BMSIT&M CSE DEPT, 2ND SEM, SEC 'C'

Vector calculus
and
Infinite series


TOPICS
COVERED
Stokes theorem

Application to work done by force and Flux Infinite Series

Series of positive terms - Convergence and Divergence

 PART 1

VECTOR
INTEGRALS
STOKE'S THEOREM
DEFINITION
ALSO KNOWN AS
KELVIN–STOKES THEOREM

The theorem states that “the surface integral of

the curl of a function over a surface bounded by a

closed surface is equal to the line integral of the

particular vector function around that surface.”

EXPLANATION
Suppose 'S' be an open surface bounded by a closed curve 'C' & if F=F 1 i + F 2 j + F 3k,

be vector point function having the continuous function then,

WHERE,

n is a unit vector to the surface 'S' (or)

n.ds = dydz i + dzdx j + dxdy k.

 Applications

Green's Theorem is a particular

Computation of Line Integral

case of stoke's theorem

Calculation of Surface Integral Finding the condition for

conservativeness
PROBLEM :
F = 3y i - xz j +yz k and S is the surface of the parabolaid 2z = x + y
If
2 2 2

bounded by z = 2, evaluate ∬∇
× F .dS using Stoke's Theorem
S

By stoke's theorem, I = ∬∇ × F .dS = ∫F .d R

I = ∫F .d R= ∫ 2
(3yi - xzj + yz k).(dx i + dy j + dz k)

= ∫ (3ydx - xzdy + yz dz)

2

2 2
because, S = x + y = 4, z=2

put x=2cosA and y=2sinA

2 2
C= x + y = 4 , A = 0 to 2 π
I = ∫2 π
[6sinA(-2cosAdA) - 4cosA(2cosAdA) + 8sinA(0)]

∫ π
0
2
2 2

=-4 (12sin A + 8cos A) dA

0

= -4[12( π/4) + 8(π/4) = -20π

 PART 2

WORK DONE BY
A FORCE AND
FLUX
EXPLANATION
If F is the force acted upon by a particle in displacing it along the curve C then
the vector line integral ∫
C
→
F.dr represents the total work done by the force.

∫ ∬∇ ∬∇
We have Stoke's theorem,

→ ^
→
F.dr = × F.nds = × F .ds
C S S

Further, we know that curl

→
F=0 →F is irrotational. Therefore, from the above

equation, ∫C
F.dr = 0, when F is irrotational. Hence we conclude that the total

work done is zero if F is irrotational or vice versa.

Also, if F represents the velocity of a fluid particle then the total outward flux of
F across a closed surface S is the surface integral ∬
S
^
F.nds = ∬
S
→
F.ds
We have Gauss Divergence theorem,

Further we know that div F = 0 => F is solenoidal.

∬

0
Therefore, from the above equation, F.nds = 0, when F
S

is solenoidal. Hence we conclude that the flux is zero if F

is solenoidal or vice versa.
PROBLEM :
Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field F = 3xy i - 5z j + 10x k
2 2 3
along the curve: x = t + 1, y = 2t ,z = t from t = 1 to t =2

2 2 3

F = 3xy i - 5z j + 10x k x = t + 1, y = 2t ,z = t

dr = dx i + dy j + dz k

F.dr = (3xy i - 5z j + 10x k)(dx i + dy j + dz k)

5 4 3 2

= (12t + 10t + 12t + 30t )dt

∫F ∫
2
4
5 3 2
Work Done = .dr = (12t + 10t + 12t + 30t )dt
1
6 5 4 3

= [(12t /6) + (10t /5) + (12t /4) + (30t /3)]

6 5 4 3

= (2t + 2t + 3t + 10t )
6 5 4 3

= [2(2) + 2(2) + 3(2) + 10(2) ]-[2 + 2 + 3 + 10]

= 303
 PART 3

INFINITE SERIES
CONVERGENCE AND
DIVERGENCE
 DEFINITION

Introduction
If a is a function of n, defined

for all intergral values of n, an

expression of the form

It is the summation of an infinite
a1 +a2 +a3 +......+an +..... containing
number of terms
infinite number of terms is called

an infinite series.

Usually denoted by ∑∞
n=0
an
 Convergent and
Divergence

A Series ∑ u is said to be Convergent

lim
n →∞ s =l where l is finite quantity

Divergent if
∞
And the series is said to be

m s = ±
l i→∞
n

EXAMPLE
GEOMETRIC

SERIES

Let us Consider the Geometric series a+ar+ar +....... to discuss its

nature for various values of r. The sum to n terms of this series is

given by

n
a(1 - r )
sn= ---------- if r < 1
(1 - r)

n
a(r - 1 )
sn= ---------- if r >1
(r - 1)
AS CONVERGENT AS DIVERGENT

Now, if |r|< 1, r → 0 as n →∞ and from (1), Next, if r > 1, from (2),

we have

a a
lim
n→∞ s = lim
n
→∞
n
n
a(r - 1)
-------- =
(r - 1)
∞
lim
→∞
→ →∞
sn= ------(1 - 0) = ------ which is a
n
1 - r 1 - r a
Here, if r > 1, r as n and --------
(r - 1)
finite quantity.

hence, we conclude that geometric is a positive quantity.

series is convergent for |r|< 1 Hence we conclude, that geometric

series is divergent for r > 1

PROBLEM 1 :

1 1 1 3
1 + -- + -- + -- + ......
2 3

3 3 3

sol-
² ³
This series is in the form of a+ar +ar ....whose sum
2

to n terms is given by

ₙ
S =a(1-r )/(1-r)ⁿ where a=1 and r=1/3

ₙ ⁿ
S =[1-(1/3) ]/[1-(1/3)]

Sₙ=3/2[1-(1/3ⁿ)]
1

lim Sₙ= lim Sₙ(3/2)[1-(1/3ⁿ)]=3/2

n→∞ →∞ n

(Which is a finite quantity)

Thus the series is convergent

0
0 2 4 6
 PROBLEM 2 :
75
2 3
1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ........

Sol-
This is also a geometric series whose sum to n
50

terms is given by

ₙ ⁿ
S =1(2 -1)/(2-1)=2 -1 ⁿ
25

n →∞
ₙ
lim S = lim 2 -1=
n →∞
ⁿ ∞
Thus the series is divergent
0
0 2 4 6
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