Context Of Urbanization 1

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 The regional city
1. The building blocks of the region
2. Guiding principles of TOD (Transit Oriented Development)

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Summary

This article presents urban design guidelines for

growth in our cities, suburbs and towns. Unlike
typical “design guidelines,” which deal primarily
with aesthetic and architectural principles, the
guidelines describe principles by which to
Integrate development of communities,
neighborhoods, districts and regions. They follow
three strategies; first, that the regional structure of
growth should be guided by the expansion of
transit and a more compact urban form; second,
that single-use zoning should be replaced with
standards for mixed-use and walkable
neighborhoods; and third, that urban design
should create an architecture oriented toward the Fig.
public domain and human dimension rather than
the private domain and auto scale.

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I. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE REGION
 Regional city:

 Concept in North America that results in three aspects:

REGION SUBURB CITY

Emergence of Suburban Revitalization of

regionalism and maturation older urban
bioregional planning neighbourhood
initiatives

Metropolis
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Four elements required to design entire regional city:

Centers:
• the local and regional destinations at the neighborhood, village, town and urban scale. Mixed-use
areas that include jobs, housing, services and retail.
• Centres, are dominated by retail, civic, and workplace uses, with some residential uses thrown in for
good measure.

FIG. The Bay Area: San Francisco. FIG.The Regional City: interconnecting
centers, districts, preserves and corridors.

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Districts:
• These are special-use high economic and cultural areas
• Dominated by a single primary activity like industrial area, retail and distribution centers,
central business districts, airports and major seaports, military bases and university campuses.

Some example that should come under mixed-used environment:

• Office parks
• Cultural and civic facilities
• Suburban civic center or entertainment zone
• Theatre district and movie complexes

Preserves:
• Complex and controversial building block.
• These are the open-space elements that frame the region, protect farmlands and preserve
critical habitat.

These are of 2 types: :

• community separators
• regional boundaries.

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Corridors:
These are connecting elements based on either natural systems or infrastructure and
transportation lines.

• Natural corridors – watershed structure made of catchment areas, drainage areas, wetlands
and shorelines. Continuity is more important than quantity in natural corridors

• Human-made - Roads and transportation systems., like main streets, light-rail, bus routes,
and streetcar lines that serve as catalysts for the development of mixed-use communities
and hubs. Sidewalks and routes for bike also acts as a corridor that connects
neighbourhood.

• Utility corridors – backbone of development, proper investment for an efficient, compact

and responsive to the land-use.

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II. GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF TODS

According to Calthorpe (Calthorpe 1993), TODs are:

Mixed-use communities within an average 2,000-foot

walking distance of a transit stop and a core commercial
area. TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space, and
public uses in a walkable environment, making it
convenient for residents and employees to travel by transit,
bicycle, foot or car (p. 56).

Fig. Transit-oriented Development

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 TODS are also termed as:
1. Pedestrian pocket 3. Urban villages

• Blue – streets, green – path, yellow – open spaces

• The site plan for the Daybreak Parks and Open Space System

2. Traditional neighborhood development 4. Compact communities

• High density with compact planning

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• The key concept of this aspect is
“walkable environment”.

• In order to make TOD environment

“pedestrian-friendly” streets are lined
by trees and building entries.

• The fundamental structure of the TOD is

node — focuses on commercial center,
civic use and transit stop. Also housing,
job and public space surrounding.

• TOD, formula for affordable

communities—efficient land use,
preserving open space, and reduced
air pollution. Fig. . Conventional suburban development Fig. . Traditional neighborhood development.

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Transit-oriented development was a response to current conditions:

• rising energy prices,

• road congestion,
• climate change,
• shrinking household sizes,
• increasing demand for urban living,
• interest in green building and walkable neighborhoods.

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The principles of Transit-Oriented Development are to:

• organize growth on a regional level to be compact and transit supportive.

• place commercial, housing, jobs, parks, and civic uses within walking distance of transit stops.
• create pedestrian-friendly street networks that directly connect local destinations.
• provide a mix of housing types, densities, and costs.
• preserve sensitive habitat, riparian zones, and high quality open space.
• make public spaces the focus of building orientation and neighborhood activity.
• encourage infill and redevelopment along transit corridors within existing neighborhoods.

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Urban design principles for regional development (Calthorpe, 1993)

Fig. 1. Relationship to transit and circulation Fig. 2. Mix of uses

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 Fig. 3. Residential mix Fig. 4. Street and circulation system

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 Fig. 5. General design criteria. Fig. 6. Site boundary definition.

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Fig. 7. Coordinated planning and specific area plans Fig. 8. Distribution of TODs

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 Fig. 9. Redevelopable and infill sites Fig. 10. Regional form

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Regional Centers in the Portland region:
Clackamas Town Centre, Oregon

• Redeveloped site for community urban-design cases of 2040 plan.

• Traditional mall and a strip retail center are transformed into a mixed-use Town Center
• Proper planned housing, parks, civic buildings, retail and offices.
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 • Equal size blocks
• Parking accommodated in the interior of each block
• Arterial road split in two one-way streets for pedestrians
• Light-rail station and civic buildings are made centrally accessible between the streets.

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 A realistic approach to city and suburban planning
1. Defining planning process
2. Strategic public investment
3. Regulation
4. Incentives
5. A new approach to planning

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Summary
A new approach is needed to planning that
explicitly deals with both public action and the
probable private market reaction. Such change
oriented planning requires general acceptance of
the idea that while urban designers are part of the
urban improvement process, it is others who will
make that change: civic leaders, interest groups,
community organizations, property owners,
developers, bankers, lawyers, architects,
engineers, elected and appointed public officials.
This article reviews successful examples and the
role of planning, different forms of investment,
regulation and incentives. Fig.

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Reasons why people are disappointed of urban planning:

• The promises made to establish municipal goals and provide blueprint of a better city does
not get completed; due to no political support or no finance backup.
• When the improvements fail to solve deep-seated social problems. Like crime and poverty
that are the fault of city dwellers, not the fault of city planning.

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Successful projects in the American planning:

Fig. sections of Charleston, Fig. sections of Charleston,

Fig. Parkland along Lake Michigan South Carolina, Present
South Carolina, 1931

• Chicago’s 23 miles (37 km) of • The existing sections of Charleston, South

continuous parkland along Lake Carolina, city that survived after adopting zoning
Michigan developed after it was in 1931
included in the city’s
comprehensive plan of 1909.

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 • Pittsburgh ranked sixth in the
nation as a major corporate
headquarters center after
downtown was rebuilt during
the 1940s and 1950s.

Fig. Pittsburgh, 1940s Fig. Pittsburgh, Present

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What urban planning can do?

Can improve city’s:

• Physical environment
• Safety
• Utility
• Aesthetics
• Character

When can urban planning be affective?

• Better understanding of urban planning – to achieve smooth environmental function, rise

economy and provide better quality of life.
• When urban planners work with United nation agencies and political related groups.
• Provision of financial and political help for completion of project.

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DEFINING THE PLANNING PROCESS:

Planning can be defined as public action that generates a continuous and generalized response
from the private market reaction. It is considered to be successful only when the project has
some beneficial impact on the community.

• Transformation of Chicago’s
lake shore into a continuous
park and drive

Fig. Chicago, 1892 Fig. Chicago, 1984

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 • Rebuilding Pittsburgh
central business district.

Fig. Pittsburgh, 1936 Fig. Pittsburgh, 1984

• Portland invested in a
riverfront park

Fig. Portland, OR, 1974 Fig. Portland, OR, 1998

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The important element of planning is change.

Planners obtain changes in safety, utility, and attractiveness of city life through:

• strategic public investment,

• regulation, and
• incentives for private action

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STRATEGIC PUBLIC INVESTMENT:

Example:
 After the Federal Interstate Highway System was built, it
increased the value of suburban lands that were in close
proximity with the cities.
 Developers purchased the newly accessible land and built
houses, shopping malls, and office parks.
 Opportunity of owning a house in the country, close to
shopping facilities and sometimes also near their jobs.
 The 46,567 miles (78,800 km) of interstate highway altered
land use patterns and local economies between 1990-2000
FIG. Federal interstate highway, 19th century
by introducing illuminated logos at exits.

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POSITIVE IMPACT:
• Increase of population in countries near to interstate highway resulted in growth and
economy of those countries.

NEGATIVE IMPACT:
• Decreased the use of traditional arterial roads that affected the retail outlets. On the other
hand, cities were crowded with consumers for using the retail streets.

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Michigan avenue bridge, Chicago::

Fig. Michigan avenue and bridge, 1884 Fig. Michigan avenue and bridge, Present

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REGULATION:

Fig. The National Housing Act of 1934, Federal Housing Administration(FHA)

• Regulation are used to alter the size and character of the market and the design of the physical
environment. Example - during the 1930s when the federal government restructured the banking
system leading to the alteration in housing market.

• Zoning regulations are used to exclude the obstructive development that are not desired land-use
patterns. By eliminating undesirable change, there is reduction in future problems (e.g., traffic,
pollution, and noise) and increased possibility of investing in real estate.

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INCENTIVES:

• Incentive zoning allows a developer to build a larger, higher-density project than would be
permitted under existing zoning. In exchange, the developer provides something that is in the
community's interest that would not otherwise be required (e.g., open space, plazas, arcades,
etc.)

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A NEW APPROACH TO PLANNING:

• Urban planner’s need to manage both public activity and private market response. Only

possible when United Nations agency co-operate by accepting the modifications.

• Planners should aim at increasing public investments in infrastructure and community facilities

or by implementing market-friendly incentives.

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REFERENCE:
• Time Saver Standards for Urban Design. (2021). Retrieved 3 September 2021, from
https://www.pennlive.com/life/2017/04/aerial_pittsburgh_1920s_2017.html

• LakeSim Helps Merge Urban Design with Scientific Analysis for Chicago Lakeside Development.
(2021). Retrieved 3 September 2021, from https://informedinfrastructure.com/11144/lakesim-helps-
merge-urban-design-with-scientific-analysis-for-chicago-lakeside-development/

• Historic Charleston SC - Charleston Visitors Guide 2021. (2021). Retrieved 3 September 2021, from
https://www.visit-historic-charleston.com/historic-charleston-sc.html

• (2021). Retrieved 3 September 2021, from

https://www.pennlive.com/life/2017/04/aerial_pittsburgh_1920s_2017.html

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