02 - PHY01 - Course Outcome 1

Scalar and Vector Quantity
Course Outcome 1
PHY01: General Physics 1
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What is Physics?
• Is a natural science; it deals with natural phenomena.
• Physics is also called Physical Science – it may seem
redundant, but it is to emphasize that the goal is to discover
the laws governing the physical universe.
• Physics is the fundamental natural science because it
examines the principles that applies to all parts (astronomy,
biology, chemistry, and geology et. Al ) of the physical world.
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Units and Measurements
• The unit is a unique name we assign to measure the amount of a
physical quantity.
Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Time second s
Mass kilogram kg
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• Prefixes and symbols used to
denote multiples of powers of 10.
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• The Bus #0076 of the Bus Rapid System travelled 100,000 feet in the
morning, then another 40 km in the afternoon. Calculate the total
distance travelled by Bus #0076.
• REMEMBER! that only quantities with the same units can be added or
subtracted.
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EXAMPLE
Express the speed limit of 65 miles/hour in terms of meters/second.
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Trigonometry
Trigonometry is one of the branch of mathematics that we will use in
problem solving. Throughout the text, three trigonometric functions
will be used: sine, cosine and tangent.
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Trigonometry
SOH-CAH-TOA
PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM

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Trigonometry
EXAMPLE
On a sunny day, a tall building casts a shadow that is 67.2 m long. The
angle between the sun’s rays and the ground is θ=50.0°. Determine the
height of the building.
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Physical quantities are classified into two main categories:
• Scalar Quantities – is one that can be described by a single number
(including any units) giving its size or magnitude.
• Vector quantities – is one that deals with both magnitude and
direction.
SCALAR: A
VECTOR:
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SCALAR QUANTITIES VECTOR QUANTITIES
• Length • Displacement
• Area • Velocity
• Volume • Acceleration
• Speed • Force
• Density
• Weight
• Pressure
• Temperature
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QUESTION
There are places where the temperature is + 20°C at one time of the
year and - 20°C at another time. Do the plus and minus sign that signify
temperatures imply that temperature is a vector quantity ?
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Determine if Scalar or Vector:
(a) I walked 2 miles along the beach.
(b) I walked 2 miles due north along the beach.
(c) I jumped off a cliff and hit the water traveling at 17 miles per hour.
(d) I jumped off a cliff and hit the water traveling straight down at a
speed of 17 miles per hour.
(e) My bank account shows a negative balance of −25 pesos.
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• Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and same
direction.
• When adding two or more vectors, they must have the same units.
• Vectors can be added algebraically or geometrically.
• The sum or the combination of two or more vector is called Resultant
Vector.
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•
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N
W E
S
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Finding Resultant using Graphical Method:
1. Arrows are drawn tail to head
2. The lengths of the vector are drawn to a scale
using a ruler
3. Use of protractor for measurement of direction.
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Vector Subtraction
The subtraction of one vector from another is carried out in a way that depends
on the following fact. When a vector is multiplied by -1.
EXAMPLE:
A woman climbs 1.2 m up a ladder, so that her displacement vector D is 1.2 m,
upward along the ladder.
A displacement of vector – D is (-1)D,
has the same magnitude but is
opposite in direction.
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•
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•
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Unit Vector
• A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1,
but no dimensions. We will use a caret (^) to distinguish
it from other vectors. Thus,
• is a dimensionless unit vector of length l that points in the
positive x direction, and
• is a dimensionless unit vector of length l that points in the
positive y direction.
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Unit Vector
EXAMPLE
If and are unit vectors in x and y direction respectively, express b in
terms of and .
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Kinematics
Course Outcome 1
PHY01: General Physics 1
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Kinematics: Motion along a Straight Line
• Kinematics (from Greek ,
kinein, to move) is the branch
of classical mechanics that
describes the motion of
objects without consideration
of the causes leading to the
motion.
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Linear Motion
• Linear or translational
kinematics is the description
of the motion in space of a
point along a line, also
known as trajectory or path.
• This path can be either
straight (rectilinear) or
curved (curvilinear).
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Subscripts
Terms with the subscript “O” – denotes initial or starting or original
value or your initial reference value
XO : means initial position in x-axis
Terms with the subscript “F” – denotes final or end value at a certain
condition (time or displacement)
VF : means end reference velocity
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Displacement (Vector)
F Distance (Scalar)
The change of position. (units : m, cm, km, ft)
Δx = xF – xO
s = xF – xO
=S
F
Time Interval
The time difference between two events.
(units : sec, min, hr)
t = tF – t O
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•
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•
dx
t x = F(t) v(t) = dt tO tF
tF
tO x
XO XF XO XF
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•
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Sign convention:
For Displacement & Velocity
• The sign convention would just tell if the object is going to the left
or right.
For Acceleration
• The sign convention would just tell if the object is speeding up or
slowing down.
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Problem Solving Strategy
1. Make a drawing.
2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and negative (-). Use a standard
sign convention.
3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five kinematic variables.
4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three of the five kinematic
variables. Select the appropriate equation.
5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that the final velocity of one
segment is the initial velocity for the next.
6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a kinematics problem.
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EXAMPLE
A hobbyist is testing a new model rocket engine by using it to propel a
cart along a model railroad track. He determines that its motion along
the x-axis is described by the equation : x(t) = (0.160 m/s2) t2 . Compute
for the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity of the cart at time t = 3
seconds.
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EXAMPLE
A subway train starts from rest at a station and accelerates at a rate of 1.60 m/s2
for 8s. It runs at constant speed for 70s and decelerates at 2.5 m/s2 until it stops
at the next station. Find the total distance (traveled) covered.
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VERTICAL MOTION (ALONG Y-AXIS)
The displacement is now VERTICAL. We refer to it as HEIGHT.
Δy = h
Acceleration here is a fixed value called the gravitational acceleration (g).
g = 9.8 m/s2 = 980 cm/s2 = 32 ft/s2
For height and velocity – The sign convention would just tell if the object is
going down (−) or up (+).
Sign Convention for gravitational acceleration (g) – ALWAYS NEGATIVE
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•
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Acceleration due to gravity and velocity
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Position Time Graph (Vertical motion)
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EXAMPLE
A student throws a water balloon vertically downward from the top of a building. The balloon
leaves the thrower’s hand with a speed of 15 m/s.
a.What is its speed in 5 seconds?
b.How far does it fall in 2 seconds?
c.What is the magnitude of the velocity after falling 10 m?
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Kinematics: Motion in Two-Dimensions
A projectile is any body that is given initial velocity and then follows a path
determined by the effects of gravitational acceleration and air resistance.
• Motion along a curved path or trajectory
• Elements of both straight-line motion & freely-falling bodies apply here.
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+y Vy = 0
V1y V1
V = Vx V2x
V1x Δymax or H V2
Vo V2y
Voy
VFx
θ
+x
(0,0) Vox R θ
Origin
−y VFy VF
* VF = Velocity @ impact ≠ 0 VFx = x-comp of VF VFy = y-comp of VF

VO = Initial/Project Velocity VOx = x-comp of VO VOy = y-comp of VO
V = Velocity @ Highest point Vx = x-comp of V Vy = y-comp of V
Vn = Velocity @ a certain point Vnx = x-comp of V1x, V2x..etc Vny = y-comp of V1y, V2y..etc
Ex V1, V2
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HORIZONTAL Vox = VO cosθ {x-component of VO}
For a projectile , the HORIZONTAL component
+y
of the velocity is CONSTANT
V = Vx = Vox
t
V2x = Vox
V1x = Vox
VFx = Vox
θ
+x
(0,0) Vox θ
Origin s Since VX ‘s are the same :
−y Hence aX = 0
Using Kinematics Equation (2) to determine s at any time (t)
s = VOXt
s = VOXt + ½ aXt 2
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VERTICAL Voy = VO sinθ {y-component of VO}
For a projectile , the VERTICAL component of the velocity is
+y NOT CONSTANT
Vy = 0
V1y
V
t
h V2y
Voy
θ
θ +x
(0,0)
Using Kinematics Equation (2) to determine h at any time (t)
Origin
−y h = VOYt + ½ aYt2 VFy
aY = g = − 9.8m/s2 = − 980cm/s2 = − 32 ft/s2
h = VOYt + ½ gt2
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X - Component Y - Component
VOY = VOsinθ
VOX = VOcosθ
VnY = VOY + gt
VOX = VX = V1x = V2x = VnX VY = 0
S = VOX t h = VOY t + ½ gt2

VnY2 = VOY2 + 2gh
g= − 9.8 m/s2 = − 980 cm/s2 = − 32 ft/s2
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•
Note :
g=+ 9.8 m/s2 = + 980 cm/s2 = + 32 ft/s2
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COMMON LEVEL VELOCITY
+y Vy = 0
V1
V1y V = Vx V2x |V1|= |V2|
V3y V1x
V2y
V3 V2 V4x |V3| = |V4|
V3x
V4y V4
Voy
Vo VFx
θ
(0,0) Vox θ
* VF = Velocity @ impact ≠ 0 +x
Origin
−y VFy VF
Due to its trajectory, the projectile passes again the same vertical level going down,
Velocity at that level are equal in magnitude, with their vertical components, equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction and their horizontal components perfectly equal.
|V1| = |V2| V1y = −V2y V1x= V2x

|V3| = |V4| V3y = −V4y V3x= V4x
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HORIZONTALLY FIRED PROJECTILE
+y
VOy = Vy =0
(0,0) Here VO = Vx
Origin VO V1x All previous equations are
V1
useful.
Δymax or H
V1y
VFx
EXCEPT : Range & Max. Height
θ +x
Δx
−y VFy VF
VF = Velocity @ impact ≠ 0 VFx = x-comp of VF VFy = y-comp of VF

VO = Initial/Project Velocity VOx = x-comp of VO VOy = y-comp of VO
V = Velocity @ Highest point Vx = x-comp of V Vy = y-comp of V
Vn = Velocity @ a certain point: Vny = y-comp of V1y, V2y..etc
Vnx = x-comp of V1x, V2x..etc
Ex V1, V2
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BEYOND RANGE
+y
Vy =0
V V2x
H V2
V2y
VFx
F +x
θ
R VFx
VFy VF
−y
At point F : Set VF as your initial velocity. Then apply the principles of

horizontally fired projectile, but note that V Fy is NOT zero
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EXAMPLE
A bullet is fired at an initial velocity of 350 m/s and at an angle of 50° with the
horizontal. Neglecting air resistance. Determine:

(a) The range,
(b) The travel time of the bullet before hitting the ground
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Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion is the motion of an
object traveling at a constant (uniform) speed
on a circular path.
As an example of uniform circular
motion, Figure shows a model airplane on a
guideline. The speed of the plane is the
magnitude of the velocity vector v, and since
the speed is constant, the vectors in the
drawing have the same magnitude at all
points on the circle.
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Circular Motion
EXAMPLE
The wheel of a car has a radius of r = 0.29 m and is being rotated at 830
revolutions per minute (rpm) on a tire-balancing machine. Determine
the speed (in m/s) at which the outer edge of the wheel is moving.
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Circular Motion
Centripetal Acceleration
The centripetal acceleration of an object moving with a
speed v on a circular path of radius r has a
magnitude ac given by
Direction: The centripetal acceleration vector always

points toward the center of the circle and continually
changes direction as the object moves.
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Circular Motion
EXAMPLE
The bobsled track at the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway,
contained turns with radii of 33 m and 24 m. Find the centripetal
acceleration at each turn for a speed of 34 m/s, a speed that was
achieved in the two-man event. Express the answers as multiples
of g = 9.8 m/s2.
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Circular Motion
EXAMPLE
The Daytona 500 is the major event of the NASCAR (National
Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) season. It is held at
the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona, Florida. The
turns in this oval track have a maximum radius (at the top)
of r = 316 m and are banked steeply, with θ = 31°. Suppose
these maximum-radius turns were frictionless. At what
speed would the cars have to travel around them?
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End of Presentation
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Scalar and Vector Quantity

Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol

* VF = Velocity @ impact ≠ 0 VFx = x-comp of VF VFy = y-comp of VF

S = VOX t h = VOY t + ½ gt2

g= − 9.8 m/s2 = − 980 cm/s2 = − 32 ft/s2

|V1| = |V2| V1y = −V2y V1x= V2x

VF = Velocity @ impact ≠ 0 VFx = x-comp of VF VFy = y-comp of VF

At point F : Set VF as your initial velocity. Then apply the principles of

Direction: The centripetal acceleration vector always

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