Influence of Point Source on Love-Type Waves in

Anisotropic Layer Overlying Viscoelastic FGM Half-Space:

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Green’s Function Approach

Santimoy Kundu 1; Raju Kumhar 2; Manisha Maity 3; and Shishir Gupta 4

Abstract: This article is framed to examine the influence of heterogeneities, viscosity, initial stress, rigidity and density ratios, and thickness
on traversal characteristics of Love-type surface wave in a heterogeneous anisotropic medium over heterogeneous Voigt-type viscoelastic
functionally graded material (FGM) orthotropic half-space influenced by a point source. The rigidity and density of the anisotropic layer are
considered to vary hyperbolically with depth, whereas the density, elastic parameter, initial stress, and viscoelastic coefficient for the semi-
infinite stratum are assumed to vary quadratically with depth. The complex velocity of the Love-type wave has been achieved by the method
of Green’s function and Fourier transformation under effective boundary conditions. After complex expansion of the velocity equation, we get
the dispersion and absorption relations from the real and imaginary parts, respectively. In some special cases, we have derived the classical
relation of Love wave for the case when both the anisotropic layer and viscoelastic half-space are isotropic and homogeneous, which validates
the assumed problem. Numerical solutions have been carried out and depicted graphically to elucidate the effect of these parameters on the
traversal characteristics of a Love-type wave. The appearance of heterogeneities, initial stress, and viscoelasticity in the velocity equation
reflects that these parameters significantly affect the attenuation and dispersion characteristics of Love-type waves. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)
GM.1943-5622.0001531. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Love-type waves; Voigt-type viscoelastic; Heterogeneity; Green’s function; Point source; Fourier transform; Attenuation
coefficient; Dispersion relation.

Introduction classified into two categories: one is to investigate the infrastructure

In modern times earthquake activity is one of the most challenging
threats to human civilization. That is why the study of seismic
waves nowadays finds huge importance in order to protect mankind
from this natural disaster. The Earth is a conjunction of the layers
that consists of various types of physical and chemical properties.
Essentially, the Earth has four major layers, namely the crust, man-
tle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is highly heterogeneous as
compared to other media and over the past two to three decades,
earthquakes have mostly occurred in the crust of the Earth. The
seismic waves are the only waves that help us to understand the
physical damage caused by earthquakes. Basically, the major aim
of the study of seismic waves in different media or materials can be
1
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mathematics and Computing, Indian
Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad,
Jharkhand 826004, India. Email: kundu_santi@yahoo.co.in
2
Research Scholar, Dept. of Mathematics and Computing, Indian
Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad,
Jharkhand 826004, India (corresponding author). Email: raju.ism92@
gmail.com
3
Research Scholar, Dept. of Mathematics and Computing, Indian
Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad,
Jharkhand 826004, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7134-6197.
Email: manishamaity2@gmail.com
4
Professor, Dept. of Mathematics and Computing, Indian Institute of
Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand
826004, India. Email: shishir_ism@yahoo.com
Note. This manuscript was submitted on August 6, 2018; approved on
May 16, 2019; published online on October 30, 2019. Discussion period
open until March 30, 2020; separate discussions must be submitted
for individual papers. This paper is part of the International Journal
of Geomechanics, © ASCE, ISSN 1532-3641.
of the Earth’s interior with the help of seismic surface wave phe-
nomenon, whereas the other one is to analyze the nature of the
sources of earthquakes with the ultimate goal of mitigating and
eventually controlling the phenomenon. Recently, Gupta et al.
(2018) and Kundu et al. (2018) studied the seismic waves [Love
waves and shear waves (SH-waves)] influenced by a unit impulsive
force. Keeping these things in mind, it is our great interest to in-
vestigate the traversal of Love-type surface wave in an anisotropic
layer overlying orthotropic viscoelastic functionally graded mate-
rial (FGM) half-space under the effect of initial stress due to point
source. In civil, mechanical, and geophysical engineering, it may be
very helpful to design earthquake resistant buildings and bridges,
and to explore resources such as coal, natural gas, minerals, crude
oils, and so forth. Further, in order to approximate the damages
caused during the earthquakes and to diminish the destructive factor
of waves, it is necessary to investigate the traversal of seismic waves
in different media (e.g., viscoelastic, orthotropic, anisotropic, iso-
tropic, homogeneous, inhomogeneous, etc.). Sufficient information
related to the traversal of seismic waves can be found in Ewing et al.
(1957), Love (1920), and Gubbins (1990).
Because of the gradual change in material properties, the
functionally graded materials have attracted much more attention
in recent years with their increasing use in various applications.
The current areas of applications include aerospace, automobile,
electrical/electronic, energy, marine, etc. Similarly, these are cur-
rently used in many industries and will also be used in many
applications in the future. Therefore, it’s a vital part to study the
traversal of seismic wave problems in such types of materials.
Hence, we have considered the FGM composed of orthotropic
material with Voigt-type viscoelastic half-space under initial stress.
The study of seismic wave problems through the FGM plates and
functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) plates has been

© ASCE 04019141-1 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

 discussed by many researchers, some of whom are Kong et al.
(2016), Paulino and Jin (2001), Yu and Zhang (2014), Pandit et al.
(2017), Qian et al. (2009), and Yu et al. (2011). Moreover, Ren
et al. (2018), Li et al. (2004), Qian et al. (2011), and Liu and Wang
(2004) also studied the traversal of Love waves in FGM structure.
They examined in detail the effects of proposed parameters on the
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dispersion curves such as gradient coefficients, piezoelectric con-
stants, and dielectric constants.
It is well known that the crust of the Earth is an initially stressed
medium and these stresses decrease the stability of the ground,
which leads to becoming one factor for the generation of earth-
quakes. Hence, we can’t ignore this fact that an initially stressed
medium acts as a catalyst for the generation of earthquakes. So,
it is fruitful to discuss the traversal characteristics of elastic waves
in initially stressed structures. The influence of initial stress and
gravitational field on the elastic body has been fully described in
Biot (1965). Recently, Kundu et al. (2019) investigated the impact
of initial stress on the propagation and attenuation characteristics of
Rayleigh waves. Abd-Alla and Ahmed (1999) examined the tra-
versal of Love waves in a prestressed inhomogeneous orthotropic
elastic medium. Also, Kakar and Kakar (2017), Singh et al. (2016),
and Abd-Alla et al. (2012) investigated the influence of initial stress
on the traversal of seismic surface waves.
Basically, there are several heterogeneous material media with
different geological parameters existing in the crustal region of our
Earth that significantly affect the large alteration and acute changes
in the material properties of the crust and also influence the seismic
wave propagation. For that reason, many seismologists and re-
searchers usually prefer the heterogeneous coupled structure for an-
alyzing the subterranean response of seismic waves. Wilson (1942)
was the first to study the seismic waves through inhomogeneous
elastic media. Dey et al. (1996) examined the traversal character-
istics of torsional surface wave in hyperbolic and quadratic func-
tioned inhomogeneous layers. In addition, many studies have been
conducted for heterogeneous media, some of which are Bullen
(1940), Birch (1952), Alam et al. (2017), Chatterjee (1971), Kaur
et al. (2016), Kundu et al. (2016), Manna et al. (2018), and
Chattopadhyay et al. (2012). Gupta et al. (2012) examined a linear
variation in a heterogeneous medium on the traversal of torsional
surface waves, whereas Ke et al. (2006, 2005) investigated the
traversal of Love-type surface waves in linear and exponential
nonhomogeneous liquid-saturated porous layers.
Almost all authors have applied the conventionally developed
methods such as separation of variables, variational method, inte-
gral transformation, etc., in order to solve the equations of motion
for any material medium of the Earth’s crust. But in this problem,
the technique of Green’s function and Fourier transformation have
been applied to solve the governing equations associated with the
concerned medium. The main reason behind applying this method
is that the Green’s function imparts a phenomenal elucidation of
behavior related to forces focused on a point, which works as a
disturbance source. These forces are formed by a unit impulsive
force in time and space, which can be mathematically expressed
with the help of Dirac delta function. Green’s function is respon-
sible to find the elastic displacement of elastodynamic problems
that involve a disturbance influenced by a point source, and such
function is defined according to the material properties, its elastic
coefficients, and its density, and by how it reacts mechanically to a
force of impulsive excitation. Therefore, Green’s function exhibits
a crucial role for solving the elastodynamic problems related to
the point source or an impulse force responsible for wave move-
ments in material media. In the field of science and technology,
the applications of Green’s function are related with the initial and
boundary value problems, Kirchhoff’s diffusion equation, wave
© ASCE 04019141-2
Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141
equation, Helmholtz’s equation and diffraction theory, etc. More-
over, Green’s function is also used for solving partial differential
equations (PDEs) and ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in
different dimensions and for time independent and dependent prob-
lems, and also in physics and mechanics, specifically in quantum
field theory, elastodynamics, and electrodynamics, to refer to the
different types of correlation functions. Assari and Dehghan (2017,
2018a, b, c) have solved a two-dimensional Laplace’s equation with
the aid of Robin boundary conditions based on the boundary inte-
gral equations using Green’s function technique. Besides that,
several research papers based on the technique of such function
have been carried out in the past, which is attracting the attention
of researchers and practitioners in the area of mechanics of solids,
applied mathematics, applied physics, material science, and mech-
anical engineering. The speed of seismic waves in viscoelastic
FGM half-space has been noticed in the presence of point source,
initial stress, and quadratic variations, which is a remarkable result
for geologist to investigate the minerals, fuels, and gases inside the
Earth. Many authors have been working on point source by taking
different models for the Earth, but the presence of point source
along with functionally graded viscoelastic materials in the pre-
sented model is the new contribution in theoretical seismology.
This theory is very helpful to understand the concept of point
source in viscoelastic FGM half-space.
In the present article, we have investigated the traversal of
Love-type waves in the Earth’s crust due to a point source, which
is composed of two physically distinct layers in which one is a
heterogeneous anisotropic layer, whereas the other one is a visco-
elastic FGM orthotropic half-space under the impact of initial
stress. The heterogeneity associated with the rigidity and density of
the bounded stratum varies hyperbolically with depth, whereas
for viscoelastic FGM semi-infinite medium, the heterogeneity in
density, elastic parameter, initial stress, and viscoelastic coefficient
varies quadratically with depth. The complex velocity equation for
the traversal characteristics of such waves is obtained by applying
Green’s function technique and Fourier transformation under the
appropriate boundary conditions of the present model. From the
real part of the velocity equation, the phase velocity curve is plotted
against real wave number whereas from the imaginary part the at-
tenuation curve is plotted against the real wave number. Here, the
influencing behavior of the attenuation and phase velocity versus
real wave number by varying proposed parameters such as hetero-
geneities, initial stress, dissipation factor (viscosity), rigidity and
density ratios, and thickness of the layer have been discussed in
detail.
Problem Formulation and Its Solution
We consider the study of Love-type surface waves in heterogeneous
anisotropic layer of finite thickness H lying over a Voigt-type
viscoelastic FGM orthotropic half-space under initial stress influ-
enced by a point source. The Cartesian coordinate ðx; y; zÞ has been
adopted in such a way that the x-axis has been considered along the
traversal of waves and the z-axis is pointing vertically downward
(Fig. 1). The disturbance source S is placed on the intersection of
the positive z-axis and the interface (z ¼ H). Because the media
have been assumed as heterogeneous, the form of heterogeneity
for bounded layer and half-space are defined as hyperbolic and
quadratic, respectively, as mentioned subsequently.
In the anisotropic layer and viscoelastic FGM half-space, the
variation of heterogeneities has been taken as
Int. J. Geomech.
 Now, by applying Eq. (1) in Eq. (5), we get

N 0 ∂ 2 v0 2α sinh αz ∂v0 ∂ 2 v0 ρ0 ∂ 2 v0 4πσ1 ðr; tÞ

þ þ 2 − ¼ ð6Þ
L0 ∂x2 cosh αz ∂z ∂z L0 ∂t2 L0 cosh2 αz

Assuming σ1 ðr; tÞ ¼ σ1 ðrÞeiωt and v0 ¼ v0 ðx; zÞeiωt in Eq. (6),

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we have

N 0 ∂ 2 v0 2α sinh αz ∂v0 ∂ 2 v0 ρ0 2 4πσ1 ðrÞ

þ þ 2 þ ω v0 ¼ ð7Þ
L0 ∂x2 cosh αz ∂z ∂z L0 L0 cosh2 αz
∂v0
We use the following transformation to eliminate the term ∂z
in Eq. (7)

V 0 ðx; zÞ
v0 ðx; zÞ ¼ ð8Þ
cosh αz
Fig. 1. Geometry of the problem.
Using Eq. (8) in Eq. (7), we have
 
N0 ∂2V0 ∂2V0 ρ0 2 2 4πσ1 ðrÞ
9 þ þ ω − α V0 ¼ ð9Þ
L0 ∂x2 ∂z2 L0 L0 cosh αz
L ¼ L0 cosh2 αz >=
N ¼ N 0 cosh2 αz ð1Þ where ω = angular frequency.
>
;
ρ ¼ ρ0 cosh2 αz Here the disturbance influenced by the impulsive force σ1 ðrÞ
can be expressed as
and
9 σ1 ðrÞ ¼ δðxÞδðz − HÞ
Bij0 ¼ Bij þ εðz − HÞ2 >
>
>
>
M 0 ¼ M þ εðz − HÞ2 =
ij
Therefore, Eq. (9) can be written as follows:
ij
ð2Þ
ρ ¼ ρ1 þ εðz − HÞ2
0 >
>  
>
> N0 ∂2V0 ∂2V0 ρ0 2 4πδðxÞδðz − HÞ
; þ þ ω − α 2
V0 ¼ ð10Þ
P ¼ P1 þ εðz − HÞ2 L0 ∂x2 ∂z2 L0 L0 cosh αz

where L and N = directional rigidities; ρ = density; and α = hetero- Introduce the Fourier transform V 0 ðξ; zÞ of V 0 ðx; zÞ as
geneity for the bounded layer. Similarly, Bij0 , M ij0 , ρ 0 , P and ε are
Z
the elastic constants, viscoelastic coefficients, density, initial stress, 1 ∞
and heterogeneity parameter for the half-space, respectively. V 0 ðξ; zÞ ¼ V 0 ðx; zÞeiξx dx
2π −∞
Love wave condition: Let the displacement components for
the anisotropic layer and Voigt-type viscoelastic half-space be and the inverse Fourier transform as
ðu0 ; v0 ; w0 Þ and ðu1 ; v1 ; w1 Þ, respectively. Hence the conditions
for Love wave propagation are given by Z ∞
V 0 ðx; zÞ ¼ V 0 ðξ; zÞe−iξx dξ
∂ −∞
ui ¼ wi ¼ 0; ¼ 0 and vi ¼ vi ðx; z; tÞ; i ¼ 0; 1 ð3Þ
∂y
Applying the Fourier transformation in Eq. (10), we have

Solution of the Bounded Layer d2 V 0

− m21 V 0 ¼ 4πσ1 ðzÞ ð11Þ
If the medium is affected by a point source, the governing equa- dz2
tions are
where
ð1Þ
τ ij;j þ Fi0 ¼ ρüi ð4Þ N0 2 ρ0 2
m21 ¼ ξ − η21 ; η21 ¼ ω − α2
ð1Þ L0 L0
where τ ij and ρ = stress tensor and density of the bounded layer,
respectively; and Fi0 = forces at a point where the elastic displace-
and
ments are evaluated.
With the help of Eq. (3), the dynamic equation for anisotropic 2δðz − HÞ
medium is 4πσ1 ðzÞ ¼ ð12Þ
L0 cosh αz
   
∂ ∂v0 ∂ ∂v0 ∂2v
N þ L − ρ 20 ¼ 4πσ1 ðr; tÞ ð5Þ
∂x ∂x ∂z ∂z ∂t
Solution of the Lower Half-Space
where σ1 ðr; tÞ = force density disturbance influenced by a point The dynamic equations for the semi-infinite medium under the ini-
source. tial stress are given by Biot (1965),

© ASCE 04019141-3 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

   9 
ð2Þ ð2Þ
∂τ 11 ∂τ 12 ∂τ 13
ð2Þ
∂wz ∂wy 2 −ε d2 V dV
0 ∂ u1 > >
> 4πσ2 ðzÞ ¼ ðz − HÞ2 ð1 þ iωÞ 21 þ 2ðz − HÞð1 þ iωÞ 1
þ þ −P − ¼ρ
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂t2 > >
>
>
μ4
 
dz
 
dz
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
>
= 1
2
∂τ 21 ∂τ 22 ∂τ 23 ∂wz 0 ∂ v 1 ð13Þ − ðz − HÞ2 ξ 2 þ iω − ω2 V 1 ð19Þ
þ þ −P ¼ρ 2
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂t2 > >
>
>
>
ð2Þ ð2Þ
∂τ 31 ∂τ 32 ∂τ 33
ð2Þ
∂w 2 >
>
0 ∂ w1 >
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þ þ −P
y
¼ρ ;
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂t 2
Boundary Conditions
ð2Þ On the traversal characteristics of Love-type surface waves in
where τ ij ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ = components of incremental stress;
ρ 0 = density; and wx , wy , wz = rotational components. anisotropic layer overlying viscoelastic FGM orthotropic half-space
influenced by an impulsive force, the boundary conditions can be
The relation between stress and strain are given by Yu et al.
expressed as follows:
(2011)
1. At z ¼ 0, the upper boundary surface is stress free:
9
ð2Þ
>
τ 11 ¼ B11 e11 þ B12 e22 þ B13 e33 >
>
>
dV 0
¼0 ð20Þ
>
τ 22 ¼ B21 e11 þ B22 e22 þ B23 e33 >
ð2Þ    >
> dz
>
>
>
τ 33 ¼ B31 e11 þ B32 e22 þ B33 e33 =
ð2Þ   
2. At z ¼ H, the displacement component is continuous:
ð14Þ
ð2Þ
τ 12 ¼ 2B66 e12 >
>
>
> V0 ¼ V1 ð21Þ
>
>
ð2Þ 
τ 23 ¼ 2B44 e23 >
>
>
>
ð2Þ
>
; 3. At z ¼ H, the stress component is also continuous:

τ 31 ¼ 2B55 e31
dV 0 dV
and Bij ¼ Bij0 þ iωM ij0 , where Bij0 and M ij0 = elastic and viscoelas- L0 cosh2 αz ¼ μ4 1 ð22Þ
tic coefficients, respectively. dz dz
With the aid of Eqs. (2), (3), and (14), the dynamic equation for
viscoelastic half-space becomes With the aid of the preceding boundary conditions
  [Eqs. (20)–(22)], we solve Eqs. (11) and (18) by Green’s function
∂ ∂v method. Let G1 ðz=z0 Þ be the Green’s function for the anisotropic
ðμ6 þ εð1 þ iωÞðz − HÞ2 Þ 1
∂x ∂x medium under the condition
 
∂ 2 ∂v1
þ ðμ4 þ εð1 þ iωÞðz − HÞ Þ dG1
∂z ∂z ¼0 at z ¼ 0; H
 2
 2 2
dz
P þ εðz − HÞ ∂ v1 2 ∂ v1
− 1 ¼ ðρ 1 þ εðz − HÞ ð15Þ
2 ∂x2 ∂t2 and Eq. (11) must satisfy G1 ðz=z0 Þ as

where
d2 G1 ðz=z0 Þ
− m21 G1 ðz=z0 Þ ¼ δðz − z0 Þ ð23Þ
B66 þ iωM 66 ¼ μ6 and B44 þ iωM 44 ¼ μ4 ð16Þ dz2

Now assuming v1 ¼ v1 ðx; zÞeiωt , we have here, z0 and z = arbitrary and field point, respectively.
Multiplying Eq. (23) by V 0 ðzÞ and Eq. (11) by G1 ðz=z0 Þ,
  then subtracting and integrating with respect to z over 0 ≤ z ≤ H,
μ6 P1 ∂ 2 v1 ∂ 2 v1 ρ1 ω2
− þ 2 þ v we get
μ4 2μ4 ∂x2 ∂z μ4 1
   2  
−ε 1 ∂ v1 ∂v 2
¼ ðz − HÞ2 þ iω 2
þ2ðz − HÞð1 þ iωÞ 1 G1 ðH=z0 Þ
dV 0
¼ G ðH=z0 Þ − V 0 ðzÞ ð24Þ
μ4 2 ∂x ∂z dz z¼H L0 cosh αH 1
2

∂ v
þ ðz − HÞ2 ð1 þ iωÞ 21 þ ðz − HÞ2 ω2 v1 ð17Þ
∂z Replacing z0 by z and using the symmetry characteristics of
Green’s function, we get from Eq. (24) as follows:
The Fourier transform V 1 ðξ; zÞ of v1 ðx; zÞ as
 
Z 2G1 ðz=HÞ dV 0
1 ∞ V 0 ðzÞ ¼ − G1 ðz=HÞ ð25Þ
V 1 ðξ; zÞ ¼ v1 ðx; zÞeiξx dx L0 cosh αH dz z¼H
2π −∞

Now by using the Fourier transform in Eq. (17), we obtain Similarly, if G2 ðz=z0 Þ is the Green’s function associated with the
lower semi-infinite medium, satisfying the equation
d2 V 1
− m22 V 1 ¼ 4πσ2 ðzÞ ð18Þ d2 G2 ðz=z0 Þ
dz2 − m22 G2 ðz=z0 Þ ¼ δðz − z0 Þ ð26Þ
dz2
  2 2
where m22 ¼ μμ64 − 2μ
P1
ξ − η22 , η22 ¼ ρμ1 ω4 ,
4 under the condition

© ASCE 04019141-4 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

 dG2 Applying the condition of Eq. (22) in Eq. (29), we get
¼0 at z ¼ H & z → ∞ ð27Þ
dz  
dV 0 G1 ðH=HÞð2=L0 cosh αHÞÞ
¼
in similar manner, we get dz z¼H L0 cosh2 αH G2 ðH=HÞ þ G1 ðH=HÞ
μ4
R∞
  H G2 ðH=z0 Þ4πσ2 ðz0 Þdz0
Z ∞ − L cosh 2 αH ð30Þ
G2 ðH=HÞ þ G1 ðH=HÞ
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dV 1 0
V 1 ðzÞ ¼ G2 ðz=HÞ þ G2 ðz=z0 Þ4πσ2 ðz0 Þdz0 ð28Þ μ4
dz z¼H H
Similarly, we have
 
Using the condition V 0 ðHÞ ¼ V 1 ðHÞ [from Eq. (21)], we obtain dV 1 G1 ðH=HÞð2=ðL0 cosh αHÞÞ
from Eqs. (25) and (28) ¼ μ4
dz z¼H G ðH=HÞ
L0 cosh2 αH 1
þ G2 ðH=HÞ
R∞
  H G2 ðH=z0 Þ4πσ2 ðz0 Þdz0
2G1 ðH=HÞ dV 0 − μ4
ð31Þ
− G1 ðH=HÞ G ðH=HÞ þ G2 ðH=HÞ
L0 cosh2 αH 1
L0 cosh αH dz z¼H
  Z ∞

dV 1 Putting the value of dV dz z¼H and 4πσ2 ðz0 Þ from Eqs. (30)
0
¼ G2 ðH=HÞ þ G2 ðH=z0 Þ4πσ2 ðz0 Þdz0 ð29Þ
dz z¼H H and (19), respectively, into Eq. (25) we get

2G1 ðz=HÞG2 ðH=HÞ coshðαHÞ εG1 ðz=HÞ

V 0 ðzÞ ¼ −
μ4 G1 ðH=HÞ þ L0 cosh2 ðαHÞG2 ðH=HÞ μ4 G1 ðH=HÞ þ L0 cosh2 ðαHÞG2 ðH=HÞ
2 3
d2 V 1 dV 1
Z ∞ 6 ðz0 − HÞ2 ð1 þ iωÞ 2 þ 2ðz0 − HÞð1 þ iωÞ
6 dz0 dz0 77
× 6    7G2 ðH=z0 Þdz0 ð32Þ
H 4 1 5
−ðz0 − HÞ2 ξ 2 þ iω − ω2 V 1
2

Now, using Eqs. (31) and (19) in Eq. (28), we have

2G1 ðH=HÞG2 ðz=HÞ coshðαHÞ εL0 cosh2 ðαHÞG2 ðz=HÞ

V 1 ðzÞ ¼ þ
μ4 G1 ðH=HÞ þ L0 cosh ðαHÞG2 ðH=HÞ μ4 ½μ4 G1 ðH=HÞ þ L0 cosh2 ðαHÞG2 ðH=HÞ
2
2 3
2 d2 V 1 dV 1
Z ∞ 6 ðz0 − HÞ ð1 þ iωÞ 2 þ 2ðz0 − HÞð1 þ iωÞ
6 dz0 dz0 77
× 6    7G2 ðH=z0 Þdz0
H 4 2 2 1 2
5
−ðz0 − HÞ ξ þ iω − ω V 1
2
2 3
2 d2 V 1 dV 1
Z ∞ 6 ðz0 − HÞ ð1 þ iωÞ 2 þ 2ðz0 − HÞð1 þ iωÞ
ε 6 dz0 dz0 77
− × 6    7G2 ðz=z0 Þdz0 ð33Þ
μ4 H 4 2 2 1 2
5
−ðz0 − HÞ ξ þ iω − ω V 1
2

By applying first-order approximation in Eq. (33), then Eq. (33) becomes

2G1 ðH=HÞG2 ðz=HÞ coshðαHÞ

V 1 ðzÞ ¼ ð34Þ
μ4 G1 ðH=HÞ þ L0 cosh2 ðαHÞG2 ðH=HÞ

Eq. (34) gives the displacement for the viscoelastic FGM half-space, if it is considered as homogeneous.
Substituting the value of V 1 ðzÞ in Eq. (32), we obtained

2G1 ðz=HÞG2 ðH=HÞ coshðαHÞ 2εG1 ðz=HÞG1 ðH=HÞ coshðαHÞ

V 0 ðzÞ ¼ −
μ4 G1 ðH=HÞ þ L0 cosh2 ðαHÞG2 ðH=HÞ ½μ4 G1 ðH=HÞ þ L0 cosh2 ðαHÞG2 ðH=HÞ2
2 3
2 d2 G2 ðz0 =HÞ dG2 ðz0 =HÞ
Z ∞6 0 ðz − HÞ ð1 þ iωÞ þ 2ðz0 − HÞð1 þ iωÞ 7
6 dz20 dz0 7
× 6    7G2 ðH=z0 Þdz0 ð35Þ
H 4 1 5
−ðz0 − HÞ2 ξ 2 þ iω − ω2 G2 ðz0 =HÞ
2

In order to find the elastic displacement V 0 ðzÞ associated with the bounded anisotropic layer influenced by a unit impulsive force, we need
to compute the value of G2 ðz=HÞ and G1 ðz=HÞ.

© ASCE 04019141-5 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

 Constructing G1 ðz=z0 Þ and G2 ðz=z0 Þ from Eqs. (23) and (26), respectively, we get
 
1 e−m1 jz−z0 j ðem1 H − e−m1 H Þ þ em1 z ðe−m1 ðHþz0 Þ þ e−m1 ðH−z0 Þ Þ þ e−m1 z ðem1 ðH−z0 Þ þ e−m1 ðH−z0 Þ
G1 ðz=z0 Þ ¼ − ð36Þ
2m1 em1 H − e−m1 H

and
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1
G2 ðz=z0 Þ ¼ − ½e−m2 jz−z0 j þ e−m2 ðzþz0 −2HÞ  ð37Þ
2m2

Substituting Eqs. (36) and (37) into Eq. (35), we have

     
−2 cosh αHðem1 z þ e−m1 z Þ εðem1 H þ e−m1 H Þ 2μ4 ð1 þ i2ωÞ 1 2μ4 ð1 þ i2ωÞ 2 2
V 0 ðzÞ ¼ × 1þ −1 þ 2 η2 − 2ω ð38Þ
E0 þ F 0 E0 þ F 0 2μ6 − P1 m2 2μ6 − P1

where

E0 ¼ L0 cosh2 ðαHÞm1 ðem1 H − e−m1 H Þ and F0 ¼ μ4 m2 ðem1 H þ e−m1 H Þ

Eq. (38) can be approximated if the higher power of ε is neglected:

−2 cosh αHðem1 z þ e−m1 z Þ
V 0 ðzÞ ¼ n  o ð39Þ
E0 þ F0 − εðem1 H þ e−m1 H Þ 2μ2μ
4 ð1þi2ωÞ
6 −P1
− 1 þ 1 2μ4 ð1þi2ωÞ 2
m2 2μ6 −P1 η 2 − 2ω 2
2

Taking inverse Fourier transform in Eq. (39), we get

Z ∞
cosh αHðem1 z þ e−m1 z Þe−iξx dξ
V 0 ðzÞ ¼ −2 n  o ð40Þ
−∞ E þ F − εðem1 H þ e−m1 H Þ 2μ4 ð1þi2ωÞ 1 2μ4 ð1þi2ωÞ 2 2
0 0 2μ6 −P1 − 1 þ m2 2μ6 −P1 η 2 − 2ω
2

Using Eq. (8) into Eq. (40), we have

Z ∞
ðcosh αH= cosh αzÞðem1 z þ e−m1 z Þe−iξx dξ
v0 ðzÞ ¼ −2 n  o ð41Þ
−∞ E þ F − εðem1 H þ e−m1 H Þ 2μ4 ð1þi2ωÞ 1 2μ4 ð1þi2ωÞ 2 2
0 0 2μ6 −P1 − 1 þ m 2 2μ6 −P1 η 2 − 2ω
2

To get the frequency equation of Love-type waves, we have to make the denominator of the preceding integral [Eq. (41)] to be zero:
   
2μ4 ð1 þ i2ωÞ 1 2μ4 ð1 þ i2ωÞ 2
E0 þ F0 − εðem1 H þ e−m1 H Þ −1 þ 2 η2 − 2ω2 ¼0 ð42Þ
2μ6 − P1 m2 2μ6 − P1

After replacing ξ by k in Eq. (42), we have

 ð1þ2iωÞρ1

2ð1þ2iωÞðB44 þiωM44 Þ 2ω2 ð−1þ2B Þ
66 þ2iωM 66 −P1
−2m2 ðB44 þ iωM44 Þ þ 2ε −1 þ 2B66 þ2iωM 66 −P1 þ m22
ϒðk1 ; cÞ ¼ tanh½Hm1  − ¼0 ð43Þ
2m1 L0 cosh2 ½Hα

1
)
Eq. (43) represents the wave velocity profile of Love-type waves m1 ¼ x1 þ iy1 ¼ ðr1 eiθ1 Þ2
in a heterogeneous anisotropic medium over Voigt-type viscoelastic 1 ð44Þ
m2 ¼ x2 þ iy2 ¼ ðr2 eiθ2 Þ2
orthotropic FGM half-space, and it is complex in form due to vis-
coelasticity. Generally, the wavenumber k is a complex and it can
where x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 , r1 , r2 , θ1 and θ2 , are mentioned in Appendix I.
be written as follows:
Hence, separating the wave velocity [Eq. (43)] into real and
imaginary terms as
k ¼ k1 þ ik2 ¼ k1 ð1 þ iδÞ
Re½ϒðk1 ; cÞ
where k1 and k2 = real numbers; and δ ¼ kk21 = an attenuation co- sinh½2Hx1 
¼
efficient that is dimensionless. cos½2Hy1  þ cosh½2Hx1 
The dimensionless function Q ¼ ωM
B44
is called the quality fac- B44 ζ 3 Q2 þ 4B244 ζ 1 pQε þ 4B344 p2 χ24 χ11 þ ζ 2 Q3 εχ5
44 þ ¼0
tor, and the inverse function of the quality factor is Q−1 ¼ ωM 44
B44 ,
cosh2 ½HαQL0 χ3 χ24 χ10
which is called the dissipation factor. ð45Þ
When the complex wave velocity [Eq. (43)] is separated into
real and imaginary parts, we may assume and

© ASCE 04019141-6 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

 sin½2Hy1  B ζ Q2 þ 4B244 ζ 4 pQε þ 4B344 p2 ð−y1 χ9 þ x1 χ8 Þχ24 þ ζ 5 Q3 εχ5
Im½ϒðk1 ; cÞ ¼ þ 44 6 ¼0 ð46Þ
cos½2Hy1  þ cosh½2Hx1  cosh2 ½HαQL0 χ3 χ24 χ10

where ζ 1 ; ζ 2 ; ζ 3 ; ζ 4 ; ζ 5 ; ζ 6 ; p; q, and χj ðj ¼ 1; 2; : : : ; 13Þ are mentioned in Appendix II.

Eq. (45) explains the dispersion relation, whereas Eq. (46) expresses the absorption relation for the propagation of Love-type waves in the
considered layered structure.
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0sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
Special Cases ρ1 c
ρ c 2 −B 44 B44 − B44
B66

tanh@k1 H 1 − 0 A ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi ð50Þ

μ0 μ 1 − ρ0 c
Case I 0 μ0

If α → 0, ε → 0, that is, the heterogeneities contained in both

the layer and semi-infinite medium become homogeneous, then Eq. (50) depicts the dispersion relation of Love-type wave in
Eq. (43) reduces to isotropic medium overlying orthotropic half-space.

0 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
N 0 ρ 0 c2 A Case V
tanh@k1 H −
L0 L0 When B44 → B66 → μ1 (rigidity related to the half-space), that
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi is, the orthotropic semi-infinite medium becomes isotropic, then
ρ1 c2
−ðB44 þ iωM44 Þ BB6644 þiωM þiωM 44
66
− P1
2ðB þiωM44 Þ − B44 þiωM 44
Eq. (50) reduces to
¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 44 ð47Þ 0 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi
ρ0 c
L0 L0 − L0
N0
c 2 μ1 1 − βc 2
tan@k1 H − 1 A ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
ffi ð51Þ
β 20 2
μ c2 − 1
0 β0
Eq. (47) explains the dispersion relation of Love-type waves
in a homogeneous anisotropic medium overlying homogeneous
where
viscoelastic orthotropic half-space under the influence of initial
rffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffi
stress. μ0 μ1
β0 ¼ and β 1 ¼
ρ0 ρ1
Case II
Eq. (51) represents the well-known pre-established classical
If P1 → 0, that is, the initial stress is absent in the Voigt-type relation of Love waves in an isotropic layer laid over by homo-
viscoelastic orthotropic half-space, then Eq. (47) converts to geneous half-space, which coincides with the results obtained by
0 Love (1920).
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
N 0 ρ 0 c2 A
tanh@k1 H −
L0 L0
Numerical Results and Discussions
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
ρ1 c2
−ðB44 þ iωM 44 Þ BB6644 þiωM þiωM
66
− B44 þiωM44 Based on the obtained results in the form of dispersion relation
¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 44 ð48Þ [Eq. (45)] and absorption relation [Eq. (46)], numerical results have
ρ0 c
L0 L0 − L0N0
been provided to irradiate the impact of heterogeneity parameters
α=k1 associated with the layer, ε=ðk1 B44 Þ associated with the half-
Eq. (48) represents the dispersion relation of Love-type wave in space, initial stress parameter P1 =ð2B44 Þ, dissipation factor Q−1,
anisotropic medium overlying viscoelastic orthotropic half-space. rigidity ratio μ0 =μ1 , density ratio ρ0 =ρ1 , and thickness H on the
traversal of Love-type waves. The following numerical data have
been undertaken for computation purposes:
Case III For anisotropic layer (Gubbins 1990):
If M 44 → 0, M 66 → 0, that is, when the lower half-space is viscous
free, then Eq. (48) transforms to L0 ¼ 0.35 × 1010 N=m2 ;

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 N 0 ¼ 0.707 × 1010 N=m2 ;

0 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ρ1 c
N ρ c 2 −B 44 B44 − B44
B66
ρ0 ¼ 1,600 kg= m3
tanh@k1 H 0
− 0 A¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
ð49Þ
L0 L0 L N 0 − ρ0 c 0 L0 L0 For viscoelastic orthotropic (FGM) half-space (Yu et al. 2011):

Eq. (49) explains the dispersion relation of Love-type wave in an B44 ¼ 0.78 × 1010 N=m2 ;
anisotropic medium overlying orthotropic half-space.
B66 ¼ 0.39 × 1010 N=m2 ;
M44 ¼ 0.00042 × 1010 N=m2 ;
Case IV
M66 ¼ 0.00034 × 1010 N=m2 ;
When N 0 → L0 → μ0 (rigidity associated with upper layer), that is,
the anisotropic layer becomes isotropic, then Eq. (49) converts to ρ1 ¼ 1,595 kg=m3

© ASCE 04019141-7 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

 3.5
2.06
2.05 3.0 1. k1 B44 0.0
3
2.04 2. k1 B44 0.1
2
2.03 3. k1 B44 0.2
3.0 1
2.02
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2.01

0
0

2.00 2.5
0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45

c
c

2.5

1. k1 0.0 1
2.0 2
2. k1 0.1
2.0 3
3. k1 0.2

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
k1 H k1 H

Fig. 2. Variation of phase velocity (c=β 0 ) against real wave number Fig. 4. Variation of phase velocity (c=β 0 ) against real wave number
(k1 H) for different values of heterogeneous parameter a=k1. (k1 H) for different values of heterogeneous parameter ε=k1 B44.

1. k1 0.0 1. k1 B44 0.0

2. k1 0.1 2. k1 B44 0.1
3. k1 0.2 2 3. k1 B44 0.2

3
Log

3 3
Log

2
1 2

4 1

5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
k1 H
k1H
Fig. 5. Variation of attenuation coefficient [LogðδÞ] against real wave
Fig. 3. Variation of attenuation coefficient [LogðδÞ] against real wave
number (k1 H) for different values of heterogeneous parameter ε=k1 B44.
number (k1 H) for different values of heterogeneous parameter a=k1.

All the numerical calculations and plotting of graphs have been
done with the help of Wolfram Mathematica software (version 9.0).
Figs. 2–15 have been sketched out to elucidate the effect of dif-
ferent parameters such as heterogeneities, initial stress, dissipation
factor, density and rigidity ratios, and thickness of the layer in-
volved in wave velocity [Eq. (43)] on the traversal characteristics
of Love-type waves. The nondimensional real wave number k1 H
represents the horizontal axis whereas the nondimensional attenu-
ation coefficient LogðδÞ and phase velocity c=β 0 represent the ver-
tical axis. The detailed discussions on figures are as follows:
Figs. 2 and 3 demonstrate the influence of heterogeneity (α=k1 )
contained in the bounded layer on phase velocity and attenuation of
Love-type waves, respectively. Curve 1 of Figs. 2 and 3 has been
plotted for that case when the anisotropic layer is assumed to be
homogeneous (i.e., α=k1 ¼ 0). It has been notable in both the fig-
ures that the phase velocity as well as attenuation coefficient of
Love-type waves follow an increasing trend with the growing mag-
nitude of the heterogeneity parameter. Fig. 3 reflects that the hetero-
geneity associated with the bounded layer strongly influences the
attenuation of Love-type waves in the higher domain of real wave
number. Moreover, it is quite noteworthy to conclude from Fig. 2
that the heterogeneity possesses an almost negligible impact on
the phase velocity. More significantly, the varying magnitude of the
heterogeneity parameter exposes more prominent impact on the
attenuation of Love-type waves as compared to phase velocity.
The dominance of heterogeneity [ε=ðk1 B44 Þ] contained in the
half-space is illuminated on the phase velocity and attenuation of
Love-type waves through Figs. 4 and 5. It is clear from the figures
that both the attenuation coefficient and phase velocity are at

© ASCE 04019141-8 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

 3.5

1. P1 2 B44 0.0
3.0 1. Q 1 0.0
2. P1 2 B44 0.1
1
2. Q 0.1
3. P1 2 B44 0.2 3.0
3. Q 1 0.2
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2.5

0
c

c
2.5

1
2 1
2.0 3 2 3
2.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
k1 H k1 H

Fig. 6. Variation of phase velocity (c=β 0 ) against real wave number Fig. 8. Variation of phase velocity (c=β 0 ) against real wave number
(k1 H) for different values of initial stress P1 =2B44 . (k1 H) for different values of dissipation factor Q−1.

1
1. P1 2 B44 0.0 1
2. P1 2 B44 0.1 1. Q 1 0.0
3. P1 2 B44 0.2 2. Q 1 0.1
2
3. Q 1 0.2
2

3
Log

3
3
Log

4
1 1
4
2
3

5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 5
k1H 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
k1H
Fig. 7. Variation of attenuation coefficient [LogðδÞ] against real wave
number (k1 H) for different values of initial stress P1 =2B44 . Fig. 9. Variation of attenuation coefficient [LogðδÞ] against real wave
number (k1 H) for different values of dissipation factor Q−1.

minimum when the lower half-space is considered to be homo-

geneous [i.e., ε=ðk1 B44 Þ ¼ 0]. Moreover, with the increasing mag-
nitude of heterogeneity parameter both the attenuation and phase
velocity of Love-type waves increase. The influence of hetero-
geneity is insignificant on phase velocity profile with the growing
values of real wave number k1 H.
The positive impact of initial stress on the phase velocity and
attenuation coefficient is well exhibited in Figs. 6 and 7. In the ab-
sence of initial stress of the half-space [i.e., P1 =ð2B44 Þ ¼ 0], the
Love-type wave propagates with the least velocity as compared
to the case when the initial stress is present. This signifies that with
the presence and increment of initial stress, the phase velocity and
attenuation of Love-type waves increase. Moreover, at a higher fre-
quency region of real wave number and with positive growth of
initial stress, the attenuation of Love-type waves gets tremendously
increased. Further, the influence of initial stress on the attenuation
coefficient as well as the phase velocity is more significant at larger
values of real wave number compared with smaller values of real
wave number.
Figs. 8 and 9 depict the change in the propagation pattern of
Love-type waves with the positive variation in dissipation factor
Q−1 . Curve 1 of Figs. 8 and 9 elucidates the case when the visco-
elastic FGM half-space is viscous free (i.e., Q−1 ¼ 0). From these
figures, a contrary trend has been observed, i.e., with the positive
growth in the dissipation factor, phase velocity rises whereas at-
tenuation diminishes. More precisely, with a slight increment in the
dissipation of the considered geometry, the attenuation of Love-
type waves falls off at a much faster rate and this influence is very
much prominent at the higher magnitude of real wave number.

© ASCE 04019141-9 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

 1. 0 1 1.0 1. 0 1 0.4
3.5
2. 0 1 1.1 3.5 2. 0 1 0.5

3. 0 1 1.2 3. 0 1 0.6

3.0
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3.0
1 1
2
0

0
3
2
c

c
2.5 3 2.5

2.0 2.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
k1 H k1 H

Fig. 10. Variation of phase velocity (c=β 0 ) against real wave number Fig. 12. Variation of phase velocity (c=β 0 ) against real wave number
(k1 H) for different values of density ratio ρ0 =ρ1 . (k1 H) for different values of rigidity ratio μ0 =μ1 .

1.5
1.5
1. 0 1 1.0
1. 0 1 0.4
2.0 2. 0 1 1.1
2.0 2. 0 1 0.5
3. 0 1 1.2
3. 0 1 0.6
2.5
2.5

3.0
3.0
Log

Log

3.5 1
3.5
2 1
4.0 2
4.0
3
4.5 3
4.5

5.0
5.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
k1H
k1 H
Fig. 11. Variation of attenuation coefficient [LogðδÞ] against real wave
number (k1 H) for different values of density ratio ρ0 =ρ1 . Fig. 13. Variation of attenuation coefficient [LogðδÞ] against real wave
number (k1 H) for different values of rigidity ratio μ0 =μ1 .

Figs. 10–13 elucidate the influence of dynamic properties such

as rigidity (stiffness) and density ratios based on the traversal of
Love-type waves in the considered model. In Figs. 10 and 11, the
curves are sketched to elucidate the influence of density ratio
(ρ0 =ρ1 ) on the profile of phase velocity and attenuation against real
wave number of the Love-type wave. It can clearly be seen from
Figs. 10 and 11 that the trend and behavior of the phase velocity as
well as attenuation of the Love-type wave are just opposite to the
increasing values of the density ratio. In addition, the velocity pro-
file of Love-type waves diminishes with the rising of real wave num-
ber, whereas the attenuation profile initially increases and becomes
constant for higher values of real wave number. Figs. 12 and 13
show the dominance of stiffness ratio (μ0 =μ1 ) on the profile of phase
velocity and attenuation of Love-type wave versus real wave num-
ber. As per Figs. 12 and 13, the phase velocity of Love-type waves
has an increasing tendency with the increasing magnitude of the real
wave number, whereas the attenuation increases initially and after
particular values of the real wave number becomes a decreasing
trend. In addition to that, the varying magnitude of stiffness ratio
clarifies a more remarkable effect on the phase velocity as compared
to the attenuation of Love-type waves.
In Figs. 14 and 15, curves are plotted to represent the effect of
thickness (distance) of the layer on the phase velocity and attenu-
ation coefficient with respect to heterogeneity of the layer. It is
quite apparent from Figs. 14 and 15 that the increasing value of
thickness H has a reverse effect on the phase velocity profile as
well as attenuation of Love-type waves. That means, as the mag-
nitude of thickness H increases, both the attenuation coefficient and
phase velocity decrease for all values of heterogeneity. Besides that,
the influence of phase velocity is stronger than the attenuation
coefficient of Love-type waves.

© ASCE 04019141-10 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

 2.6
3.30
1. H 1.21

3.25 2. H 1.23
3. H 1.25 2.5

3.20
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0
3.15 2.4

c
c

3.10
2
2.3
3.05
3

3.00

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 1 2 3 4 5

k1 Frequency

Fig. 14. Variation of phase velocity (c=β 0 ) with respect to heteroge- Fig. 16. Variation of phase velocity (c=β 0 ) with respect to
neity parameter (α=k1 ) for different values of thickness H of the frequency (ω).
layer.

1.0
2
1. H 1.21
1.5 2. H 1.23
3. H 1.25
2.0 3
Log

2.5
Log

3
4
2
3.0
1

3.5 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency
4.0
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Fig. 17. Variation of attenuation coefficient [LogðδÞ] with respect to
k1 frequency (ω).
Fig. 15. Variation of attenuation coefficient [LogðδÞ] with respect to
heterogeneity parameter (α=k1 ) for different values of thickness H of 70
the layer.
60

50
Amplitude

Figs. 16 and 17 elucidate the variation of phase velocity and 40

attenuation coefficient with respect to frequency (ω) of Love-type
waves. It is clearly seen from these figures that as we increase the 30
frequency (ω), the phase velocity also increases while the attenu-
ation coefficient rapidly decreases. 20
According to the definition given by Kramer (1996), frequency
10
content describes how the amplitude of wave motion is distributed
among different frequencies. The period of vibration corresponding 0
to the maximum value (peak value) of amplitude spectrum is de- 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
fined as the predominant frequency. Fig. 18 describes that how the Frequency
amplitude of wave motion in the considered geometry is distrib-
Fig. 18. Variation of amplitude with respect to frequency.
uted among different frequencies. It is observed that the amplitude

© ASCE 04019141-11 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

 graphical demonstrations have been carried out. The results ob-
3.5 tained throughout the study are summarized as follows:
Fixed Curve • Phase velocity of the Love-type wave rapidly decreases with the
increase in the real wave number, while the attenuation coeffi-
3.0 Case I
cient increases, and both go to stable state in higher wave num-
Case II ber region.
• It is observed that the heterogeneity helps to enhance both the
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Case III
2.5 attenuation and phase velocity, but the impact on the attenua-
0

Case IV
tion characteristics is more prominent as compared to phase
c

Case V
velocity.
2.0 • In an initially stressed structure, the attenuation and phase
velocity are more than for material without initial stress.
• The heterogeneity (which acts on the half-space) has consider-
1.5 able effect on attenuation and dispersion curves as compared to
the heterogeneity present in the layer.
• The viscoelasticity has a dominating effect on the phase velo-
city, while it retards the value of attenuation coefficient.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
• We conclude that all the proposed parameters strongly affect
k1 H
attenuation as compared to the phase velocity.
Fig. 19. Particular cases of graphs with respect to phase velocity c=β 0 The approaches to solve the ODE and PDE problems associated
and real wave number k1 H. with homogeneous boundary conditions seem to be easy as com-
pared to problems associated with the inhomogeneous boundary
conditions. For the solution of the boundary value problem that
is related to the inhomogeneous boundary condition, it needs to
be homogenized by means of some transformation of the variable.
attains the maxima at frequencies (ω ¼ 4; 6; 8; 10; : : : ) which are The technique of Green’s function is a powerful tool to solve such
expressed as the frequency contents of the wave motion very inhomogeneous problems. Besides that, this technique plays a
clearly, whereas it attains a minima at (ω ¼ 3; 5; 7; 9; : : : ). This crucial role in determining the elastic displacement due to the tra-
pattern followed by the amplitude curve with respect to frequency versal characteristics of seismic waves in various types of material
depicts that the amplitude has a fluctuating and a diminishing media. Therefore, the technique of Green’s function is a most im-
nature with respect to growing magnitudes of frequency, i.e., the portant phenomenon for solving numerous problems in the area of
amplitude of wave motion is greater in lower frequencies as geophysics, physics of solids, geology and mechanics of solids, etc.
compared to higher frequencies. It is the heart of many numerical and analytical methods such as
The curves are sketched to elucidate the special cases separately, boundary-element methods, singular-integral-equation methods,
with respect to phase velocity and real wave number through Fig. 19. dislocation methods, eigenstrain approaches, and many more.
Casewise curves have been plotted separately, denoting the special
Cases I, II, III, IV, and V, whereas a fixed curve for the obtained
wave velocity equation has been drawn, taking constant values Appendix I. Expression of Variables
for the proposed parameters in our model. From Fig. 19, it is noted
that as the real wave number increases, the phase velocity profile of The expression of variables as mentioned in Eq. (44) such
Love-type wave decreases. Also, it can be observed that the phase as x1 ; y1 ; x2 ; y2 ; r1 cos θ1 ; r1 sin θ1 ; r2 cos θ2 , and r2 sin θ2 are as
velocity is higher for the fixed curve (i.e., obtained wave velocity follows:
equation), whereas it is lowest for the isotropic case (i.e., Case V).
pffiffiffiffiffi θ pffiffiffiffiffi θ
x1 ¼ r1 cos 1 ; y1 ¼ r1 sin 1 ;
2 2
Conclusions pffiffiffiffiffi θ2 pffiffiffiffiffi θ2
x2 ¼ r2 cos ; y2 ¼ r2 sin ;
2 2
The present work deals with the traversal of Love-type waves N0 2 ρ k 2 2
c
through the heterogeneous anisotropic layer, which is overlying r1 cos θ1 ¼ k ð1 − δ2 Þ − 0 1 þ α2 ;
L0 1 L0
a heterogeneous viscoelastic orthotropic FGM half-space with ini-
N0 2
tial stress. The utilization of Green’s function and Fourier transform r1 sin θ1 ¼ 2 δk1 ;
in the methodology of the solution is one of the most outstanding L0
aspects of the present study. Moreover, the dispersion relation cor- Q2 Q
r2 cos θ2 ¼ χ1 þ χ2 ;
responds to the classical result of Love (1920) when the bounded 1 þ Q2 1 þ Q2
layer and half-space are isotropic and homogeneous, as shown in
Q2 Q
special cases (Case V). Besides that, Ke et al. (2006) and Qu et al. r2 sin θ2 ¼ χ2 − χ1
(2018) have discussed that the nature of the attenuation curves 1 þ Q2 1 þ Q2
of seismic waves increases initially and becomes constant or may
vanish for higher values of wave number. Also, in our problem, we
have observed that for growing magnitude of real wave number, Appendix II. Expression of Variables
the attenuation curves follow the same trend as mentioned previ-
ously for all the proposed parameters. After that, to observe the Likewise, the expression of variables as mentioned in Eqs. (45)
intensive effects of the various influencing parameters on the phase and (46) such as χ1 , χ2 , χ3 , χ4 , χ5 , χ6 , χ7 , χ8 , χ9 , χ10 , χ11 ,
velocity and attenuation coefficient, numerical calculations and χ12 , χ13 , p, q, ζ 1 , ζ 2 , ζ 3 , ζ 4 , ζ 5 , and ζ 6 are as follows:

© ASCE 04019141-12 Int. J. Geomech.

Int. J. Geomech., 2020, 20(1): 04019141

  
1 P c2 ρ1 k21
χ1 ¼ − 1 ð1 − δ 2 Þk21 − − 2k21 δQ−1 p;
q 2B44 B44
 
2 1 P1
χ2 ¼ 2δk1 − þ k21 ð1 − δ2 ÞQ−1 p;
q 2B44
χ3 ¼ x21 þ y21 ; χ4 ¼ x22 þ y22 ; χ5 ¼ 2B66 − P1 ;
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by """Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad""" on 05/15/20. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
χ6 ¼ Qx1 þ y1 ; χ7 ¼ x1 − Qy1 ; χ8 ¼ x2 þ Qy2 ;
χ9 ¼ Qx2 − y2 ; χ10 ¼ 4B244 p2 þ χ25 Q2 ;
χ11 ¼ χ6 x2 − χ7 y2 ; χ12 ¼ −2x2 y1 y2 þ x1 ðx22 − y22 Þ;
M66 B44
χ13 ¼ x22 y1 þ 2x1 x2 y2 − y1 y22 ; p¼ ; q¼ ; Solids 24 (8): 2458–2477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081286518764759.
M44 B66
ζ 1 ¼ ðpx1 − χ7 Þχ24 − 2χ6 χ24 ω þ 2pχ12 ω2 ;
ζ 2 ¼ x1 χ24 χ5 − 2χ12 ðρ1 − χ5 Þω2 − 4χ13 ρ1 ω3 ;
ζ 3 ¼ χ24 χ5 ð−2χ6 ε þ χ11 χ5 Þ þ 4χ7 εχ24 χ5 ω
þ 4pχ13 ερ1 ω2 − 8pχ12 ερ1 ω3 ;
ζ 4 ¼ ðχ6 − py1 Þχ24 − 2χ7 χ24 ω − 2pχ6 ω3 ;
ζ 5 ¼ −y1 χ24 χ5 − 2ðχ5 − ρ1 Þχ6 ω2 − 4χ12 ρ1 ω3 ;
ζ 6 ¼ χ24 χ5 ðy1 ð2Qε − χ5 χ9 Þ þ x1 ð−2ε þ χ5 χ8 ÞÞ
− 4χ6 εχ24 χ5 ω þ 4pχ12 ερ1 ω2 þ 8pερ1 χ6 ω3
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