Dowsing 1

Dowsing
Dowsing is a type of divination employed in attempts to
locate ground water, buried metals or ores, gemstones, oil,
[1]
gravesites, and many other objects and materials, as well
as so-called currents of earth radiation, without the use of 
scientific apparatus. Dowsing is also known as divining
[2]
(especially in reference to interpretation of results),
doodlebugging (in the US), or (when searching
specifically for water) water finding or water witching.

A Y- or L-shaped twig or rod, called a dowsing rod,

divining rod (Latin: virgula divina or baculus
divinatorius) or witching rod is sometimes used during
dowsing, although some dowsers use other equipment or
no equipment at all.

Dowsing appears to have arisen in the context of 

Renaissance magic in Germany, and it remains popular
[3]
among believers in Forteana or radiesthesia although
there is no accepted scientific rationale behind the concept
and no scientific evidence that it is effective.

History
Dowsing as practiced today may have originated in
Germany during the 15th century, when it was used to find A dowser, from an 18th century French book about
superstitions.
metals. As early as 1518 Martin Luther listed dowsing for
metals as an act that broke the first commandment (i.e., as
occultism). The 1550 edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia contains a woodcut of a dowser with forked rod
in hand walking over a cutaway image of a mining operation. The rod is labelled "Virgula Divina  –  Glück rüt"
(Latin: divine rod; German: fortune rod or stick), but there is no text accompanying the woodcut. By 1556 Georgius
Agricola's treatment of mining and smelting of ore,  De Re Metallica, included a detailed description of dowsing for
[4]
metal ore.

In 1662 dowsing was declared to be "superstitious, or rather satanic" by a Jesuit, Gaspar Schott, though he later
[5]
noted that he wasn't sure that the devil was always responsible for the movement of the rod.
An epigram by Samuel Sheppard, from Epigrams theological, philosophical, and romantick  (1651) runs thus:
Virgula divina.
"Some Sorcerers do boast they have a Rod,
Gather'd with Vowes and Sacrifice,
And (borne about) will strangely nod
To hidden Treasure where it lies;
Mankind is (sure) that Rod divine,
For to the Wealthiest (ever) they incline."
The use of divining rods was a popular branch of folk magic in early 19th century New England. The early leaders in
Mormonism, a religion that erupted out of that environment, were not exempt. Oliver Cowdery, the Book of 
Dowsing 2

[6]
Mormon scribe and "Second Elder" of the Church, used a divining rod for revelatory purposes. In a revelation
given to Joseph Smith through his seer stone, God affirmed Cowdery's use of "working with the rod", and said that it
[6]
was a divine gift through which Cowdery could learn the "mysteries of God". This gift later became known in the
[6]
revelation as "the gift of Aaron", referencing Moses' brother Aaron's use of a rod in the Old Testament.
In the late 1960s during the Vietnam War, some United States Marines used dowsing to attempt to locate weapons
[7]
and tunnels. An extensive book on the history of dowsing was published by Christopher Bird in 1979 under the
title of  The Divining Hand . James Randi ’s 1982 book  Flim-Flam!
 Flim-Flam! devotes 19 pages to comprehensive double-blind
tests done in Italy which yielded results no better than chance.

Dowsing rods
Traditionally, the most common dowsing rod is a forked (Y-shaped)
branch from a tree or bush. Some dowsers prefer branches from
particular trees, and some prefer the branches to be freshly cut. Hazel
twigs in Europe and witch-hazel in the United States are traditionally
commonly chosen, as are branches from willow or peach trees. The
two ends on the forked side are held one in each hand with the third
(the stem of the "Y") pointing straight ahead. Often the branches are
grasped palms down. The dowser then walks slowly over the places
where he suspects the target (for example, minerals or water) may be,
A forked tree branch
and the dowsing rod supposedly dips, inclines or twitches when a
discovery is made. This method is sometimes known as "Willow
Witching."

Many dowsers today use a pair of simple L-shaped metal rods. One rod
is held in each hand, with the short arm of the L held upright, and the
long arm pointing forward. When something is found, the rods cross
over one another making an "X" over the found object. If the object is
long and straight, such as a water pipe, the rods will point in opposite
directions, showing its orientation. Some dowsers claim best success
with rods made of particular metals, commonly brass, although others
think that the material is irrelevant if it is the human body itself that
[8]
does the detecting. The rods are sometimes fashioned from wire coat
Two L-shaped metal wire rods
hangers, and glass or plastic rods have also been accepted. Straight
rods are also sometimes used for the same purposes, and were not
uncommon in early 19th century New England.
[9]
In all cases, the device is in a state of unstable equilibrium from which slight movements may be amplified.
Dowsing 3

Revelatory rods
Besides dowsing, divining rods were also used as revelatory devices.
Sometimes a rod would be held up in the air, and the rodman would
ask a question. If the rod moved, the answer was "yes". If it did not
move, the answer was "no". The source for this was believed to be
either magical spirits or God; sometimes these types of rods were
referred to as a "Mosaic rod" or "rod of Aaron", referencing the Old
Testament prophet Moses and his brother Aaron, who both used rods
(presumably straight ones).

Other equipment used for dowsing

A pendulum of crystal, metal or other materials suspended on a chain
is sometimes used in divination and dowsing. In one approach the user
first determines which direction (left-right, up-down) will indicate
"yes" and which "no" before proceeding to ask the pendulum specific
questions, or else another person may pose questions to the person A man demonstrating dowsing technique using a
Y-shaped branch
holding the pendulum. The pendulum may also be used over a pad or
cloth with "yes" and "no" written on it and perhaps other words written
in a circle. The person holding the pendulum aims to hold it as steadily as possible over the center and its movements
are held to indicate answers to the questions. In the practice of radiesthesia, a pendulum is used for medical
diagnosis.

Suggested explanations
Early attempts at a scientific explanation of dowsing were based on the notion that the divining rod was physically
affected by emanations from substances of interest. The following explanation is from William Pryce's 1778
 Mineralogia Cornubiensis :
The corpuscles
corpuscles ... that rise
ris e from the Minerals,
Minerals, entering the rod, determine
determine it to
to bow down, in order to render it
parallel to the vertical lines which the effluvia describe in their rise. In effect the Mineral particles seem to be
emitted from the earth; now the Virgula [rod], being of a light porous wood, gives an easy passage to these
particles, which are also very fine and subtle; the effluvia then driven forwards by those that follow them, and
pressed at the same time by the atmosphere incumbent on them, are forced to enter the little interstices
between the fibres of the wood, and by that effort they oblige it to incline, or dip down perpendicularly, to
become parallel with the little columns which those vapours form in their rise.
Such explanations have no modern scientific basis.
A 1986 article in  Nature included dowsing in a list of "effects which until recently were claimed to be paranormal
[10]
but which can now be explained from within orthodox science." Specifically, dowsing could be explained in
[10]
terms of sensory cues, expectancy effects and probability.
Skeptics and some supporters believe that dowsing apparatus has no power of its own but merely amplifies slight
movements of the hands caused by a phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect: people's subconscious minds may
influence their bodies without their consciously deciding to take action. This would make the dowsing rods a conduit
for the diviner's subconscious knowledge or perception.
There is disputed evidence that dowsers have subliminal sensitivity to the environment (through electroception,
magnetoception, telluric currents or otherwise) or other paranormal faculties. Soviet geologists have made claims for
[11]
the abilities of dowsers, which are difficult to account for in terms of the reception of normal sensory cues. Some
Dowsing 4

authors suggest that these abilities may be explained by postulating human sensitivity to small magnetic field
[12] [13] [14]
gradient changes.

Evidence
[15]
A 1948 study tested 58 dowsers' ability to detect water. None of them was more reliable than chance. A 1979
review examined many controlled studies of dowsing for water, and found that none of them showed better than
[16]
chance results.
In a study in Munich 1987-1988 by Hans-Dieter Betz and other scientists, 500 dowsers were initially tested for their
"skill" and the experimenters selected the best 43 among them for further tests. Water was pumped through a pipe on
the ground floor of a two-storey barn. Before each test the pipe was moved in a direction perpendicular to the water
flow. On the upper floor each dowser was asked to determine the position of the pipe. Over two years the dowsers
performed 843 such tests. Of the 43 pre-selected and extensively tested candidates at least 37 showed no dowsing
ability. The results from the remaining 6 were said to be better than chance, resulting in the experimenters'
conclusion that some dowsers "in particular tasks, showed an extraordinarily high r ate of success, which can scarcely
if at all be explained as due to chance ... a real core of dowser-phenomena can be regarded as empirically
[17]
proven."
Five years after the Munich study was published, Jim T. Enright, a professor of physiology and a leading skeptic
who emphasised correct data analysis procedure, contended that the study's results are merely consistent with
statistical fluctuations and not significant. He believed the experiments provided "the most convincing disproof 
[18]
imaginable that dowsers can do what they claim," stating that the data analysis was "special, unconventional and
[19]
customized." Replacing it with "more ordinary analyses," he noted that the best  dowser was on average 4
millimeters out of 10 meters closer to a mid-line guess, an advantage of 0.0004%. The study's authors responded,
saying "on what grounds could Enright come to entirely different conclusions? Apparently his data analysis was too
[20] [21]
crude, even illegitimate." The findings of the Munich study were also confirmed in a paper by Dr. S. Ertel, a
German psychologist who had previously intervened in the statistical controversy surrounding the "Mars effect", but
[22]
Enright remained unconvinced.
[23]
More recently a study was undertaken in Kassel, Germany under the direction of the Gesellschaft zur
Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (GWUP) [Society for the Scientific Investigation of the
Parasciences]. The three-day test of some 30 dowsers involved plastic pipes through which water flow could be
controlled and directed. The pipes were buried 50 centimeters under a level field, the position of each marked on the
surface with a colored strip. The dowsers had to tell whether water was running through each pipe. All the dowsers
signed a statement agreeing this was a fair test of their abilities and that they expected a 100 percent success rate,
however the results were no better than chance.
Some researchers have investigated possible physical or geophysical explanations for alleged dowsing abilities. One
study concluded that dowsers "respond" to a 60 Hz electromagnetic field, but this response does not occur if the
[24]
kidney area or head are shielded.
Dowsing 5

Commercial and "hi-tech" dowsing devices

A number of devices resembling "high tech" dowsing rods have been marketed for modern police and military use:
[25]
none have been shown to be effective. The more notable of this class of device are ADE 651, Sniffex, and the
[26] [27] [25]
GT200. A US government study advised against buying "bogus explosive detection equipment".
Devices:
• Sandia National
National Laborator
Laboratories
ies tested
tested the MOLE Programmable
Programmable System
System manufactured
manufactured by Global
Global Technical
Technical Ltd. of 
[26]
Kent, UK and found it ineffective.
[27]
• The ADE 651
651 is a device produce
produced
d by ATSC (UK)
(UK) and widely
widely used by Iraqi
Iraqi police to
to detect explosiv
explosives.
es.
[27] [28]
Many have denied its effectiveness and contended that the ADE 651 failed to prevent many bombings in
Iraq. On 22nd January 2010, the director of ATSC, Jim McCormick was arrested on suspicion of fraud by
[29] [30]
misrepresentation. Earlier, the British Government had announced a ban on the export of the ADE-651
• SNIFFEX
SNIFFEX was the subject
subject of a report by the United States
States Navy Explosive
Explosive Ordnanc
Ordnancee Disposal
Disposal that concluded
concluded
[31]
"The handheld SNIFFEX explosives detector does not work."
[32] [33]
• Global Technica
Technicall GT200 is a dowsing
dowsing type explosive
explosive detector
detector which
which contains
contains no scientific
scientific mechanism.
mechanism.

List of well-known dowsers

Well-known dowsers include:
• Karl
Karl Spie
Spiesb
sber
erge
gerr
• Lud
Ludwig
wig Stra
Strani
niak 
ak 
• A. Fran
Frank
k Glahn
lahn
• J. Fra
Franc
ncis
is Hit
Hitch
chin
ing
g
• Hell
Hellmu
mutt Wolff 
olff 
• Uri Geller
[34]
• Thom
Thomas
as Char
Charle
less Lethb
Lethbri
ridg
dgee

See also
• Rhabdomancy
• Long
Long rang
rangee loc
locat
ator
or
• Michel Mo
Moine
•  Reveal the Power of the Pendulum by Karl Spiesberger
• Pig
Pigeon Post
• Prof
Profes
esso
sorr Calc
Calcul
ulus
us
• Geop
Geopat
athi
hicc stre
stress
ss
• ADE 651

External links
[35]
• Mystery
Mystery Robot
Robot Said
Said to Solve Crimes,
Crimes, Find Mines in Chile
Chile - Manuel Salinas, a 39-year-old inventor, claims he
has built a machine that has extraordinary capabilities for finding buried objects.
[36]
• Dowsin
Dowsing
g Archa
Archaeol
eologi
ogical
cal Featur
Features
es An empirical study at Cressing Temple, Witham, Essex.
[37]
• Geor
George
ge P. Hans
Hansen
en:: Dowsing: A Review of Experimental Research . In: Journal of the Society for Psychical
 Research, Band 51, Nr. 792, Oktober 1982, S.343 – 67
67
• Linda
Linda K.
K. Barre
Barrett
tt und
und Evon
Evon Z. Vogt
Vogt:: The Urban American Dowser . In: The Journal of American Folklore 325
(1969), S. 195-213
[38]
• Adol
Adolph
phee Lan
Lands
dspu
purg
rg , Honorary President of the Dowser and Geobiologist's Association of Europe.
Dowsing 6

[39]
• ISD - Internat
International
ional Society
Society of
of Dowsing
Dowsing Research
Research
[40]
• Interna
Internatio
tional
nal Digit
Digital
al Dowser
Dowserss Forum
Forum Board
Board
[41]
• ASD - Ameri
American
can Societ
Society
y of Dowser
Dowserss
[42]
• BSD - Briti
British
sh Societ
Society
y of
of Dowse
Dowsers
rs
[43]
• CSD - Canad
Canadian
ian Societ
Society
y of Dowser
Dowserss
[44]
• SIDG
SIDG - School
School of India
Indian
n Dowsers
Dowsers and
and Geoma
Geomancy
ncy
[45]
• Jame
Jamess Ran
Randi
di on Dows
Dowsin
ing
g
[46]
• The
The Ske
Skept
ptic
icss Dict
Dictio
iona
nary
ry - Includes details of various scientific tests.
[47]
• Austra
Australia
lian
n Skepti
Skeptics
cs Divi
Divinin
ning
g Test
Test
[48]
• An Aust
Austral
ralian
ian televi
televisio
sion
n progr
program
am about the above divining test at Google Video.
[49]
• Dows
Dowsin
ing
g In
In Con
Conne
nect
ctic
icut
ut - by Perry DeAngelis
[50]
• "Bey
"Beyon
ond
d Sci
Scien
ence
ce"" vid
video
eo PBS show Scientific American Frontiers on dowsing featuring Ray Hyman,
November 19, 1997
[51]
• Experi
Experimen
mental
tal protoc
protocol:
ol: Dowsin
Dowsing
g - Scientific test conducted by the Observatoire Zetetique
[52]
• The Straigh
Straightt Dope:
Dope: Does
Does dowsing
dowsing for water
water really
really work?
(2007)

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Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and Contributors

Dowsing Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.ph
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=363926029
p?oldid=363926029 Contributors: 17boat, 999, Afluent Rider, Akeron, Alai, Alansohn, Alex Peppe, Alexlds, Alienlifeformz, Altenmann,
Amatulic, Andre Engels, Antelan, Anthony Appleyard, Anticipation of a New Lover's Arrival, The, Anuraagvaidya, Appleseed, Art C arlson, Arthur Warrington Thomas, Ask123, Aspro, Aunt
Entropy, Beetstra, BillC, Billwhittaker, BlackAndy, Bobo192, Bobstay, B ongwarrior, Brinerustle, Bryan Derksen, BullRangifer, CDN99, Captain Disdain, CatchE22, Cdynas, Charliemeyers,
Chris the speller, ChrisO, CliffC, Coffee, Cédric Boissière, DE, DR04, Daveclarkecb, Davidhorman, Davkal, Dbachmann, Dchall1, Diberri, Diza, Dorien Thomas, Dr Amit K Saiya, Dr.K.,
Dude33369, Dukemeiser, Dumbo1, Eggdude50770, Epbr123, Excirial, Exexpert, Famousdog, Favonian, FivePointPalmExplodingHeart, FrancisDrake, Fr eederick, Friday, Friman, Froth,
Furrykef, GSlicer, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, GarnetRChaney, Gary D, Geni, Geo8rge, Geoff B, Geotech, Gillyweed, Gingermint, Glenn, Globetour, Gores95, Guyonthesubway, HaeB, Haikupoet,
Harry Mudd, Hatmaskin, Havermayer, Heron, Herorev, Hosiah, Hu12, Idahorover, Infophile, Ino5hiro, Irbisgreif, Itai, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JDCAce, Jason Recliner, Esq., Jcbutler, Jefffire, Jni,
JoeSmack, John Turner 67, John.Conway, Johnuniq, JoshuaZ, Joyous!, Jusdafax, Just plain Bill, Juxtatype, Jw21, JzG, Kaiwhakahaere, Kampen, Karada, Kcfru, KeithHilborn, Kenneth Cooke,
Kingmundi, Kjkolb, Konusmotor, Kpjas, Kuebi, Kumioko, LabFox, Leandrod, LeoO3, Leperous, Liftarn, Linas, Lord Kenneth, LorenzoB, Lottiotta, Lowellian, Lozeldafan, Luna Santin,
Madball9er, Malcolm Farmer, MarkAnthonyBoyle, MartinHarper, MartinPoulter, Martinphi, Mattingly23, Maustrauser, Maximus Rex, Mddake, Mellibere, Mentifisto, Metao, Michael Hardy,
Michael Shields, MickWest, Minderbinder, Mlewis000, Monedula, Moriori, Mortene, Murderbike, Mütze, Neilbeach, Nemodomi, Nev1, Nightscream, Northmeister, NurseryRhyme, Osioni,
Otheus, Pablo X, Perfectblue97, Pesco, PeteShanosky, Phil Harley, PierreAbbat, Pigman, Pjacobi, PlasmaDragon, Plazak, Pramanujan, Pro Game Master87, Pseudomonas, Qutezuce, RPG
Advocate, Radionica VISAK, Ravanosh, Redheylin, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough, Riluve, Rjwilmsi, Rodhullandemu, Ronz, RossPatterson, Rrburke, Ruakh, RyanGerbil10, Sam Hocevar,
Sapphic, Satori Son, ScienceApologist, Secasc, Self-ref, Septegram, Shantavira, Shpoffo, Sig, Skeptic za, Smithbcs, Spdrder, Spinfisher, StaticGull, StoatBringer, Storkk, Stupid Corn, Sunray,
Synchronism, Tabithacat, Tappel, Tarquin, Taweetham, Tevildo, The Anome, Thenickdude, Thumperward, Timc, Timwi, Toby D, Tom Hartley, Tom harrison, TomEarth, Toussaint, Unibond,
Varnav, Vassyana, Verbal, Vsb, Warut, Wbrameld, WhoMadeGod, Wik, WikHead, WikiLambo, WinterSpw, WoweeeZoweee, Xenon chile, Yath, ZimZalaBim, Zuytdorp Survivor, 417
anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:18th century dowser.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/i
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:18th_century_do
ndex.php?title=File:18th_century_dowser.jpg
wser.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Akeron, Skipjack, 3 anonymous edits
File:Houten wichelroede.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/in
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Houten_wichelroede.jpg
dex.php?title=File:Houten_wichelroede.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was
Rinus at nl.wikipedia
File:Allemanswiro.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/i
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Allemanswiro.jpg
ndex.php?title=File:Allemanswiro.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Rinus at
nl.wikipedia
File:Wrlhout1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/in
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wrlhout1.jpg
dex.php?title=File:Wrlhout1.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Rinus at nl.wikipedia

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