Pengelolaan Risiko Geoteknik untuk Tambang Terbuka:

Peran Geologi Teknik dalam Mengelola Risiko Geoteknik

di Tambang Terbuka
Dipresentasikan pada Acara MGTI Talk 2021
Masyarakat Geologi Teknik Indonesia (MGTI) dan Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia (IAGI)
Sabtu, 4 September 2021

oleh:

Wiyatno Haryanto
Praktisi Geoteknik & Hidrogeologi Pertambangan

2021
 WIYATNO HARYANTO
EDUCATION
Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
Master of Engineering, 2018
Thesis: “Seismicity Characterization and Its Implication Against Batubesi Dam Stability at Sorowako Region, South Sulawesi”.

Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia

Contact Bachelor of Engineering, 2002
Thesis: “Efficiency of Rockfill Dam on Karst Limestone at Merakurak District, Tuban Regency, East Java”.
Phone:
+62-813 2130 5953
WORK EXPERIENCE
Email:
wiyatno.haryanto@gmail.com Water Resources Management Marketing & Engineering
PT Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara | Full-time PT Maccaferri Indonesia | Full-time
PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION Jan 2021 – Present Jan 2007 – Nov 2007
Batu Hijau Mine Site, Sumbawa, Indonesia Jakarta Head Office, Indonesia
▪ Certified of Geotechnical
Engineer (G1) from Indonesian
Geotechnical & Hydrology Engineering Geotechnical Engineering
Society for Geotechnical
PT Vale Indonesia Tbk | Full-time PT Wiratman & Associates | Full-time
Engineering (ISGE/HATTI), 2010.
Dec 2007 – Dec 2020 Jul 2005 – Dec 2006
▪ Certified of Middle Operational Sorowako Mine Site, Sulawesi, Indonesia Jakarta Head Office, Indonesia
Management (POM) from
Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources, 2016. MEMBERSHIP & ORGANIZATION
▪ Certified of Professional
▪ Indonesian Society for Geotechnical Engineering (ISGE/HATTI), Certified of Geotechnical Engineer G1 | Member since 2008.
Engineer (IPM) from Institute of
▪ Indonesian Committee on Large Dams (INACOLD/KNI-BB) | Member since 2014.
Indonesian Engineers (IIE/PII),
▪ Institute of Indonesian Engineers (IIE/PII), Certified of Professional Engineer (IPM) | Member since 2016.
2016.
 APA ITU RISIKO? adalah kemungkinan terjadinya kerugian (LOST)
akibat tindakan/keadaan tidak aman (UNSAFE ACT
dan UNSAFE CONDITION) serta ketidakpastian
(UNCERTAINTIES)
Financial Lost

Risk vs Opportunity
Fatality

Lost LOST vs COST

Production Lost

Social Reputation

Dampak Negatif Dampak Positif

Risiko Kesempatan

1
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
 Bagaimana Menilai
Risiko?
Risk Score = Likelihood (or Probability) x Consequences (or Severity)

2
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
HUMAN ERRORS
Dunning – Kruger Effect (Kruger & Dunning, 1999) yang menggambarkan bagaimana individu
yang relatif tidak berpengalaman menderita karena salah menilai kemampuan mereka jauh
lebih tinggi daripada kenyataan.

©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM

 PENYEBAB KEGAGALAN GEOTEKNIK?

FAKTOR INTERNAL:
“Tantangan utama dalam rekayasa geoteknik adalah mengelola
ketidakpastian dalam desain geoteknik”
Sifat Indeks & Mekanik
Tanah/Batuan
(Prastings, 2019). Modeling
Ketidakpastian
(Uncertainties)
Tekanan Air Pori
Tanah/Batuan
FAKTOR EKSTERNAL:
Analisis
“Secara historis, metodologi
Geometri Lereng Curah Hujan pengamatan digunakan untuk
mengelola ketidakpastian dalam desain geoteknik dan risiko
Lab Testing
kejadian yang tidak diinginkan selama konstruksi” (Peck
Gempabumi &
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠 Terzaghi, 1969). Sampling
FoS = Operasional
𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

’ = c’ + (t – uw) tan ’ Kegagalan Desain

4
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
 Geotechnical Interfaces
Geologi Teknik & Teknik Sipil:
- Soil Mechanics: penyelidikan tanah
(uji lapangan & uji laboratorium),
daya dukung pondasi, settlement,
dinding penahan tanah, kestabilan
lereng, dsb.
- Pengembangan infrastruktur:
jalan, jembatan, bangunan air,
bangunan gedung, dsb.
- Mitigasi bencana: longsor,
banjir, gempa bumi, tsunami,
likuifaksi, subsidence, dsb.
- Kegempaan (seismicity dan
earthquake engineering)
- Penyelidikan: geofisika,
sumberdaya air, airtanah, dsb.
5
GEOLOGI
Geologi Teknik & Teknik Tambang:
- Rock Mechanics: pemetaan geologi teknik,
pengeboran geoteknik, uji lapangan & uji
laboratorium, RMR, Q-Index, RSR, GSI, SMR,
untuk Underground Mining (shaft sinking,
open stope, adit, gallery), dsb.
- Slope Stability & Monitoring:
Pit, Disposal, MHR, Stockpile,
Sump, Sediment Pond, Tailings
Dam, dsb.
- Pengeboran dan peledakan
(drilling & blasting)
- Dewatering & depressurization
SIPIL TAMBANG
- Kajian Teknis: Pra-FS, FS, DED, AMDAL,
Perhitungan MRMR, dsb.
Teknik Sipil & Teknik Tambang:
Pengembangan Mine Facilities: perkantoran, perumahan karyawan, camp, crushing plant,
screening station, fixed plant (SAG-mill, ball mill, flotation, furnace, kiln, dryer, thickener,
pipelines), kilang, jalan, jembatan, dermaga, pelabuhan, bandara, landfill, dsb.
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM

Peran Geologi Teknik dalam Tambang Terbuka
(KEPMEN ESDM No. 1827.K/30/MEM/2018)
• QA/QC: pengawasan dan
pemantauan lingkungan.
• Pemantauan kestabilan lereng
lubang bekas tambang dan (5)
daerah reklamasi. Penutupan
Tambang
• QA/QC: pengawasan penutupan lubang
bekas tambang oleh tanah penutup.
• Pemantauan kestabilan lereng dan
pergerakan tanah pada bekas tambang
dan daerah reklamasi tambang.
• Survey dan pemetaan geologi teknik: remote sensing,
pemetaan singkapan batuan, deskripsi litologi, struktur
geologi, strike/dip, joint-set, kolom stratigrafi, penampang
geologi, dsb.
• Uji paritan, uji sumuran, pengeboran geologi teknik,
pengambilan contoh tanah/batuan (full coring &
(1) undisturbed soil sampling, dsb).
Eksplorasi
Sumberdaya • Penyelidikan geoteknik: kedalaman
Mineral dan pengeboran, lokasi, litologi,
Batubara
sampling, pengukuran dan analisis
struktur geologi, kegempaan,
geofisika, dan pengaruh peledakan.
(2)
Studi • Pengujian sifat fisik dan mekanik
Kelayakan tanah dan/atau batuan, klasifikasi
Tambang
tanah dan/atau batuan.
• Pengujian sampel, pemodelan
geoteknik, rekomendasi geometri
lereng, dan faktor keamanan.
• Pengelolaan geoteknik: geometri dan
(3) dimensi bukaan tambang dan timbunan,
(4)
kriteria pergerakan, pemantauan lereng,
Operasi
Reklamasi
Produksi pemetaan potensi bahaya longsor, faktor
Tambang
Tambang keamanan lereng atau lubang bukaan,
sistem perkuatan lereng, mitigasi longsor.
• Pemantauan kestabilan lereng tambang.
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

(7) (8) 9)

7
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
 RMR System (Beniawski, 1976):

1. UCS of Rock Mass

2. RQD of Rock Mass
3. Spacing Discontinuity
4. Condition of Discontinuity
5. Groundwater Condition
6. Orientation of Discontinuity

©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM

©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
 Norwegian Q-Index (Barton, 1974):

1. Block Size (RQD/Jn)

2. Inter-block Shear Strength (Jr/Ja)
3. Active Stress (Jw/SRF)

9
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
ESTIMATED SUPPORT CATEGORIES
BASED ON NORWEGIAN Q-INDEX

©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM

 GEOLOGICAL STRENGTH INDEX ROCKFALL HAZARD RATING SYSTEM (RHRS)

11
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
Soil Investigation

’ = c’ + (t – uw) tan ’

12
 ASTM D2487
Soil Classification

❑ Soil Classification (USCS, AASHTO, USDA, RSCS)

▪ Texture (Fine, Coarse, etc.) → C, M, S, G (?)
▪ Plasticity (Low, High) → Low or High (?)
▪ Grains-size Distribution Analysis → Well or Poor Graded (?)
▪ Organic Content → O (?)
Example: CH, CL, MH, ML, OH, OL, SW, SP, GW, GP.

13
 Open Pit Mining – Multi Benches System

Original Ground Surface Width of Berm

Pumping

Original Groundwater Level

Inter-ramp
Ramp Ramp
Slope Angle
Groundwater Height of Bench
Pit Design Drawdown

Inter-ramp
Ramp Dewatering
Slope Angle
Wells
Individual
Overall
Slope Angle
Slope Angle

Site Investigation Soil/Rock Properties Soil/Rock Characterization Soil/Rock Behavior Engineering Performance

14
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
 Opsi Perbaikan Lereng untuk
Peningkatan Faktor Keamanan

15
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
Contoh Instrument Monitoring

16
©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM
Geotechnical Design Process (Main Keys)

Recognized Standards/Codes/Specifications/Designations:
(1) Design Criteria, (2) Load Stress Combinations, (3) Earthquake/Seismic Acceleration, (4) Acceptable Method

Geotechnical Site Soil/Rock Soil/Rock Soil/Rock Geotechnical

Investigation Properties Characterization Behavior Performance

Stress Deformation,
Geotechnical Data Geotechnical Data Geotechnical
Displacement,
Collecting Interpretation Modeling
Ground Stability

▪ Geotechnical ▪ Index Properties ▪ Lithology, Profile, ▪ Total Stress, ▪ Instrumentation

Features Mapping (Atterberg Limits) Stratigraphy, and ▪ Effective Stress and Monitoring
▪ Field Testing (i.e., ▪ Engineering Geological ▪ Seepage Analysis (i.e., for Porewater
Drilling, CPT, SPT, Properties Formation ▪ Stress Deformation Pressure, Earth
Undisturbed Soil ▪ Chemical ▪ Engineering ▪ Bearing Capacity Pressure,
Sampling, Etc. Properties Geology ▪ Compressibility Displacement, etc.)

©2021 – Wiyatno Haryanto, ST., MT., G1-ISGE, POM, IPM

Kesimpulan

• Geologi Teknik dapat mengambil banyak peran dalam tahapan kegiatan

pertambangan:
(1) Site Investigation untuk pengumpulan data geoteknik,
(2) Interpretasi data geoteknik,
(3) Permodelan lereng dan geoteknik tambang,
(4) Pemantauan kinerja geoteknik dan kestabilan lereng.

• Geologi Teknik dapat mengisi ruang untuk peran Geoteknik Tambang dimana
kompetensi dapat dimiliki oleh para sarjana berlatar belakang Teknik Geologi,
Teknik Pertambangan, dan Teknik Sipil.

• Tantangan kedepan bagi Masyarakat Geologi Teknik Indonesia (MGTI) dan

Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia (IAGI) adalah perlu mendevelop standar
kompetensi khususnya untuk para Sarjana Geologi dalam peran Geologi Teknik
di bidang pertambangan.
18
 WIYATNO HARYANTO
PRAKTISI GEOTEKNIK DAN HIDROGEOLOGI
Phone: +62 813 2130 5953

Email:
wiyatno.haryanto@gmail.com

TERIMA KASIH