IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

(Reaffirmed 2001)
Edition 2.2
(1984-10)
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART II TEMPERATURE-RISE

( First Revision )
(Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1 & 2)

UDC 621.314.222.6.017.71

© BIS 2003

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Price Group 5
 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART II TEMPERATURE-RISE

( First Revision )
Transformers Sectional Committee, ETDC 16
Chairman
SHRI U. K. PATWARDHAN
Prayog Electricals Pvt Ltd, Bombay
Members Representing
SHRI S. AMMEERJAN Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (R&D Unit)
SHRI N. S. S. AROKIASWAMY Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Madras
SHRI M. K. SUNDARARAJAN ( Alternate )
SHRI B. G. BHAKEY Kirloskar Electric Co Ltd, Bangalore
DR B. N. JAYARAM ( Alternate )
SHRI A. V. BHEEMARAU Gujarat Electricity Board, Vadodara
SHRI J. S. IYER ( Alternate )
SHRI S. D. CHOTRANEY Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Undertaking,
Bombay
SHRI Y. K. PALVANKAR ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR (TRANSMISSION) Central Electric Authority, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
(TRANSMISSION) ( Alternate )
SHRI T. K. GHOSE Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI P. K. BHATTACHARJEE ( Alternate )
JOINT DIRECTOR (SUB-STATION) Research, Designs and Standards Organization,
Lucknow
DEPUTY DIRECTOR STANDARDS
(ELECTRICAL) ( Alternate )
SHRI J. K. KHANNA Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals
(Inspection Wing), New Delhi
SHRI K. L. GARG ( Alternate )
SHRI B. S. KOCHAR Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI R. D. JAIN ( Alternate )
SHRI J. R. MAHAJAN Indian Electrical Manufacturers’ Association, Bombay
SHRI P. K. PHILIP ( Alternate )
SHRI D. B. MEHTA Tata Hydro-Electric Power Supply Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI R. CHANDRAMOULI ( Alternate )
( Continued on page 2 )
© BIS 2003
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977
( Continued from page 1 )

Members Representing
SHRI D. V. NARKE Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd
SHRI ISHWAR CHANDRA ( Alternate I )
SHRI PREM CHAND ( Alternate II )
SHRI I. S. PATEL Hindustan Brown Boveri Ltd, Bombay
SHRI V. N. PRAHLAD National Electrical Industries Ltd, Bhopal
SHRI A. G. GURJAR ( Alternate )
SHRI K. N. RAMASWAMY Directorate General of Technical Development,
New Delhi
SHRI S. K. PALHAN ( Alternate )
SHRI CHANDRA K. ROHATGI Pradip Lamp Works, Patna
SHRI D. P. SAHGAL Siemens India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. R. SALVI ( Alternate )
SHRI I. C. SANGAR Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking, New Delhi
SHRI R. C. KHANNA ( Alternate )
SHRI K. G. SHANMUKHAPPA NGEF Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI P. S. RAMAN ( Alternate )
SHRI M. A. SHARIFF Karnataka Electricity Board, Bangalore
SHRI B. C. ALVA ( Alternate )
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Department
(OPERATION) (Electricity Projects and Board), Hyderabad
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER
TECHNICAL (PROJECTS) ( Alternate )
SHRI C. R. VARIER Crompton Greaves Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. V. MANERIKAR ( Alternate )
SHRI S. P. SACHDEV, Director General, ISI ( Ex-officio Member )
Director (Elec tech)

Secretary
SHRI VIJAI
Drputy Director (Elec tech), ISI

Panel for Revision of IS : 2026 Specification for Power Transformers,

ETDC 16 : P6
Members
SHRI S. V. MANERIKAR Crompton Greaves Ltd, Bombay
SHRI D. V. NARKE Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd
SHRI ISHWAR CHANDRA ( Alternate I )
SHRI PREM CHAND ( Alternate II )
SHRI S. SRINIVASAN ( Alternate III )

2
 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART II TEMPERATURE-RISE

( First Revision )
0. F O R E W O R D
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part II) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 24 February 1977, after the draft finalized by
the Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Electrotechnical Division Council.
0.2 The first revision of IS : 2026-1962* has been undertaken with a
view to bring it in line with the revision of IEC Pub 76 (1967) Power
transformers.
0.3 In this revision the requirements for power transformers are
covered in four parts as follows :
Part I General
Part II Temperature-rise
Part III Insulation levels and dielectric tests
Part IV Terminal markings, tappings and connections
0.4 This standard (Part II) has been based on IEC Pub 76-2 (1976)
‘Power transformers, Part 2 Temperature-rise’, issued by the
International Electrotechnical Commission.
0.5 This part shall be read in conjunction with IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977†,
IS : 2026 (Part III)-1977‡ and IS : 2026 (Part IV)-I977§.
0.6 This edition 2.2 incorporates Amendment No. 2 (October 1984).
Side bar indicates modification of the text as the result of incorporation
of the amendment. Amendment No. 1 had been incorporated earlier.
0.7 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-1960||. The number of significant places retained in the rounded
off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.

*Specification for power transformers.

†Specification for power transformers: Part I General
‡Specification for power transformers: Part III Insulation levels and dielectric tests.
§Specification for power transformers: Part IV Terminal markings, tappings and
connections.
||Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
3
IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part II) covers temperature-rise requirements of
power transformers.

2. IDENTIFICATION ACCORDING TO COOLING METHOD

2.1 Identification Symbols — Transformers shall be identified
according to the cooling method employed. Letter symbols for use in
connection with each cooling method shall be as given in Table 1.
NOTE — In transformers with forced directed oil circulation a certain proportion of the
forced oil flow is channelled so as to pass through the windings. Certain windings,
however, may have a non-directed oil flow, for instance, separate tapping windings,
auxiliary windings and stabilizing windings.

TABLE 1 LETTER SYMBOLS

( Clause 2.1 )
i) Kind of Cooling Medium Symbol
a) Mineral oil or equivalent flammable synthetic O
insulating liquid
b) Non-flammable synthetic insulating liquid L
c) Gas G
d) Water W
e) Air A
ii) Kind of Circulation
a) Natural N
b) Forced (oil not directed) F
c) Forced (directed oil) D

2.2 Arrangement of Symbols — Transformers shall be identified by

four symbols for each cooling method for which a rating is assigned by
the manufacturer.
2.2.1 Dry-type transformers without protective enclosures are
identified by two symbols only for the cooling medium that is in contact
with the windings of the surface coating of windings with an overall
coating (for example, epoxy resin).
2.2.2 The order in which the symbols are used shall be as given in
Table 2. Oblique strokes shall be used to separate the group symbols
for different cooling methods.
2.2.3 For example, an oil-immersed transformer with forced directed
oil circulation and forced air circulation shall be designated ODAF.
2.2.4 For oil-immersed transformers in which the alternatives of
natural or forced cooling with non-directed oil flow are possible, typical
designations are :
ONAN/ONAF ONAN/OFAF

4
 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

2.2.5 The cooling method of a dry-type transformer without a

protective enclosure or with a ventilated enclosure and with natural
air cooling is designated by :
AN
2.2.6 For a dry-type transformer in a non-ventilated protective
enclosure with natural air cooling inside and outside the enclosure the
designation is :
ANAN

TABLE 2 ORDER OF SYMBOLS

( Clause 2.2.2 )

1st Letter 2nd Letter 3rd Letter 4th Letter

Kind of cooling med- Kind of circulation Kind of cooling med- Kind of circulation
ium indicating the ium indicating the
cooling medium that cooling medium that
is in contact with the is in contact with the
windings external cooling
systems

3. LIMITS OF TEMPERATURE-RISE
3.1 Normal Temperature-Rise Limits — The temperature-rises of
the windings, cores and oil, of transformers designed for operation at
altitudes not exceeding those given in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977* and
with cooling medium temperatures as described in 3 of IS : 2026
(Part I)-1977* shall not exceed the limits specified in Tables 3 and 4
when tested in accordance with 4.

3.1.1 The method of verification of the forced directed oil flow shall be
subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser,
normally at the time of tender.
3.1.2 The temperature-rises of transformers immersed in non-
flammable synthetic insulating liquids and using insulating materials
whose temperature classes are different from A may be raised by an
amount to be agreed by manufacturer and purchaser.
3.1.3 In certain types of transformers with concentric windings and
vertical axes of core and windings two or more windings can be
arranged one above the other. If these windings are identical, the
arithmetic mean value of their temperature-rises shall not exceed the
permissible temperature-rises given in Tables 3 and 4. If the windings
*Specification for power transformers: Part I General

5
IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

are not identical, their temperature-rises shall be subject to agreement

between the manufacturer and the purchaser. In this case, the axial
dimensions of each winding are to be considered.
TABLE 3 TEMPERATURE-RISE LIMITS FOR DRY-TYPE
TRANSFORMERS
( Clauses 3.1, 3.1.3, 3.3, 4.3 and 4.5.1 )

SL PART COOLING TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE-RISE

NO . METHOD CLASS OF
INSULATION*
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
°C
i) Windings (Temperature- Air, natural A 50
rise measured by resis- or forced E 65
tance method) B 70
F 90
H 115
C 140†
ii) Cores and other parts
a) Adjacent to windings All — a) Same values as for
windings
b) Not adjacent to All — b) The temperature shall
windings in no case reach a
value that will damage
the core itself, other
parts or adjacent
materials
NOTE — Insulating materials may be used separately or in combination provided that
in any application each material shall not be subjected to a temperature in excess of
that for which it is suitable, if operated under rated conditions.
*In accordance with IS : 1271-1958 Classification of insulating material for electrical
machinery and apparatus in relation to their thermal stability in service.
†For certain insulating materials, temperature-rises in excess of 140°C may be
adopted by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

3.2 Reduced Temperature-Rises for Transformers Designed for

High Cooling-Medium Temperatures or Special Cooling-Medium
Conditions — If the transformer is designed for service where the
temperature of the cooling-medium exceeds one of the maximum values
shown in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977* by no more than 10°C, the allowable
temperature-rises for the windings, cores and oil shall be reduced.

*Specification for power transformers: Part I General.

6
 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

TABLE 4 TEMPERATURE-RISE LIMITS FOR OIL-IMMERSED TYPE

TRANSFORMERS
( Clauses 3.1, 3.1.3, 3.3, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5.1 )
SL PART TEMPERATURE-RISE
NO . EXTERNAL COOLING
MEDIUM
























Air Water
(1) (2) (3) (4)
°C °C
i) Windings (temperature- 55, when the oil circula- 60, when the oil circula-
rise measured by resistance tion is natural or tion is natural or
method) temperature class forced non-directed forced non-directed
of insulation A 60, when the oil circula- 65, when the oil circula-
tion is forced directed tion is forced directed

ii) Top oil (temperature-rise 50, when the transformer 55, when the transformer
measured by thermometer) is equipped with a is equipped with a
conservator or sealed conservator or sealed
45, when the transformer 50, when the transformer
is neither equipped is neither equipped
with a conservator with a conservator
nor sealed nor sealed
iii) Cores, metallic parts, and The temperature shall in The temperature shall in
adjacent materials no case reach a value that no case reach a value that
will damage the core will damage the core
itself, other parts or itself, other parts or
adjacent materials adjacent materials
NOTE — The temperature-rise limits of the windings (measured by resistance method)
are chosen to give the same hot-spot temperature-rise with different types of oil
circulation. The hot-spot temperature-rise cannot normally be measured directly.
Transformers with forced directed oil flow have a difference between the hot-spot and
the average temperature-rise in the windings which is smaller than that in
transformers with natural or forced but not directed oil flow. For this reason the
windings of transformers with forced directed oil flow can have temperature-rise limits
(measured by resistance method) which are 5°C higher than in other transformers.
If the rated power is 10 MVA or greater, the reduction shall
correspond to the excess temperature. For smaller rated powers the
allowable temperature-rises shall be reduced as follows :
a) by 5°C if the excess temperature is less than or equal to 5°C, and
b) by 10°C if the excess temperature is greater than 5°C and less
than or equal to 10°C.
Where for air-cooled transformers the excess temperature specified
above exceeds 10°C, or for water-cooled transformers the temperature
of the cooling water exceeds 30°C, the allowable temperature-rises
shall be agreed to between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Any site conditions which may either impose restrictions on the air
cooling or produce high ambient air temperatures shall be specified by
the purchaser.
7
IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

3.3 Reduced Temperature-Rises for Transformers Designed for

High Altitudes — Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer
and the purchaser for air-cooled transformers designed for operation at
an altitude greater than 1 000 m but tested at normal altitudes, the
limits of temperature-rise given in Tables 3 and 4 shall be reduced by
the following amounts for each 500 m by which the intended working
altitude exceeds 1 000 m :
a) Oil-immersed, natural air-cooled transformers 2.0 percent
b) Dry-type, natural air-cooled transformers 2.5 percent
c) Oil-immersed, forced air-cooled transformers 3.0 percent
d) Dry-type, forced air-cooled transformers 5.0 percent
NOTE 1 — If air-cooled transformers, which are designed for operation below 1 000 m,
are tested at altitudes above 1 000 m, the measured temperature-rises are to be
reduced by the above mentioned amounts for each 500 m by which the test altitude
exceeds 1 000 m.
NOTE 2 — These reductions in temperature-rise limits or in measured temperature-
rises are not applicable to water-cooled transformers.
3.4 Choice of Tapping for Temperature-Rise Test — Temperature-
rise test shall be performed at the tapping as desired by the purchaser.
If nothing has been stated by the purchaser, the test shall be carried out
as indicated below:
a) For tapping ranges less than or equal to 10 percent tapping on
negative side, the test shall be performed on the lowest tap at
appropriate current relating to this tapping; and
b) For tapping ranges exceeding 10 percent on negative side, the test
shall be performed at – 10 percent tapping with appropriate
current relating to this tapping.
NOTE 1 — While above mentioned tapping limits may be applicable in respect of
temperature-rise test only, there shall be no injury to the transformer when delivering
the appropriate rated current on any tap including the extreme negative tap.
NOTE 2 — A transformer may be expected to operate without permanent injury so long
as it is operating within the absolute temperature limits and other conditions specified
in IS : 6600-1972 ‘Guide for loading of oil immersed transformers’.

4. TEST OF TEMPERATURE-RISE (TYPE TEST)

4.1 Measurement of Temperature of Cooling Air
4.1.1 General — The cooling-air temperature shall be measured by
means of several thermometers arranged according to 4.1.2 and 4.1.3.
They shall be protected from draught and abnormal heat radiation.
To avoid errors due to the time lag between variations in the
temperature of the transformer and that of the cooling air, the
thermometers may be inserted in cups filled with liquid, having a time
constant of about two hours.
The value to be adopted for the temperature of the cooling air for a
test is the average of the readings taken on these thermometers at
equal intervals of time during the last quarter of the test period.
8
 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

The temperature of the cooling air should be as constant as possible

during the test period, especially during the last quarter.
4.1.2 Natural Air-Cooling — The thermometers (at least three) shall
be placed at different points around the transformer, at a level
approximately half way up the cooling surface, at a distance of 1 to 2 m
from the cooling surface.
4.1.3 Forced Air-Cooling — If there is a well defined flow of air from
the surroundings towards the intakes of the coolers, without much
recirculation of warm air, the thermometers should be placed in this
intake stream. They should be far enough away from the tank and
cooler surfaces to prevent disturbance by radiant heating (distance
of 1 m to 2 m).
If these conditions cannot be fulfilled, the temperatures shall be
measured around the complete transformer, outside the recirculation
streams, preferably on the side without cooler, if any.
4.2 Measurement of Temperature of Cooling Water — The
cooling water temperature shall be measured at the intake of the cooler
and the temperature shall be taken as the average of at least three
readings taken at approximately equal intervals not greater than one
hour. The readings shall be taken in the last quarter of the test period.
4.3 Determination of Winding Temperature — The winding temp-
eratures shall in principle be ascertained using the resistance method.
The temperature of a winding ( θ 2 ) at the end of a test period shall be
calculated from its measured resistance ( R2 ) at that temperature and
its measured resistance ( R1 ) at some other temperature ( θ 1 ) using the
formula :
R
θ 2 = ------2- ( 235 + θ 1 ) – 235 for copper
R1
R
θ 2 = ------2- ( 225 + θ 1 ) – 225 for aluminium
R1
where θ 1 and θ 2 are measured in °C.
The resistance ( R1) is generally the cold resistance measured in
accordance with 16.2 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977*. The resistance ( R2 ) is
measured either after switching off the supply, having regard to the
corrections indicated in 4.9, or without interruption of the supply by
means of the super-position method ( see Appendix A ) which consists of
injecting into the winding a dc measuring current of low value
superposed on the load current.
In case of transformers with concentric windings and vertical axes of
core and windings where two or more identical windings are arranged
one above the other, all these windings can be connected in series for the
*Specification for power transformers: Part I General
9
IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977
test of temperature-rise. The measured temperature-rise of these
series-connected windings shall not exceed the appropriate value given
in Tables 3 and 4.
If the windings have a resistance of 0.005 ohm or greater the winding
temperatures shall be ascertained by means of the resistance method.
Practical difficulties due to the short time available for the
measurement of hot resistances may affect the accuracy of such
measurement by about one percent.
For winding having a value less than 0.005 ohm, the resistance
method may be inaccurate. In such cases the temperature-rise at the
end of a temperature test shall be determined as follows :
‘The temperature of the oil shall be measured by a thermometer
placed in a thermometer pocket. The temperature-rise so determined
shall not exceed the limiting value for oil given in Table 4.’
Any one method shall be used for the determination of the winding
temperatures.
4.4 Measurement of Top Oil Temperature — The temperature of
the top oil shall be measured by a thermometer placed in an oil-filled
thermometer pocket on the cover or in the outlet pipe to the cooler, but
in the case of separate coolers it shall be located in the outlet pipe
adjacent to the transformer. Should the tank not be completely filled
with oil, the pocket shall be long enough, or placed in an appropriate
position on the tank, to ensure true measurement of the top oil
temperature; alternatively, an opening shall be provided through
which the thermometer can be inserted. The temperature-rise so
determined shall not exceed the limiting value for oil given in Table 4.
4.5 Duration of Test of Temperature-Rise — The test shall be
continued until the requirements of one of the following methods have
been met. The method shall be chosen by the manufacturer.
4.5.1 Method a — Evidence shall be obtained that the highest
temperature-rise will not exceed the value given in Table 3 or 4, as
appropriate, even if the test were continued until thermal equilibrium
is reached. Temperatures shall be taken where possible during
operation, as well as when the supply to the transformer is
switched-off. The test shall not be regarded as completed until the
temperature-rise increment is less than 3°C in 1 hour.
The method shown in Fig. 1 shall be employed for the determination
of the final temperature-rise.
4.5.2 Method b — It shall be demonstrated that the top oil
temperature-rise does not vary more than 1°C per hour during 4
consecutive hourly readings. If the test is performed initially with
reduced cooling or without any cooling, it shall be continued for
sufficient time with full cooling to prevent errors in the measurement
of the final oil temperature-rise.
10
11

IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

FIG. 1 METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE FINAL TEMPERATURE-RISE OF OIL
IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977
4.6 Test Method for Dry-Type Transformers* — The method shall
be one involving excitation of the core at normal flux density. The input
test current It shall be held constant at a value as near as possible to the
rated value IN and at least equal to 90 percent of this value, and the run
continued until the temperature-rise, θ t , of the windings, is steady.
The temperature-rise of the windings above the temperature of the
cooling air, for rated load conditions, θ N , is calculated from the formula :
IN q
θ N = θ t -------
It

The value of q shall be taken as follows :

AN transformers = 1.6
AF transformers = 1.8
NOTE — For loading method see 4.8.
4.7 Test Method for Oil-Immersed Type Transformers* — Tempe-
rature-rise tests of oil-immersed type transformers include the determi-
nation of top oil temperature-rise and of winding temperature-rises.
NOTE 1 — During the test the power required for the pumps and fans may be measured.
NOTE 2 — For loading method see 4.8.
4.7.1 Top Oil Temperature-Rise — The top oil temperature-rise shall
be obtained by subtracting the cooling medium test temperature from
the measured top oil temperature, the transformer being supplied with
the total losses. The input power shall be maintained at a steady value.
If the total losses (taken as the sum of the measured load losses,
corrected to the reference temperature and the measured no-load
losses) [ see 16.1 and 16.4 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977† ] cannot be
obtained, different losses, as near as possible to the above losses, but in
any case not less than 80 percent, shall be supplied and the following
correction factor applied to the top oil temperature-rise so determined :
Total losses x
--------------------------------
Test losses
The value of x shall be as follows :
For natural air circulation: 0.8
For forced air circulation and water cooling: 1.0
NOTE — In cases where testing facilities are not available for carrying out the test at
80 percent of the total losses, the losses at which the test is to be conducted and the details
of the test shall be subject of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

*It is assured that the transformer has no tappings, or if it has, that the test is made
on the principal tapping. If the test is made on another tapping, it is necessary to replace
in the text the words ‘rated voltage’ and ‘rated current’ by ‘appropriate tapping voltage’
and ‘appropriate tapping current’.
†Specification for power transformers: Part I General
12
 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977
4.7.2 Winding Temperature-Rises — Winding temperature-rises shall
be obtained on all windings by subtracting the external cooling
medium test temperature from the average temperature of the
windings as measured by resistance, after circulating the rated
current at rated frequency in the winding under test.
If the rated current cannot be supplied, the tests may be performed
with a current not less than 90 percent of the rated current.
Alternatively, a current providing the total losses may be supplied. In
either case the following correction factor shall be applied to the deter-
mined temperature-rise of the windings above average oil temperature :
Rated current y
--------------------------------------
Test current

The value of y shall be as follows :

For natural and forced non-directed oil circulation: 1.6
For forced directed air circulation: 2.0
NOTE — In cases where testing facilities are not available for carrying out the test at
90 percent of rated current the current at which the test is to be conducted and the details
of the test shall be subject of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
The average oil temperature may be determined by any of the
following ways :
a) For all cooling methods the average oil temperature in the surro-
undings of the different windings shall be calculated according to
Fig. 2 from the resistance R′ where the straight line L cuts the
ordinate. The winding resistances shall be determined after
switching-off the supply according to 4.9.
b) In transformers with ON, OF and OD cooling the average oil
temperature shall be determined as the difference between the
top oil temperature and half the temperature-drop in the cooling
equipment.
For tanks with tubes or radiators mounted on them, the temp-
erature-drop shall be taken as the difference between the surface
temperatures at the top and the bottom of a cooling tube or
radiator element, the tube or radiator element chosen being as
near as practicable to the middle of a side of the tank.
In the case of a separate cooler, the temperature-drop shall be
taken as the difference in readings of thermometers in
thermometer pockets adjacent to the main tank in the inlet and
outlet pipes to and from the cooler.
c) For transformers having rated powers up to 2 500 kVA with
natural oil circulation and plain or corrugated tanks or with tubes
or radiators mounted on the tanks, the average oil temperature-
rise is taken approximately as 0.8 times top oil temperature-rise.

13
IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

FIG. 2 METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE WINDING RESISTANCE AT THE

INSTANT OF SWITCHING-OFF THE SUPPLY, AND THE AVERAGE OIL
TEMPERATURE
Allowances shall be made for variation in average oil temperature
during tests as explained in detail in 4.8.3.
It shall be accepted that the average oil temperature-rise may vary
with the losses according to the law given in 4.7.1 for the top oil
temperature-rise.
4.8 Loading Methods* — At the choice of the manufacturer, for two-
winding transformers any one of the loading methods according
to 4.8.1 to 4.8.3 may be applied for oil-immersed type transformers and
either of the loading methods according to 4.8.1 and 4.8.2 for dry-type
transformers.
4.8.1 Direct Loading Method — One winding of the transformer shall
be excited at rated voltage with the other connected to a suitable load
such that rated currents flow in both windings. No correction for
average oil temperature need be applied to the winding temperature-
rise of oil-immersed type transformer.
*It is assured that the transformer has no tappings, or if it has, that the test is made
on the principal tapping. If the test is made on another tapping, it is necessary to replace
in the text the words ‘rated voltage’ and ‘rated current’ by ‘appropriate tapping voltage’
and ‘appropriate tapping current’.
14
 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

4.8.2 Back-to-Back Method — Two transformers, one of which is the

transformer under test, shall be connected in parallel and excited at
the rated voltage of the transformer under test. By means of different
voltage ratios or an injected voltage, rated current shall be made to
flow in the transformer under test. No correction for average oil
temperature need be applied to the winding temperature-rise of
oil-immersed type transformers.
4.8.3 Short-Circuit Method — To determine the temperature-rise of the
oil, the sum of the no-load and load losses at the reference temperature
shall be supplied to the transformer, one of its windings being excited
and another short-circuited at its terminals. The top oil temperature-
rise and the average oil temperature-rise shall be recorded.
The input shall then be reduced to a value which results in the
circulation of rated current at rated frequency in the windings, and this
value shall be maintained for 1 hour. The temperature of the windings
shall then be determined by the resistance method. The drop in average
oil temperature during this hour is taken into account when calculating
the temperature-rise of the windings above the average oil temperature.
The temperature-rise of the windings above the average oil temp-
erature, determined in the second part of the test, added to the average
oil temperature-rise, determined in the first part of the test, shall give the
temperature-rise of the windings above the cooling medium temperature
for total losses at rated current, rated frequency and rated voltage.
Alternatively, the temperature-rise of the windings above the
cooling medium temperature for total losses at rated current and rated
voltage may be derived from the temperature-rise of the windings at
the end of the run with total losses, mentioned in the first sentence
of 4.8.3, by correcting the difference between the temperature of the
windings and the average oil temperature to the conditions
corresponding to rated current and rated frequency.
4.8.4 Loading of Multi-Winding Transformers — In the case of multi-
winding transformers where more than two windings can be loaded
simultaneously in service the temperature-rise tests shall normally be
performed by separate two-winding tests.
In certain cases the rated powers of the individual windings may
preclude the testing of the transformer at the full total losses.
For such cases the correction of the top oil temperature-rise of
oil-immersed type transformers shall be made as described in 4.7.1.
Calculated corrections according to 4.7.2 shall be made, where
necessary, to determine the individual winding temperature-rises at
the specified loading combination which is the most severe for the
particular winding. In these calculations the manufacturer may take
account of the stray and eddy current losses at this loading combination.
15
IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977
4.9 Temperature Correction for Cooling of Transformers After
Switching-Off the Supply
4.9.1 General — Winding temperature measurement may be made
while the transformer is in operation by the superposition method
mentioned in 4.3 or by taking resistance readings after the supply to
transformer is switched-off.
In the latter case, to provide for the interval between the instant of
switching-off the supply and the measurement of the temperature, a
correction shall be applied so as to obtain as nearly as practicable the
temperature at the instant of switching-off the supply.
Readings shall be taken as soon as possible after switching-off the
supply, but allowing sufficient time for the inductive effect to
disappear, as indicated from the cold resistance measurements
[ see 16.2.1 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977* ].
When the supply to transformer is switched-off, the fans and water
pumps shall be stopped but the oil pumps shall remain running.
Correction of the temperature-rise as determined by the resistance
method to the instant of switching-off the supply shall be made by
extrapolation back to the instant of switching-off the supply from
time/temperature curves or time/resistance curves.
4.9.2 Method of Extrapolation Using Linear Scales — The correction
shall be determined approximately by making a series of resistance
measurements and from this plotting a time/resistance curve, which is
extrapolated back to the instant of switching-off the supply. The
highest winding temperature shall then be calculated from the
resistance at the instant of switching-off the supply.
This extrapolation shall be done according to Fig. 2, where the
resistances R are determined at equal intervals of time ∆t.
In taking actual resistance measurements by some bridge methods
it is more accurate to determine times for fixed changes in resistance
∆R, that is, time as noted at the moment the indicator of the pre-set
bridge passes through zero.
The decreases in resistance, ∆Rn corresponding to equal time
interval are put down horizontally at the appropriate points of the
ordinate and give the straight line L. R2 is the resistance of the
winding at the instant of switching-off the supply.
4.9.3 Method of Extrapolation Using Log-Linear Scales — The diffe-
rence ∆R′ between the measured resistance and the resistance R′, corres-
ponding to the temperature to which the winding is cooling after
switching-off the supply shall be drawn on log-linear graph paper with
time as linear and ∆R′ as the logarithmic axis. The resistance R′ shall be
chosen in such a way that the test points plotted appear almost on a
straight line. The resistance at the instant of switching-off the supply
*Specification for power transformers: Part I General.
16
 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

shall then be equal to R′ + ∆R′o, where ∆R′o is found by drawing a straight

line through the point on the graph and extrapolating it back to zero time.
4.9.4 Temperature of Hot-Spot in Winding — For the purpose of
calibrating winding-temperature indicators, the temperature of the
hot-spot in a winding shall be taken as the sum of the temperature at
the top oil ( θ r + cooling air temperature ) and 1.1 times the
temperature-rise of the winding above average oil temperature.

APPENDIX A
( Clause 4.3 )
TEMPERATURE-RISE OF WINDINGS BY RESISTANCE
MEASURED BY THE SUPERPOSITION METHOD
A-1. PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD
A-1.1 A small auxiliary dc current, supplied preferably from a storage
battery is superposed on the ac load current in the transformer
winding under consideration. Measurements are made of the
magnitude of the superposed current circulating in the winding and
also the voltage drop at the terminals of the winding due to this direct
current. These measurements are made at least at the beginning and
end of the temperature-rise test and are used to determine the mean
temperature of the windings by the variation of resistance, the
accuracy being in the order of 1°C.
The method is equally applicable to temperature-rise tests carried out
by means of the direct loading, back-to-back or short-circuit methods.
The test arrangements vary according to the winding connections;
the two most frequent connections are described in A-2 and A-3.
A-2. STAR WINDINGS WITH NEUTRAL BROUGHT OUT
A-2.1 The injection of dc through the winding neutral does not present
any difficulty. Nevertheless it is necessary to arrange for a return
neutral point which will generally be that of the supply transformer or
a neutral point of the external circuit, or, in the case of a short-circuited
winding, the short-circuit connection at the phase terminals. One point
of the injection circuit should preferably be earthed.
Fig. 3 shows the circuit for a star/star transformer with the neutrals
brought out from both windings, the temperature test being carried out
by the short-circuit method.
For each of the two windings, the sum I of the dc currents injected
into the three phases is measured by means of a millivoltmeter
connected across a shunt placed in the injection circuit.
For the energized winding, a microammeter is connected between
the neutral point of the winding and the neutral point of three reactors
connected in star to the phase terminals. These reactors are for the
17
IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

purpose of limiting the circulation of alternating current, and to this

effect, voltage transformers may be used. Provided that the resistance
of the voltage transformer winding in each phase is equal, then the
microammeter measures a current i proportional to the sum of the dc
voltages at the terminals of the three phases of the transformer.
If R is the mean resistance of the three-phase windings of the
transformer under test, r1 the resistance per phase of the reactors or
voltage transformer and r the circuit resistance, then
i
R = - ( 3r + r 1 )
I
In the case of the windings on short-circuit, r again being the
resistance of the voltage measuring circuit the relation becomes simply :
i
R = - × 3r
I
A-3. DELTA WINDING OR STAR WINDING WITHOUT ACCES-
SIBLE NEUTRAL
A-3.1 Such winding connections do not lend themselves to the
injection of dc when they are short-circuited. The phase terminals shall
necessarily be connected to an external circuit such as a supply
transformer or a loading circuit.
The dc injection may be made through one of the phase terminals
but the three phases of the winding do not play symmetrical roles and
intervene in the measurement with different weights.
Return of the dc may often be effected by an accessible neutral point
of the external circuit, which is then earthed. The injection circuit must
include in series a reactor capable of withstanding the ac phase voltage.
In the absence of such an available neutral point in the internal
circuit, return of the dc may be effected in another way, for example, by
a second phase terminal. One point in the injection circuit is then fixed
at earth potential and reactors interposed between this point and the
two-phase terminals used.
Fig. 4 shows the circuit for a delta-connected winding and where the
neutral point is available on the supply transformer.
The dc is injected via terminal U1, and the measuring shunt shall be
placed between the terminal and the point of injection. The shunt is
thus at phase voltage and the millivoltmeter shall be read at a distance.
The direct current I which flows via terminal U1 divides equally
between the two-phase windings each of resistance R connected to this
terminal and flows out via terminals V1 and W1.
To measure the dc voltage between terminal U1 and the combination
of terminals V1 and W1, three reactors are arranged as shown in the figure.

18
19

IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

FIG. 3 STAR/STAR TRANSFORMER WITH NEUTRALS BROUGHT OUT
 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977
20

FIG. 4 DELTA WINDING WITH NEUTRAL POINT AVAILABLE AT SUPPLY

 IS : 2026 (Part II) – 1977

These may consist of voltage transformers supplemented, if

necessary, by additional resistors, the primary purpose of which is to
ensure that overall resistances r2 and r3 are equal. Adequate
capacitances are connected between the ends of the reactances and
earth to suppress residual alternating voltages.
If i is the current in the microammeter, the mean resistance of the
two phases included in the measurement is :
R = -i ( 2r 1 + r 2 )
I
A-4. MEASURING EQUIPMENT
A-4.1 Shunts — The shunts placed in the neutral connection do not
present any difficulty. For the shunt inserted in a phase conductor, in
the case of a delta-connected winding, it is necessary to consider possible
thermocouple effects due to the alternating current which is of the order
of 100 times the dc measuring current. It shall therefore be constructed
with particular care to completely eliminate these thermocouple effects.
A-4.2 Microammeter and Millivoltmeter — These instruments
shall be accurate and linear. The accuracy class shall be 0.5. Both
instruments shall be filtered so that the presence of alternating current
does not affect the instrument.

21
Bureau of Indian Standards
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Review of Indian Standards
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This Indian Standard has been developed by Technical Committee : ETDC 16

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue
Amd. No. 1 Incorporated earlier
Amd. No. 2 October 1984

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