GASEOUS STATE

for General Chemistry 1/ Grade 12

Quarter 1/ Week 8

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 FOREWORD

The topics of our Self-Learning Kit serves as the

foundation in understanding the behavior of gases,
particularly gas pressure, and the factors that affecting on
it. It is vital for us to understand the behavior and
characteristic of gases to prepare ourselves as we
proceed to the next level of related topics in the future. In
this lesson, we shall discuss some phenomena related to
gases, particularly gas pressure. In this learning kit you will
be able to know the different factors that affect and the
different units used to measure gas pressure. Sample
exercises and post evaluation are given to ensure better
outcome and make learning fun and exciting. This
learning kit is intended for you to appreciate and
embrace new scientific concepts and ideas in the field of
Chemistry.

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OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
K : define pressure and give the common units
S : explain the different factors that affect gas as well as the
different laws that it governs.
A : appreciate the importance of gas in understanding the
natural world

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
- Define pressure and give the common units of pressure
(STEM_GC11G-Ihi-43)
- Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the
reaction. (STEM_GC11MRIg-h-39)
- Apply the principles of stoichiometry to determine the
amounts (volume, number of moles, or mass) of gaseous
reactant and products (STEM_GC11DLli-48)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST

I. Identification. Identify the factor or condition of gas that

corresponds to the depicted pictures below. Write your answers
on your notebook.

- Temperature - Pressure
- Volume - Number of particles

1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. ______________

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II. Jumbled Words. The following are sets of conditions that define
a gas, I identify by rearranging the letters based on the given
descriptions.
1. VUMEOL – space occupied by a gas
2. SUREPRES – the result of the collision of gas particles to the
walls of the container
3. PERATEMTURE – degree of hotness or coldness of the system
4. OLEMS – a collection of particles
III. Exercise. Based on the given formulas, rearrange to determine
the unknown.
1. P1V1 = P2V2 rearrange to find V2
2. P1 = P2 rearrange to find T1
T1 T2
3. n1 = n2 rearrange to find V2
V1 V2
4. T1 = T2 rearrange to find T2
V1 V2
5. P1V1 = P2V2 rearrange to find V1

II.WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION:

Gas Pressure
Pressure is defined as the force applied divided by the area
over which it is applied. The idea of a force, a push that tends to
move something in a given direction. In general terms, pressure
conveys Pressure, P, is, in fact, the force, F, that acts on a given
area, A (see figure 1). Based on Kinetic Molecular Theory of gases;
in which all gas particles are in random constant motion. Once
they are in motion, they undergo collision either to themselves or
to the walls of its container. We all know that gases exert a pressure
on any surface with which they are in contact. For example, the
gas in the inflated balloon, exerts a pressure on the inside surface
of the balloon.

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 Figure 1. A representation and formula for pressure.

The SI unit of pressure is the newton per square meter (N/m2)

called the pascal (Pa). A pascal is very small so it is often reported
in thousands of pascals or kilopascals (kPa). The atmospheric
pressure is measured by a device called a barometer (see figure
3). When air pressure increases, the mercury in the tube rises;
likewise, when the pressure decreases, so does the height of the
mercury column.

Figure 3. An example of a barometer, the air molecules pushes the mercury inside to raised up.

The discovery of the barometer paved the birth of the units

for pressure. The atmosphere surrounding the earth exert a
pressure of ap proximately 1 atmosphere (atm) at sea level, is
equal to the pressure that supports a column of mercury that is 760
mm (76cm) high. This is also equal to 760 mmHg, 760 torr, and to
101,325 Pa. Table 1 shows the different units of gas pressure.

Table 1. Useful unit conversion of gas pressure.

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 14.70 psi = 101,325 Pa

1 torr = 1 mmHg

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 Aside from pressure (P), gas can also affect its behavior o by
different factors that includes temperature (P), volume (V), and
number of particles (n). There are many gas laws have been
proposed, only Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Gay-Lussacs’ Law and
Avogadro’s Law.

Boyle’s Law
- describes the relationship of pressure and volume at constant
temperature and the number of particles. According to Robert
Boyle (the first person who observed and proposed the
phenomenon), that the pressure (or external pressure) of the gas is
inversely proportional to its volume. It can be shown using the
equation;
P1V1 = P2V2 where: P1 = initial pressure
P2 = final pressure
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
Base on the equation, as pressure of the gas increases the
volume of gas decreased. In contrary, as the external pressure
decreases the volume of the gas increases.

Charles’ Law
- describes the relationship of temperature and volume at
constant pressure and the number of particles. According to
Jacques Charles (the first person who observed and proposed the
phenomenon), that the temperature is directly proportional to the
volume. It can be shown mathematically by the equation;
T1 = T2 where: T1 = initial temperature
V1 V2 T2 = final temperature
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
Base on the equation, as temperature of the gas increases its
volume increases. In contrary, as the temperature of the gas
decreases its volume decreases.

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Gay-Lussac’s Law
- describes the relationship of temperature and pressure at
constant volume and the number of particles. According to
Joseph Luis Gay-Lussac (the first person who observed and
proposed the phenomenon), that the pressure of the gas is directly
proportional to its temperature. It can be shown mathematically
by the equation;
P1 = P2 where: P1 = initial pressure
T1 T2 P2 = final pressure
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
Base on the equation, as temperature of the gas increases its
pressure increases (internal pressure). In contrary, as the
temperature of the gas decreases its pressure decreases.

Avogadro’s Law
- describes the relationship of number of particles to its
volume at constant temperature and pressure. According to
Amadeo Avogadro (the first person who observed and proposed
the phenomenon), that the volume of the gas depends upon the
amount of gas. In other words, it is directly proportional. It can be
shown mathematically by the equation;
n1 = n2 where: n1 = initial pressure
V1 V2 n2 = final pressure
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
Base on the equation, as more gas is introduced or placed
inside the container, the greater its pressure (internal pressure). In
contrary, as more gas is removed, its pressure decreases. Based on
experimental data at STP (standard Temperature and Pressure,
273.15K and 1 atm) condition, ideal gases (assume to have no
intermolecular forces of attraction and does not occupy volume)
occupies 22.4 L.

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Ideal Gas Law
The relationship between the moles of the gas present and its
volume is described by Avogadro’s law. If the temperature,
pressure, and volumes of two gases are the same, then the two
gases contain the same number of molecules, regardless of their
identity. Avogadro’s law is valid for all gases, no matter what they
are. The actual temperature and pressure at which we compare
two or more gases do not matter. It is convenient, however, to
select one temperature and one pressure as standard, and
chemists have chosen 1 atm as the standard pressure and 0°C (273
K) as the standard temperature. These conditions are called
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
A mole of gas occupies 22.4 L at STP are known as an Ideal
Gas. Ideal gases are assumed to have negligible intermolecular
forces and volume of occupied by each gas particles. If the
intermolecular forces and the volume occupied by each gas are
accounted, they are called Real Gas (at STP these gases occupy
a volume lower than 22.4). However, systems with either very low
pressures or high temperatures enable real gases to be estimated
as “ideal.” The Avogadro’s law allows us to write a gas law that is
valid not only for any pressure, volume, and temperature, but also
for any quantity of gas. This law, called the ideal gas law, is
PV = nRT
Where:
P = pressure of the gas in atmospheres (atm)
V = volume of the gas in liters (L)
n = amount of the gas in moles (mol)
T = temperature of the gas in kelvins (K)
R = ideal gas constant (0.0821 L atm/mol K)

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Practice Problems

Boyles’ Law
Ex. What pressure is required to compress 196.0 liters of air at 1.00
atmosphere into a cylinder whose volume is 26.0 liters?
Given: P1 = 1.00 atm, V1 = 196.0 L, V2 = 26.0 L
Required: P2
Solution:
Using the equation based on Boyles’ Law, and will be
rearrange to get P2 to form:
P2 = P1V1 = 1.00 atm x 196.0 L = 7.54 atm
V2 26.0 L
Charles’ Law
Ex. A container containing 5.00 L of a gas is collected at 100 K and
then allowed to expand to 20.0 L. What must the new temperature
be in order to maintain the same pressure (as required by Charles'
Law)?
Given: T1 = 100 K, V1 = 5.0 L, V2 = 20.0 mol
Required: T2
Solution:
Using the equation based on Charles’ Law, and will be
rearrange to get T2 to form:
T2 = T1V2 = 100 K x 20.0 L = 400 K
V1 5.00 L
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Ex. Calculate the initial pressure of the gas inside the container if
the final pressure increases to 3 atm at the same time increases its
temperature from 300 K to 400 K.
Given: T1 = 300 K, T2 = 400 K, P2 = 3.0 mol

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Required: P1
Solution:
Using the equation based on Gay-Lussac’s Law, and will be
rearrange to get P1 to form:
P1 = T1P2 = 300 K x 3.0 atm = 2.25 atm
T2 400 K
Avogadro’s Law
Ex. A balloon containing 1.47 moles of gas has a volume of 0.783
L. If 3.55 moles of a gas are added into the balloon without
changing the temperature and pressure, that will be the new
volume of the balloon?
Given: n1 = 1.47 moles, V1 = 0.783 L, n2 = 1.47 mol + 3.55 mol
Required: V2
Solution:
Using the equation based on Avogadro’s Law, and will be
rearrange to get V2 to form:
V2 = V1n2 = 0.783 L x 5.02 mol = 2.67 L
n1 1.47 L

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

I. Identify the law that is applicable from the given conditions.

1. Pressure and Volume
2. Temperature and Pressure
3. Mass and Volume
4. Volume and Pressure

II. The figure on the right is a gas container containing a certain

amount of gas and with a movable piston. Predict the values if is

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 higher or lower by using the sign greater than (>) or less than (<)
base from the given sets of conditions.
1. The value of P1 ___ P2, if the temperature of the gas is increase
at constant number of particles and volume.
2. The value of n2 ___ n1, if the volume of the gas is increase at
constant temperature and pressure.
3. The value of V2 ___ V1, if the temperature of the gas is increase
at constant number of particles and pressure.
4. The value of P1 ___ P2, if the volume is increase at constant
number of particles and temperature.

III. Solve the following problem.

1. A 30.0 L sample of nitrogen inside a rigid, metal container at
20.0 °C is placed inside an oven whose temperature is 50.0 °C.
The pressure inside the container at 20.0 °C was at 3.00 atm.
What is the pressure of the nitrogen after its temperature is
increased to 50.0 °C?
2. A 5.00 L of a gas is collected at 100. K and then allowed to
expand to 20.0 L. What must the new temperature be in order
to maintain the same pressure (as required by Charles' Law)?
3. A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of helium, He,
at room temperature. More helium was added to the cylinder
and the volume was adjusted so that the gas pressure
remained the same. How many grams of helium were added
to the cylinder if the volume was changed from 2.00 L to 2.70
L? (The temperature was held constant.)
4. A sample of gas at 25.0 °C has a volume of 11.0 L and exerts a
pressure of 660.0 mmHg. How many moles of gas are in the
sample?

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REFERENCES
Boyle’s Law. (2016, October 19). Retrieved May 6, 2021, from
Byjus.com website: https://byjus.com/chemistry/boyles-law/
Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. WCB McGraw-Hill.Kapur, Radhika.
(2018).
Charles and Gay-Lussac’s Law. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2021,
from Nasa.gov website: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-
12/airplane/glussac.html
Ideal Gas Laws. (2010). In Concise Physical Chemistry (pp. 1–17).
Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Libretexts. (2013, October 2). Gas Laws: Overview. Retrieved May
6, 2021, from Libretexts.org website:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theor
etical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(
Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of
_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/G
as_Laws%3A_Overview
Petrucci, R. H., Herring, F. G., Bissonnette, C., & Madura, J. D. (2017).
General chemistry: principles and modern applications.
Pearson.
Unit 1: Gases. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2021, from Utexas.edu
website: http://ch301.cm.utexas.edu/gases/#gas-laws/gas-
simulator.html

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

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OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

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Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

NILO JAY A. BAYBAY

Writer
_________________________________

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DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning modality
to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and
evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in
any form without expressed written consent from the division.
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SYNOPSIS ANSWER KEY

This Self-Learning Kit discusses the

principles of gas as a state. The topics
included gas pressure, factors that
affect the state of gas, different gas
laws, and brief introduction of an ideal
gas law.
Learners are expected to learn
and develop their knowledge about
the lesson and apply it in real-life
situations.

Evaluation/Pre-test
ABOUT THE AUTHOR I. 1. Temperature
2. Volume
3. No. of particles
NILO JAY A. BAYBAY, is a licensed professional
II. 1. VOLUME
teacher. He is a graduate
2. PRESSURE of Silliman University
with the degree 3.ofTEMPERATURE
Bachelor of Science in
4. MOLES teaching at Balugo
Chemistry. He is currently
III.
National High School 1. V
as2 =aPSenior
1V1 High teacher, at
P2
the same time the Teacher-in-Charge in Senior
2. T1 = P1T2
High Department. He has earned units in Master
P2
in Education, Major in General Science.
3. V2 = n2V1
n1
4. T2 = T1V2
V1
5. V1 = P2V2
P1
Evaluation/Post-test
14 I. 1. Boyle’s Law
2. Gay-Lussac’s Law
3. Avogadro’s Law
4. Boyle’s Law
II. 1. T1 < T2