYLWLHVPD\UHVXOWLQEHWWHU,&&GHYHORSPHQW)XUWKHUVFKRODUVPD\GHYHORSDSURJUDPPHZLWK
WKH KHOS RI YLGHR DFWLYLWLHV 6XFK DFWLYLWLHV FDQ DOVR EH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ FRXUVHERRNV IRU PRUH HIIHFWLYH UHVXOWV
'HVSLWHWKHZHDNQHVVHVRIFRXUVHERRNVDVUHSRUWHGLQSUHYLRXVOLWHUDWXUH HJ*UD\7XUNDQ dHOLN 
PRUH UHFHQWO\ ERRNVKDYH EHHQSXEOLVKHGZKLFK PD\ IXQFWLRQ DV PRGHOV RIKRZ WR LQFRUSRUDWH ,&& GHYHORSPHQW
ZLWKWKDWRI()/WHDFKLQJ VHH5D]Õ %|F 6LQFHWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKLVVWXG\FRQVLGHUHGDOPRVWDOOFXOWXUDO
FRPSRQHQWVDVLPSRUWDQWFXOWXUHIRFXVHGDFWLYLWLHVVKRXOGFRYHUDYDULHW\RIWKHPHVDGGUHVVLQJERWKOLWWOHFDQGELJ
F FXOWXUDO FRPSRQHQWV +RZHYHU WHDFKHUV PD\ JLYH SULRULW\ WR WKH FXOWXUDO FRPSRQHQWV WKDW UHFHLYHG UHODWLYHO\
KLJKHUPHDQVFRUHVVXFKDVWKRVHUHODWHGWRµOLIHVW\OHV¶DQGµIDPLO\¶
,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\UHSRUWHGWKHRSLQLRQVRILQVHUYLFHDQGSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVIURPDVLQJOH
VWDWH XQLYHUVLW\ LQ 7XUNH\ WKHUHIRUH WKH UHVXOWV PD\ QRW EH JHQHUDOL]DEOH )XUWKHU UHVHDUFK VWXGLHV DW RWKHU
XQLYHUVLWLHVERWKLQ7XUNH\DQGDOORYHUWKHZRUOGDUHHQFRXUDJHGWRHQDEOHDZLGHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHLVVXH:LWK
UHJDUGVWRSHGDJRJLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQVLQVHUYLFHWUDLQLQJRQ,&&GHYHORSPHQWIRULQVHUYLFH()/WHDFKHUVLVVXJJHVWHG
ZKHUHDV UHOHYDQW FRXUVHV RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI ,&& LV YLWDO LQ (/7 GHSDUWPHQWV IRU WUDLQLQJ LQWHUFXOWXUDOO\
FRPSHWHQW()/WHDFKHUV

5HIHUHQFHV

%HQQHWW- %HQQHWW0  'HYHORSLQJLQWHUFXOWXUDOVHQVLWLYLW\$QLQWHJUDWLYHDSSURDFKWRJOREDODQGGRPHVWLFGLYHUVLW\,Q'/DQGLV-


%HQQHWW 0%HQQHWW (GV Handbook of intercultural training UGHGSS 7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6$*(
%HQQHWW0-  +RZQRWWREHDIOXHQWIRRO8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKHFXOWXUDOGLPHQVLRQRIODQJXDJHThe Language Teacher, 27  
%\UDP 0   From foreign language education to education for intercultural citizenship: Essays and reflections. &OHYHGRQ 8.
0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
)DUQLD 0  $EGXO 6DWWDU + 4   $ FURVVFXOWXUDO VWXG\ RI ,UDQLDQV¶ DQG 0DOD\V¶ H[SUHVVLRQV RI JUDWLWXGH Journal of Intercultural
Communication, 375HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZLPPLVHLQWHUFXOWXUDOQUIDUQLDKWPO
*UD\-  7KH(/7FRXUVHERRNDVFXOWXUDODUWHIDFW+RZWHDFKHUVFHQFRUDQGDGRSWELT Journal, 54  
,]DGSDQDK6  7KHUHYLHZVWXG\7KHSODFHRIFXOWXUHLQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJUS-China Foreign Language, 9  
.DFKUX%  The other tongue: English across cultures QGHG &KLFDJR,/8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV3UHVV
.UDPVFK&  /DQJXDJHWKRXJKWDQGFXOWXUH$'DYLHV &(OGHU (GV The Handbook of Applied Linguistics SS 2[IRUG
%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ
0XWKXVDP\&0DULPXWKX5 6DEDSDWK\(  (IIHFWVRIWHDFKLQJOLWHUDWXUHRQFXOWXUHOHDUQLQJLQWKHODQJXDJHFODVVURRPAmerican
Journal of Applied Sciences, 8  
gQDODQ2  ()/WHDFKHUV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRIWKHSODFHRIFXOWXUHLQ(/7$VXUYH\VWXG\DWIRXUXQLYHUVLWLHVLQ$QNDUD7XUNH\Journal of
Language and Linguistic Studies, 1  
4LDR-  86PDFURFXOWXUHHPERGLHGLQFROOHJH(QJOLVKWHDFKLQJPDWHULDOVUS-China Foreign Language, 8  
5D]Õ6  'HYHORSLQJWKHLQYHQWRU\RIFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVWRDVVHVVSHUFHSWLRQLQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJNovitas ROYAL, 6  
5D]Õ 6  %|F $ %  1RYHPEHU Evaluating the textbook ‘Life’ regarding the development of intercultural awareness in EFL
classes. 3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKHWK,$/,&&RQIHUHQFH,QWHUFXOWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQVRFLDOSUDFWLFH1RYHPEHU%HLMLQJ&KLQD
7XUNDQ6 dHOLN6  ,QWHJUDWLQJFXOWXUHLQWR()/WH[WVDQGFODVVURRPV6XJJHVWHGOHVVRQSODQVNovitas ROYAL, 1  
:X6 0HQJ/  7KHLQWHJUDWLRQRILQWHUFXOWXUHHGXFDWLRQLQWRLQWHQVLYHUHDGLQJWHDFKLQJIRU(QJOLVKPDMRUVWKURXJK3URMHFWEDVHG
/HDUQLQJUS-China Foreign Language, 8  
=KDQJ; <DQ<  &XOWXUHLQIOXHQFHVRQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJUS-China Education Review, 3  

You might also like