Introduction: This assumption, however, does not hold
when wireless links are also included in the
We know that Internet offers a forum for
timely exchange and speed of information
between a broad range of servers and
clients. The IP and TCP are protocols which is
describe the procedures of the message
among the end hosts and are separately built
and closely related, and which is the most
widely cast-off protocol suite for Internet
transfer of data. Today's connectivity in
different networks from the wired backbone
to the heterogeneous network is dominated
by the combination of TCP / IP with the help
of reliability and remarkable simplicity. In
the more applications, reaching from
communicating conferences such as HTTP
and Telnet to majority of data transmission
such as FTP, TCP has become the de facto
standard. Originally, TCP was planned mainly
for wired networks. The random bit error
rate in a wired network, a trait typically more
prevalent on the wireless network, is
unimportant, and the basic reason of packet
loss is congestion. When we Developing the
wireless applications or systems, particularly
high-speed hypermedia services and the
emergence of Internet-based on
communications of wireless IP, call for
improved performance sophisticated and
calibration improvement or modification of
this protocol suite. According to given
hypothesis that packet losses are network
congestion signals, the standard TCP
protocol's multiplicative increase
multiplicative decrease congestion control
reaches the steady state, which represents
the efficiency of the protocol in relationships
of throughput and usage of the connation.
end-to - end route.
Here we have various layers of the
architecture of open system interconnection
(OSI), and therefore we have different but
interrelated data communications
functionalities. IP is a flexible extent of the
packet conveyance network layer protocol
which is depends on connectionless best-
effort that do not have security the accurate.
Its emphases on the routing machinery that,
founded on the scheme of addressing,
directs the packets run host to one or others
definite hosts. IP has performed its role
reasonably well as a best effort sort of
protocol. TCP is a four-layer transport
protocol that uses simple IP services to
provide an end connection and connection-
concerned with packet conveyance device
for applications to ensure secure and orderly
data delivery. In the past decades, contact
networks have grown greatly.
The conventional voice and data networks
have been fused together by packet
switching technologies into congregated and
optimized software or networks. The
congregated and interconnected network
horizon is additional expanding to include
wireless, wired and satellite broadcasting
technologies. The hybrid network of all-IP
wireless and wired is fetching a realism. In
today's multimedia apps, we know that the
TCP / IP has converted the central
communication protocol suite. TCP holds a
high volume of Internet traffic. TCP / IP must
therefore proceed from its unique network-
oriented fauna and adapt to address the
contests posed by the network's wireless
component.
Solution to the TCP/IP protocol suite
with mode layers:
TCIP / IP forms the Internet's backbone: we
wouldn't be able to surf the Web without
these protocols. In fact , the term TCP / IP
refers to several sets of data packet transfer
rules for Wide Area Network ( WAN) or a
Local Area Network ( LAN). The World Wide
Web (www), or the Internet, contains these
networks. The TCP / IP layers protocols have
a big benefit: they function autonomously of
the underlying software and the hardware.
No matter which operating system you use
or which computer you use to communicate
over the network, the protocols are
structured to operate in any context.
TCP/IP protocol suit diagram:3
TCP/IP layers:
Subsequently TCP / IP is only an umbrella
term for the most relevant Internet
protocols, in other cases, the term is often
used. That's why a reference model that
regulates TCP / IP still exists. The model is
designed for mapping all forms of network
communication, similar to the OSI model.
However, unlike the model of OSI, there are
seven layers, the TCP / IP model is made up
of four distinct layers. Various tasks and thus
protocols are allocated to the layers in the
TCP / IP model.
• Network access layer: according to the
reference model, this layer is included,
but no particular protocol is specified.
Ethernet (wired) and IEEE 802.11
(wireless) protocols are primarily used in
operation. For applications, such as
connecting a home Wi-Fi network to the
Internet through a router, the network
access layer is used to link various
subnets.
• Internet layer: On this layer, the Internet
Protocol runs and ensures that the data
transmitted reaches the correct
destination. The data packets are routed
through an IP address across the
network.
• Transport layer: In the reference model,
TCP is used for transport. The protocol
allows end-to - end communication,
meaning the link between two devices is
responsible for it. UDP is also part of this
layer alongside TCP.
• Application layer: The top layer manages
communication across the network
between applications. For the
application layer, protocols such as HTTP
and FTP are essential. Protocols for email
correspondence (such as POP or SMTP)
also run on this layer.
Fixing Problem and its solution in
TCP/IP protocol suit:
The Heterogeneous Network challenges:
The IP protocols suite which is have widen its
ability to cover the wireless aspect with the
advances in wireless technology and ever-
growing user demands. Upcoming all-IP
networks would most possible be assorted in
practice, meaning that both wired and
wireless conations will be the
communication route from one end to
another. The TCP we loved and depended
on, however, exhibits vulnerabilities in wired
networks.
Dig1. Effect on the short interruption in TCP transmission.
Dig2. Effect of various damages in the RTT or TCP transmission.
Cross worlds of that type. Compared to
wired links, the problems arise from the
special features of wireless relations and the
existing TCP architecture hypothesis of the
packet damage model. In different
applications, the issues obvious as
performance deterioration, inefficiency in
the usage of network resources, and
unnecessary data transmission interruption.
As a consequence, wireless conations show
much greater BERs than supported
conations. Boundaries of radio attention and
operator versatility often involve recurrent
handoffs, leading during a contact session to
temporary. Remember that for a much
longer time, a short interruption happening
will essentially stand the TCP
communication. This impact is evidenced in
Fig no: 1 in which bottleneck window
development represents the throughput of
TCP broadcast, and available axis in the RTT
components. According to the outcomes
obtained from a single TCP connation among
more than two hosts, of which 2 Mb / s is the
conation capacity and 20 MS is the RTT.
Mutually ACKs and data packets are lost
during the disconnection, and every
retransmission effort contributes to a failed
retransmission. These successive abortive
retransmission efforts would reason the TCP
sender to send a normal granularity of 500
MS exponentially back from its
retransmission timer. The cumulative
retransmission stall period, as exposed in
diagram 1, to around 50 RTTs, or 1 s, is
added.
The high BER and regular disconnections
cannot efficiently be managed by a normal
TCP like Reno. As all packet losses in standard
TCP are incidental to be the consequence of
network mobbing, chance packet loss caused
by the high wireless connation BER will
wrongly cause the TCP sender to
unnecessarily decrease its sending rate. If
such losses occur only once during an RTT,
the fast retransmit and fast recovery
algorithms implemented by TCP Reno will
recover reasonably quickly from intermittent
random packet losses. In the wireless world,
however, noises and other variables typically
occur. In the resulting in a higher likelihood
of multiple chance packet fatalities inside
one RTT. Again, within one RTT, several
unsuccessful retransmissions will cause the
retransmission timer to back off
exponentially. There are different packet
losses inside an RTT, such as, will then reason
the TCP sender to stand its broadcast for
about 1 sec. Fig. Confirmations this
singularity in diagram. 2. Two packet
droplets distant separately in time do not
induce a resubmission stall in contrast. The
failure of the typical protocol of TCP/IP to
discriminate among congestive and casual
packet loss leads to a dramatic reduction in
the throughput of TCP.
In terms of TCP efficiency, connation
asymmetry in the network denotes to the
condition anywhere the forward and
opposite broadcast trails have dissimilar
volumes. The hypermedia-founded data
transfer is carried via the wireless channel in
the 3 G cellular networks, and so are the
traditional voice data. The traffic base on the
position to the mobile stratagem on the
downlink appears to use more bandwidth in
reality than the traffic on the uplink. Often, a
base station's transmitting capacity is much
greater than that of a cell device. The ACK
compression effect is one issue further
compounded by relation asymmetry.
Regulation of congestion by TCP is self-
clocking. Essentially, the arrival of ACKs at
the sender allows new packets to be sent
and the congestion window to pass forward.
The get in line in the reverse path of a TCP
flow may, however, cause the almost
instantaneous arrival at the sender end of
successive ACKs; the ACK solidity will split
the self-clocking of TCP and cause long
packet broadcast bursts in the advancing
way and, thus, congestive potential packet
dead.
Increase Wireless TCP Performance
approaches:
Conventional TCP systems can agonize from
thoughtful routine deprivation in a
combined and wireless and wired
environment. The Alterations in the TCP
standard to address its lack of wireless
infrastructures have been an important part
of study. There were some schemes
proposed.
Different Wireless Applications for TCP:
There are diverse wireless environments
from the application opinion of the
assessment, and TCP/IP wireless can be
explicitly configured to conform to their
wants. In the networking Satellite, other place during the slow start period and the
networks and universal wireless channels link cannot make full use of the available
like wireless cellular and LANs systems are network bandwidth. In grouping with
among the most popular wireless networks. conventional TCP mobbing evasion and fast
The design of wireless TCP takes into account retransmission algorithms, TCP-Peach uses
the requirements and needs of a specific two new mechanisms, sudden start and fast
type of wireless network; a cable network, repossession, to cope with performance of
for example, has an extended broadcast TCP deprivation.
delay, and less infrastructure is a network of
ad hoc. Nonetheless, an impediment whole
the wireless networks which expression is
from top to bottom BER. In varied networks,
the primary objective of TCP architecture is
to specifically discriminate the reason of
packet damage. These efforts seek to
discovery an obvious way to inform the
sender of the cause, whether it is bottleneck
or random errors, of the packet drop. The
sender is thus able to make adequate
conclusions about how to change the
congestion window. The regular Reno
device, regardless of the cause, halves its
window size when suffering a packet loss.
This action eases network congestion if the Diagram 3: Wireless TCP Split connection
loss is due to network bottleneck.
Networks of Ad Hoc: In addition to network
Nevertheless, it will reduce the efficiency of
congestion, equally features outcome in
random failure.
packet loss, and would therefore be handled
Networks Satellite: Systems TCP for satellite inversely. For such an environment, ATCP is
networks are built which is depends on the planned as an end-to - end result in order to
comment that during the typical slow start improve TCP throughput. It is implemented
process, it receipts the despatcher of a TCP among the normal IP layers and TCP as a thin
link a reasonably extended in order to layer inserted. Which is perceive cramming
achieve a tall sending degree. Although and differentiate congestion loss from error
various applications of TCP such as HTTP are loss, it relies on explicit congestion
focused on small file transfer, with the notification (ECN) and the ICMP Terminus
satellite link 's long propagation delay, it may Inaccessible communication to notice a
happen that the entire assignment takes route modification or temporary divider in
the network.
Network Cellular: For cellular networks,
where a fast-fixed system and a sluggish
mobile network are interconnected by the
base station, TCP algorithm modifications
concentrate on cellular features like that
handoff and the general issue of all wireless
networks, high BER. One end-to - end
solution for improving TCP efficiency in the
mobile setting is Freeze-TCP. This executes
no limitations on routers and requires just
for code changes on the side of the mobile
unit or receiver.
Wireless TCP network implementation:
Wireless TCP algorithms can be constructed
from the point of view of execution, either in
divided approach and end connection.
Which is also divides the mode divides the
TCP connation into wired and wireless
portions because of the significant
difference in characteristics between
wireless and wired conations, and ACKs are
created separately for equally shares.
Through doing so, the presentation of the
comparatively unreliable wireless
component is least influenced by the wired
component. The end-to - end mode, treats
the route as an end-to - end path from the
sender to the receiver, and the sender is
documented straight to receiver. This
preserves the original TCP design's end-to -
end semantics.
Reactive Bottleneck Control: Reactive flow
control is employed in the regular Reno
framework. TCP probes for the available
bandwidth by steadily increasing the
congestion window continuously until the
congestion state is reached by the network.
Proactive Bottleneck Control: In proactive
bottleneck management, the sender
challenges to proactively change the
overcrowding window to an optimum
amount based on the evidence gathered
through response, which can be converted
to a network status suggestion.
Diagram 5. A representative proactive scheme and
its Performance of (TCP):
The congestion window increases linearly;
Vegas reduces the crowding window
straightly for the later. In doing so, by
proactively changing the mobbing window
deprived of the affected improvement in the
bottleneck window, Vegas aims to steady
the network crowding condition about the
optimum stage.
Here few Steps help to Increase the
internet speed:
Recognize causes of slow the Internet
speed. There are virtually innumerable
reasons why your Internet can not work as
you expect it to, but the following are a few
common reasons.
• Continuing downloads
• Old software or hardware
• Too many other computers or mobile
objects on the network.
Compare result of network speed to against
your plan. To see what speed you are paying
for, review your service schedule, then
compare that amount with the real speed
you have found. You'll have to call your ISP if
the speeds aren't anywhere near each other.
• Do not fall for the pit of megabits /
megabytes. ISPs use megabits to
advertise, not megabytes.
• If your internet has not been updated for
a long time, you might be able to find
better internet at lower rates. In your
area, check all of the providers.
Decrease the router and device distance. If
you are connected with a Wi-Fi router to the
internet, you will find that when you step
further away from your router, your Internet
speed decreases. For optimum Internet
speed, remain as close to your router as
possible.
Create a line of sight between you’re your
devices and routers. If even one wall or
appliance (e.g. a refrigerator) needs to move
through your router's signal, the signal
would be diminished. Getting your router
accessible from where you are using your
device or smartphone.
Decreased the number of devices which
connected with network: Like a freeway,
until it slows down, the Wi-Fi network can
only support a certain amount of traffic. If
possible, make sure that the only link to your
router is your computer; this will give you
the best performance on the Internet.
Check how much old your hardware. After a
few years, routers, modems, laptops,
smartphones, and tablets all suffer from a
certain amount of depreciation. When one
or more of these things is extremely older,
you will still experience certain Internet
issues for four or more years, to be exact.
Disconnect your modem and router for a
few minutes: This is often referred to as
"power-cycling" and enables the router to
clear its internal cache and start from
scratch.
Need to upgrade Routers of your firmware:
Out-of-date router firmware will prevent a
stable link from being maintained by your
router. This is a method that differs from
router to router, so to verify the method,
you'll need to review the manual of your
router.
Restart of your Internet-connection. "In
fact, the old method of" turn it off and then
on again "works very well when it comes to
resetting an Internet link,
Update your mobile or compute item. If the
item is slowing down due to age, you should
always keep your device, smartphone,
and/or tablet updated to the latest
operating system, with the exception of this
rule being that you should skip this step.
• Windows
• Mac
• iPhone
• Android
• iPhone
Conclusion:
According to this report we focus on
explaining, with illustrations, the traditional
wireless TCP methods. As access
technologies vary, the design of wireless
networks varies. In which we also fixed the
TCP / IP protocol solution and provided the
correct solution to the improved internet
efficiency, it is unlikely that a standardized
solution would be created for all kinds of
wireless networks. Each solution for wireless
TCP tends to resolve particular issues.
Although the properties and appropriate
implementation scenarios of each solution
need to be evaluated, which is difficult to
create the definitive assessment of one
solution. It presents a description of the
wireless TCP systems mentioned in this
assessment and required besieged
applications. Proactive TCP schemes have
recently gained a great deal of interest. They
discuss the general problem (recurrent
chance mistakes in the network of TCP/IP
wireless) of a heterogeneous network.
Additional importantly, such systems are
able to more effectively handle and use the
obtainable bandwidth on the network
systems.
References:
1): On, G. (n. d.). Fixing the unfairness of TCP
congestion control. [Online] ZDNet.
Available
https://www.zdnet.com/article/fixing-the-
unfairness-of-tcp-congestion-control/
[Accessed 9 Oct. 2020].
2): Exploration and evaluation of traditional
TCP congestion control techniques.
(2012). Journal of King Saud University -
Computer and Information Sciences, [online]
24(2), pp.145–155. Available
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art
icle/pii/S1319157812000146 [Accessed 9
Oct. 2020].
3): IONOS Digital guide. (N. d.). TCP/IP
explained simply. [Online] Available at:
https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server
/know-how/introduction-to-tcpip/
[Accessed 9 Oct. 2020].
4): Cellular News. (2020). The Best 20 Ways
to Increase Your Internet Speed. [Online]
Available at:
https://cellularnews.com/cellular-
at: network/the-best-20-ways-to-increase-
your-internet-speed/ [Accessed 9 Oct.
2020].
5): wikiHow. (Nod). How to Increase Internet
Speed. [Online] Available at:
https://www.wikihow.com/Increase-
Internet-Speed [Accessed 9 Oct. 2020].
at: