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Yacon (Smallanthus Sonchifolius) Use As An
Yacon (Smallanthus Sonchifolius) Use As An
36
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) use as an
antioxidant in diabetes
Ana Paula Costa Rodrigues Ferraz1, Jéssica Leite Garcia1, Mariane Róvero
Costa1, Carol Cristina Vágula de Almeida1, Cristina Schimitt Gregolin2,
Pedro Henrique Rizzi Alves3, Fabiana Kurokawa Hasimoto3,
Carolina B. Berchieri-Ronchi1, Klinsmann Carolo dos Santos4 and
Camila Renata Corrêa1
1
Department of Pathology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil,
2
Medical School, Mato Grosso State University (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil, 3Institute of Bioscience, Medical School,
São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil, 4Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Lund University
Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Pathology.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815972-9.00036-6 379 © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
380 36. Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) use as an antioxidant in diabetes
FIGURE 36.1 Smallanthus sonchifolious. Botanical specimens of yacon. (A) Yacon leaves; (B) yacon flowers; (C) yacon root system.
Water (%) 93 70
Ash (%) 0.3 2.0 1.1 6.7
Protein (%) 0.4 2.0 1.3 7.3
Fat (%) 0.1 0.3 0.4 1.0
Fiber (%) 0.3 1.7 1.0 5.7
Calcium (mg/g) 23
Phosphorus (mg/g) 21
Iron (mg/g) 0.3
Retinol (mg/g) 10
Carotene (mg/g) 0.08
Thiamin (mg/g) 0.01
Riboflavin (mg/g) 0.1
FIGURE 36.4 Polyphenols profile in yacon. Polyphenols in Smallanthus sonchifolious. (A) Chlorogenic acid, (B) caffeic acid, (C) quercetin,
(D) protocatechuic acid, (E) p-coumaric acid, and (F) ferulic acid.
Smallanthus sonchifolius nutrients and its reducing blood glucose through glycogenesis modula-
interaction in diabetes tion.52 Whereas chlorogenic acid (CGA) could modu-
late the antioxidant status and lipid and glucose
Several studies have evaluated the effect of the crude metabolism.53 It is known that the number of hydroxyl
extract of S. sonchifolius leaves and roots, obtained in dif- groups (OH) present (trihydroxy phenolic acids,
ferent ways, on the glycemia of diabetic animals. dihydroxy (catechol), and mono-hydroxyl) in phenols
Important data report that a significant decrease in post- structure comprise the antioxidant properties. Based
prandial blood glucose levels can be explained by the on this knowledge, chlorogenic acid and its metabo-
stimulation of pancreatic mechanisms, the regeneration lites present in S. sonchifolius leaves are possibly
or protection of β-cells that were partially destroyed associated with catechol groups, which, in turn, can
with the use of streptozotocin for the induction of exper- diminish the production of IL-8 though inhibiting the
imental type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the potentia- activation of this cytokine and PKD-IKK-NFkB signal-
tion of insulin secretion, and the possible increase in ing. Additionally, this compound could decrease the
peripheral glucose utilization.46 48 mRNA expression of macrophage inflammatory pro-
Based on these studies, the antioxidant and antidia- tein 2 (MIP-2, a mouse homolog of IL-8).54
betogenic effects of S. sonchifolius on β-pancreatic cells The main mechanism for the rapid glucose regula-
is attributed. In other studies, it was verified that treat- tion in diabetes as well as the lower levels of triglycer-
ment with hydroethanolic extract of S. sonchifolius ides from chlorogenic acid improvement could be
leaves promoted an improvement in the glycemic and associated with the prevention of glucose-6-
lipid profiles, an increase in the activity of antioxidant phosphatase translocase 1 and glucose-6-phosphatase
enzymes in the skeletal44 and cardiac muscles, and (provides glucose starvation) activities in the liver and
improvement of the alterations related to diabetic small intestine. In particular, this compound can
cardiomyopathy (fibrosis and cellular disorganization) enhance phosphorylation, adiponectin (a glucose
and of the Langerhans islet architecture and function.49 hormone regulator) and adiponectin receptors of
Additionally, its shows an antioxidant potential in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).55
literature.50 Therapeutic strategies such as S. sonchifolius use
Hydroethanolic extract of S. sonchifolius leaves upre- lead to glycemic homeostasis and reduce the metabolic
gulated the glycemic condition, reducing blood glu- shift generated in the diabetic condition, favoring the
cose levels and, consequently, insulin resistance.51 The use of glucose and decreasing the oxidation of fatty
hypoglycemic effect may be due to its phytochemical acids and, consequently, improving the recovery of
profile, since the caffeic acid is associated with cardiac and muscle tissues.
54. Naveed M, Hejazi V, Abbas M, Kamboh AA, Khan GJ, 57. Joung H, Kwon DY, Choi JG, Shin DY, Chun SS, Yu YB.
Shumzaid M. Chlorogenic acid (CGA): a pharmacological review Antibacterial and synergistic effects of Smallanthus sonchifolius
and call for further research. Biomed Pharmacother [Internet] 2018. leaf extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Available from: https://doi.org/1.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.064. under light intensity. J Nat Med. 2010;64(2):212 15.
Elsevier; 97(August 2017):67 74. 58. Lin F, Hasegawa M, Kodama O. Purification and identification
55. Wan CW, Wong CNY, Pin WK, Wong MHY, Kwok CY, Chan RYK. of antimicrobial sesquiterpene lactones from yacon (Smallanthus
Chlorogenic acid exhibits cholesterol lowering and fatty liver attenu- sonchifolius) leaves. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003;67(10):2154 9.
ating properties by up-regulating the gene expression of PPAR-?? in 59. Reina LD, Pérez-Dı́az IM, Breidt F, Azcarate-Peril MA, Medina E,
hypercholesterolemic rats induced with a high-cholesterol diet. Butz N. Characterization of the microbial diversity in yacon
Phyther Res. 2013;27(4):545 51. spontaneous fermentation at 20 C. Int J Food Microbiol. 2015;16
56. Campos D, Betalleluz-Pallardel I, Chirinos R, Aguilar-Galvez A, (203):35 40.
Noratto G, Pedreschi R. Prebiotic effects of yacon (Smallanthus 60. de Andrade EF, Carpiné D, Dagostin JLA, Barison A, Rüdiger AL,
sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl), a source of fructooligosaccharides de Muñiz GIB. Identification and antimicrobial activity of the ses-
and phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Food Chem quiterpene lactone mixture extracted from Smallanthus sonchifolius
[Internet] 2012;135(3):1592 9 Elsevier Ltd.; 2012. dried leaves. Eur Food Res Technol. 2017;243(12).