Name: Doni Setiawan Sinaga

Nim: 2191121001

English Education2019 A

SUMMARY

Discourse is defined as a meaning that is realized in-text. Halliday (2004) for example, haa
used the two terms interchangeably. In others words, to some experts discourse equals text.
Semiotics is the study of sign system and their use (Fawcett, Halliday, lamb and Makkai
1984:xiii).

Semiotics is constituted by two elements: the content and expression plane or ‘meaning’
and expression. The relation of meaning to expression is one of realization, namely meaning
is realized are : meaning is coded by expression, meaning is represented by expression,
meaning is expressed by expression, meaning is represented by expression and meaning is
sated by expression. Further, the meaning be cautious is coded by the amber light and pass on
is coded by the green light. One meaning may be realized by more than one expression or
one expression may indicate more than one meaning

Discourse is also regarded as mode of talking which is associated to social institutions. This
is to say that certain areas that certain areas of social life or institutions have specific modes
or ways of talking. The relationship between discourse and text can be explained by two
ways, firstly, on basis of semiotic system. In this sense specific aspect of a discourse other
words, the presence of any linguistics feature in a text always points to some aspect of
discourse of which the text is an expression. Secondly, discourse is associated to social
institutions that favour a certain genre. Then the feature of genre determine textual fetures.
Thus, the relation is an indirect one: a discourse is determined by a social institution that
favours a certain genre and it is the genre that determines and constitutes the form any text.

A text is a linguistics unit that is functional in context. The term linguistics unit refers to
any piece or chunk of language such as sound, morpheme, word, phrase,clause, sentence,
paragraph and the whole body of a book. The term functional means doing something and
expressing meaning or meaningful. Context is defined as the surrounding or the environment
of text In other words, a text is defined as a collection or combination of sentences. This is
particularly related to a notion or idea commonly associated to formal linguistics.

A text is a semantic unit, not grammatical one and a text may be realized by sound, word,
phrase, clause, sentence or paragraph. Whatever a unit of language may be as long as it
expresses meaning in its context.

1. Sound
 A sound is a text when the sound make sense in its context. The sound (m) M..m and Er…
er are text sincethey convey meanings are indicated in the following conversation

1. A: I went to the zoo. The I met his brother. After that I took a short walk around the town.

B: M..m…m

2. A: Er..er..

B: Yes sir what can I do for you?

2. Wor, A word is a text or discourse as long as it conveys meaning in its context. In the
conversation below the text or discourse is realized by word in which two friends greet each
other.

A: Hello

B: HI

3. Phrases and sentence, can represent a text or discourse as shown in the following.

A: Hello. May I speak to Alice, Please?

B: Speaking

A: Hi, Aice. This is Frank. Would you lie to go to a movie tonight?

B: Thank. I’d love to

4. Paragraph, can constitute a text or discourse as written below.

Gold, a precious stone, is prized for two important characteristics. First all gold has a
lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins and
ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever.
Another important characteristics of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many
years, it has been used in hundred of industrial application. The most recent use of gold is in
astronauts suits. Astronauts wear gold plated heat shields for protection outside the
spaceship. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for its utility.