THE INSTITUTION

OF ENGINEERS
OF IRELAND

TemporaryWorks - The Designof FacadeRetention

Systems
BRIANMAHONY,B.E.,C.Eng.,M.l.E.l.,MlStruct E
BARRETTMAHONY CONSULTINGENGINEERS

Paperpresentedto a meeting of the Structures and Construction Section of The Institution of Engineersof
lreland,jointly with the Institutionof StructuralEngineers,at The Institution,22 Clyde Roadon Wednesday
l OthApril 1996.

SYNOPSIS
The last 10 - 15 years have seen a considerablenumberof refurbishmentschemesthat have requiredfull facade
retentionsystemsduring construction. There is a generallack of guidelinesavailableon the designof these
temporarywork structures. This paperaims to suggesta method of designwhich basicallyinvolveslookingat the
two principalstagesinvolved: the developmentof a performancespecificationby the Consultantand the detailed
design of the system itself by the Contractor.
1.0 INTRODUCTION i n { o r m a t i o n i s p a r t i c u l a r l yd i s t u r b i n g c o n s i d e r e da s w e l l a s t h e c o s t o f t h e
when one considers the vulnerable s y s t e mi t s e l f .
U n d e r t h e p r o v i s i o n so f t h e P l a n n i n g nature of these structures (which
Legislation the Local Authority is u s u a l l ya r e e i t h e rs t a t i c a l l yd e t e r m i n a t e T h e i d e a l , t h e r eof r e s h o u l d b e t o
e m p o w e r e dt o g i v e s t a t u t o r yp r o t e c t i o n or have a low level of structural p r o d u c ea c o m p r e h e n s i v sep e c i f i c a t i o n
t o b u i l d i n g so f a r c h i t e c t u r aol r h i s t o r i c r e d u n d a n c y )a n d t h e s e r i o u s r i s k t o that states clearly the design
i m p o r t a n c e . T h e a r c h i t e c t u r arle a s o n s public safety attached to structural parameters involved and the
f o r " l i s t i n g" t h e s e b u i l d i n g sm a y b e fa i l u r e . p e r f o r m a n c es t a n d a r de x p e c t e d . T h e
associatedwith the quality of the s t e p s i n v o l v e d i n p r o d u c i n gs u c h a
i n t e r n a l d e t a i l i n ga n d { i n i s h e s . l t i s T h i s p a p e ra i m s t o s u g g e s ta m e t h o d s p e c i f i c a t i oanr e a s f o l l o w s :
f r e q u e n t l yt h e c a s e , h o w e v e r ,t h a t t h e of design for these structures. This
a r c h i t e c t u r a ls i g n iifc a n c e l i e s i n t h e b a s i c a l l yi n v o l v e s l o o k i n g a t t h e t w o ( a ) D e s kT o o S t u d y .
external facades and these may be p r i n c i p asl t a g e so f d e s i g n . ( b ) P r e l i m i n a rSy i t e a n d B u i t d i n g
deemed the only elements of the Survey.
b u i l d i n gw o r t h y o f p r e s e r v a t i o n .M a n y ( i ) D e v e l o p m e not f t h e P e r f o r m a n c e ( c l S c h e m eD e s i g nO p t i o n s
o f t h e f a c a d e ss o l i s t e d t o d a y a r e p a r t S p e c i f i c a t i o n- .B y t h e C o n s u l t i n g ( e ) D e t a i l e dS u r v e ya n d S i t e
of 1gth century buildings with Engineer. Investigation.
substantial load bearing walls ( i i ) D e t a i lD e s i g no f t h e s y s t e m . - B y
constructedusing load bearing brick the ContractorsTemporaryWorks 2 . 1 D e s kT o p S t u d v
andi or stonework. Engineer.
T h e f i r s t s t e p i n t h e d e s i g no f a f a c a d e
Inevitably, in the course of time, 2 . 0 S C H E M ED E S I G NA N D retentionsystem is to assessthe nature
d e c i s i o n sh a v e t o b e t a k e n c o n c e r n i n g PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION a n d e x t e n t o f t h e p r o b l e m si n v o l v e di n
the refurbishment of this type of holding up the facade when the
building. This can take the form of G e n e r a l l yt h e f a c a d e r e t e n t i o ns y s t e m , supportinginternal structure has been
e i t h e r r e p a i r o r m a i n t e n a n c eo f t h e as a temporaryworks item, will be the d e m o l i s h e d . T h i s r e q u i r e s a g l o b a l
existing fabric or, more radically, Contractors design r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . knowledge of the way the existing
demolitionof the internalstructurewith These svstems, however. have a vital s t r u c t u r e w o r k s a l o n g w i t h d e t a i l e d
the external facades held in olace role to play in ensuring both site and information concerning the f acade
throughout,followed by the erection of public safety for the duration of the itself. The study carried out should
a n e w f r a m e w o r k i n t e r n a l l yt o w h i c h contract. They are also often revealthe following:
t h e o r i g i n a lf a c a d e i s t h e n a t t a c h e d . signiticantstructuresin their own right
D e s p i t e t h e c o m p a r a t i v e l yh i g h c o s t p l a y i n g a m a j o r p a r t i n t h e f i n a n c i a l 1 . T h e o v e r a l sl t r u c t u r aflo r m o f t h e
involved in choosing the latter success or failure of the project. As b u i l d i n gi . e . t h e m e t h o db y w h i c h
a l t e r n a t i v ei t i s f r e q u e n t l y t h e o n l y s u c h t h e y m e r i t m o r e c a r eu fl it carriesverticaland horizontal
commerciallyviable bption available c o n s i d e r a t i o nb,y t h e d e s i g nt e a m , t h a n l o a d st o t h e f o u n d a t i o n s .
t h a t w i l l m a k e t h e r e f u r b i s h e db u i l d i n g that usuallygiven to temporaryworks.
marketable as a desirable modern 2. Details of the facade itself
working environment. The main I n a n y s u c h s c h e m e , t h e r e of r e , t h e includingwall construction (facing
r e a s o n sf o r t h i s a r e a s f o l l o w s : design team should address the and backing materials) wall
problem of facade retention from the thickness,specialfeaturesetc.
(al The permanent partition layouts, outset, giving it the importance it
t y p i c a li n o l d b u i l d i n g sd, o n o t h a v e deserves as a critical element of the 3. Details of the connectionbetween
t h e f l e x i b i l i t y r e q u i r e df o r m o d e r n project. A careful f easibility study the facade and the existing internal
treF should be carried out and tentative structure to clearly identify the
r e t e n t i o ns c h e m e s d e v e l o p e dt o m e e t method by which lateralrestraintis
(b) The service zone in traditional the requirements of the brief. This providedto the wall.
b u i l d i n g si s u s u a l l ym i n i m a lo r n o n exercise is important in determining
existent. A new structuralsystem that the facade can be retainedin such 4. Existingfoundationdetails such as
is often required to accommodate a manner that the system does not s i z e , d e p t h a n d e s t i m a t e db e a r i n g
m o d e r n s e r v i c e sw i t h i n t h e g i v e n c r e a t e b u i l d a b i l i t yp r o b l e m s t h a t a r e pressure.
f l o o rz o n e . e i t h e r i m p o s s i b l et o s o l v e o r a r e l i k e l y
to impose too onerous a cost penalty All this information can best be
(c) The new floor structurecan be o n t h e f i n a l t e n d e rp r i c e . obtained f rom examination of the
designedto have greaterload o r i g i n a lc o n s t r u c t i o nd r a w i n g s f o r t h e
c a p a c i t ya s t y p i c a l l yr e q u i r e df o r The results of this tentative design building. In rnost cases, however,
m o d e r nu s a g e . p r o c e s ss h o u l d b e i n c o r p o r a t e di n t o a t h e s e w i l l h a v e b e e n m i s l a i do v e r t h e
d e s i g nb r i e f / p e r f o r m a n c es p e c i f i c a t i o n y e a r sa n d w i l l b e d i f f i c u l to r i m p o s s r b l e
For these reasons the last "l0 - 15 with which the contractor must to obtain. lt should be emphasised,
y e a r sh a v e s e e na c o n s i d e r a b ln eu m b e r c o m p l y . T h e c h o i c e o f s c h e m e a n d h o w e v e r ,t h a t i t i s w e l l w o r t h p u t t i n g
o f r e fu r b i s h m e n t s c h e m e s t h a t h a v e d e t a r l d e s i g n i s t h e n l e ft u p t o t h e c o n s i d e r a b le f f o r t i n t o u n e a r t h i n gt h i s
r e q u i r e df u l l f a c a d e r e t e n t i o ns y s t e m s c o n t r a c t o fr o r h i m t o d e c t d ew h i c h s u i t s d o c u m e n t a t i o na s i t w i l l s u b s t a n t i a l l y
d u r i n gc o n s t r u c t i o n .T h e r ei s a g e n e r a l him best bearing in mind all the reduce the extent o{ the time
lack of guidelinesavailable on the b u i l d a b i l i t ya s p e c t s t h a t n e e d t o b e c o n s u m i n gs i t e s u r v e yr e q u i r e dl a t e r .
d e s i g no f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s .T h i s l a c k o {
 ?I
I

Ii
r0rlora tccl!rrs rl^r!{a
(sLca!{s (ra\ t{! ravry.rv
vrcnc.r jr,,F.!lrr aY *c!{r

rr^!'i6 9t6 o{<to rq

rc r/5 ct .^( iqt sa rrrr
{tt rI ct r^r! ru {
!{D ^S rtr(tLat 'x({
c.N {9 & lstD.5 rat4t
Br45 t 4er r l r.tt
9alr.9 elClrqs

N{e LtC f trs{

mNr sf,t 8crrNo^fr

'Ill9!-ltl!4!
!!aa-L:sI

Fig. I Fig,2

m a y a l s ob e g i v e n
C l u e st o c o n s t r u c t i o n the final connection between the e s p e c i a l l yi f l a r g e p l a n t s u c h a s
by: wall and the new permanent piling rigs, are required whose
structure. Brick facades, for a c c e s sr e q u i r e m e n tcso u l dh a v ea
5. The approximate age of the example, may have weakened major e{fect on the siting of the
building. (as there is information considerablyover the years and temporaryworks.
available on past construction the interface connection details
oractices this can be useful as a between old and new will have to 6 . T h e l i k e l yp a r t yw a l l p r o b l e m s
g u i d e t o t h e l i k e l y m a t e r i a l su s e d , b e v e r y c a r e f u l l yc o n s i d e r e d . i n v o l v e d .l t m a y b e p o s s i b l et o u s e
m i n i m u mw a l l t h i c k n e s se t c . l . these walls to support {lying
2 . Details of any alterations to the shores. On the other hand they
6. A r c h i t e c t u r aTl y p e - e . g . t h e b u i l d i n gw h i c h h a v e a { f e c t e d t h e m a y t h e m s e l v e sr e q u a r et e m p o r a r y
s t r u c t u r eo f a T y p i c a lG e o r g i a n {acades (e.9. additional storeys, s h o r i n gd u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o nw h i c h
H o u s ei s w e l l k n o w n . n e w o p e n t n g se, t c . l . could have a bearing on the
location and type of retention
2.2 PreliminarvSite and Buildinq 3 . Details of any special f acade s y s t e mu s e d .
Survey features, especiallythose that are
eccentricity supported and rely on 2.3 SchemeDesionOotions
The extent of the site and building the internal structure for their
survey requiredwill largely depend on restraint. When the desk top study and
the success of the desk top study. lf preliminary survey have been
no documentationis availablethen an 4 . The nature of any site constraints c o m p l e t e d a n d the i n fo r m a t i o n
extensive survey will be required to that mav affect the location and e v a l u a t e di t w i l l b e p o s s i b l et o c o n f i r m
provide the information discussed in design of the temporary works, or otherwise the suitability of the
2 . 1. E v e n i f c o m p r e h e n s i v e 'as built" e.g. road, footpaths, below ground facade for retention. Any proper
drawings are to hand , it is prudent to services,etc. l{ these are present a s s e s s m e n to f t h e f e a s i b i l i t v o f t h e
carry out a series of spot checks to w i t h i n o r a d i a c e nt o t h e s i t e project will involve looking at the
confirm their validity. These should b o u n d a r y t h e y m a y h a v e a s c h e m eo p t i o n sa v a i l a b l ea n d t h e s e a r e
i n c l u d eb r e a k i n go u t f i n i s h e st o e x a m i n e f u n d a m e n t ael f l e c t o n t h e s i t i n g o f d e s c r i b e di n 2 . 3 . 1 t o 2 . 3 . 4 b e l o w i n
key structural elements. The the vertical elements and terms of extent, location, structural
p r e l i m i n a r ys u r v e y s h o u l d a l s o p r o v i d e foundation kentledge for the f o r m a n d f o u n d a t i o nr e q u i r e m e n t s .
t h e f o l l o w i n gi n fo r m a t i o n : s y s t e m . C a r euf l l i a i s o n w i t h t h e
l o c a l a u t h o r i t y a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s 2 . 3 . 1 E x t e n to t R e t e n t i o nS v s t e m
1 . T h e c o n d i t i o no f t h e f a c a d e w a l l s i n v o l v e di s r e q u r r e dt o a r r i v e a t a
and the nature of any major m u t u a l l va c c e o t a b l e
scheme. T h e f i r s t c o n s i d e r a t i oinn t h e d e s i g no f
d e fe c t s . In oarticular it is a n y s c h e m ei s t o a s s e s st h e e x t e n t o f
i m p o r t a n t a, t t h i s s t a g e ,t o i d e n t i f y The likely site- access location. system required. lt may be possible,
t h e p r o b l e m si n v o l v e di n m a k i n g E v e n a t t h i s e a r l y s t a g e i t i s f o r e x a m p l e ,t o a v o i d t e m p o r a r yw o r k s
imoortanthat thisis considered a l t o g e t h ebr y e r e c t i n gt h e p e r i m e t e rb a y

z
 o f t h e n e w p e r m a n e nst t r u c t u r eO r i o rt o
e x t e n s i v ed e m o l i t i o na n d , i n e f f e c t , u s e
i t a s t h e f a c a d er e t e n t i o ns v s t e m
Temporary works could also be
minimised by judicious retention o{
some of the return walls and bracing
t h e f a c a d e o { f t h e s e a s r e q u i r e dt o
compensatefor the removal of the
f l o o r s . S i m i l a r l y ,l a r g e r f l y i n g s h o r e s
c o u l d b e u s e d t o r e s t r a i nt h e f a c a d eo f f
b o u n d a r y w a l l s n o t a ff e c t e d b y t h e
d e m o l i t i o n( s e eF i g 1l .
2.3.2 Location
l f t h e o p t i o n sd e s c r i b e da b o v ea r e n o t
a v a i l a b l ea f u l l s c a l ef a c a d er e t e n t i o n
s y s t e m ( i . e .w i t h i t s o w n i n d e p e n d e n t
f o u n d a t i o nw ) i l l b e r e q u i r e d .F o r a n y
such system the first decision to be
_ m a d e i s r e g a r d i n gt h i s l o c a t i o n - i . e .
e x t e r n a l i, n t e r n a ol r c o m b i n e d .
External systems have the obvious
advantage of freeing the site of
obstructions thereby minimising the
p r o b l e m si n v o l v e d i n c o n s t r u c t i n gt h e
p e r m a n e nw t orks. Theiruse, however,
is often prohibited by the Local
Authority involved because of their
i m p a c t o n p u b l i c f o o t p a t h s ,r o a d w a y s ,
servtcesetc.
Internal systems are generally not
subject to such restrictions, they do
however, require careful planning so
that they can be installed prior to the
bulk of the demolitiontaking place.
T h e s i t i n g o f w h a t i s u s u a l l ya h e a v i l y
latticed structure in the area where the
permanent structure is to be erected
-
will also inevitably restrict both
m a n o e u v r a b i l i tayn d b u i l d a b i l i t y .
On ra(e occasions combination
schemes are used which are for the
most oart external but where either
some or all of the framework below
f irst f loor level is internal. These
overcome the usual objections to
e x t e r n a ls c h e m e sw h i l e m i n i m i s i n gt h e
internal problems. The structure is
i n h e r e n t l ym o r e c o m p l i c a t e dt h a n f o r
the more straight lorward systems and
the benefits gained should be balanced
against the increased system cost
involved.
- b a l c o n i e se t c . o r i g i n a l l yr e s t r a i n e db y A l t e r n a t i v e l y t h e s i - z e o f f o u n d a t i o n
z . J . J S t r u c t u r ar ro r m I n c o r p o r a t e dr n t o t h e o v e r a l l s c h e m e
( s e eF i g 2 ) . O n a l a r g e sr c a l et h e r em a y
T h e r e a r e t h r e e b a s i c s t r u c t u r a lf o r m s b e a n e e d t o p r o v r d et e m p o r a r yv e r t i c a l
w h r c h c a n b e u s e d b o t h e x t e r n a l l ya n d s u p p o r tt o t h e f a c a d e p r o p e ra n d t h i s
internally. c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e db y u s i n g t h e
f r a m i n gb e a m s a s n e e d l e sa t w h a t e v e r
H o r i z o n t awl a l i n g sa n d r a k i n gs h o r e l e v e l r e q u i r e d . Another common
system. T h i s i s e s s e n t i a l l y a r e q u i r e m e ni st f o r h i g h l e v e ls i t e h u t s t o
d e v e l o p m e n to f t h e t i m b e r r a k i n g b e a n c o r p o r a t ei ndt o t h e d e s i g na n d t h i s
s h o r e s u p p o r tt r a d i t i o n a l l yu s e d t o c a n g e n e r a l l y b e a c c o m m o d a t e db y
p r o p u p u n s t a b l e w a l l s , t h e m i n o r a dj u s t m e n t s i n t h e b r a c i n g
difference here being that the lavout.
system must also provide a tie
reaction to prevent the facade 2.3.4 Foundations
{alling away f rom the shore.
B e c a u s eo f t h e s p a c e r e q u t r e df o r T h e f o u n d a t i o nf o r a r e t e n t i o ns y s t e m
t h e r a k i n g m e m b e r t h i s s y s t e m i s i s p r i n c i p a l l yr e q u i r e d t o r e s i s t t h e
n o r m a l l y c o n fi n e d t o l o w r i s e overturningand sliding caused by the
srtuatrons. l a t e r a lf o r c e so n t h e w a l l . l t m u s t a l s o
b e c a p a b l eo f t r a n s m i t t i n gt h e v e r t i c a l
2 , Horizontal walings with closely loads to the ground below without
s p a c e d s t e e l f r a m e s ( s e e F i g 2 ) . unacceptablesettlement. While this is
This svstem providesvertical steel n o t u s u a l l yc r i t i c a lt h e r e a r e o c c a s i o n s
f r a m e s a t r e l a t i v e l yc l o s e c e n t r e s when particularcare should be taken.
t o s u p p o r t t h e h o r i z o n t a lw a l i n g s . l f , f o r e x a m p l e ,t h e l e g s o f t h e v e r t i c a l
These frames are t y p i c a l l y f r a m e a r e a t d i l f e r e n tl e v e l s( a s i s o f t e n
c o m p r i s e d o f a h a u n c h e d p o r t a l the case when on differentsides of the
f r a m e g r o u n dt o f i r s t f l o o r , a l l o w i n g w a l l l t h e r e m a y b e a p o s s i b i l i t yo f
t h r o u g h p e d e s t r i a na c c e s s ,w i t h a differentialsettlement. This can cause
stiff cross bracedvertical cantilever t i l t o f t h e b a s ew h i c h w i l l b e m a g n i f i e d
t r u s s a b o v e f i r s t f l o o r l e v e l t o many times over at the top of the
m i n i m i s e l a t e r a l d e fl e c t i o n . lf frame.
through access is not requiredthe
p o r t a l c a n b e r e p l a c e d b y c r o s s W h i l e t h e p r o b l e m so f s e t t l e m e n tn e e d
b r a c i n g t o g r o u n d l e v e l . C r o s s a l w a y s t o b e c o n s i d e r e dt h e y a r e n o t
b r a c i n g i s a l s o p r o v i d e d i n t h e u s u a l l yc r i t i c a la n d g e n e r a l l yt h e m a i n
l o n g i t u d i n ad
l i r e c t i o nf o r s t a b i l i t y . f o u n d a t i o n p r o b l e m i s i n p r o v i d i n g
This system is particularlysuited to adequate kentledge to resist
the use of proprietarycomponents o v e r t u r n i n g a n d s l i d i n g . W i t h a n
a s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r i n internal scheme it may be possibleto
S e c t i o n3 . 11 . use the new foundations for the
permanentstructure as ballast for the
H o r i z o n t a l t r u s s w a l i n g s a n d temporary works. This, however,
vertical towers (see Fig 3) Where depends on whether the necessary
d e s i g n c o n s t r a i n t s p r o h i b i t c l o s e f o u n d a t i o nw o r k c a n b e c a r r i e do u t D r i o r
regularspacingof vertical elements t o t h e b u l k o f t h e d e m o l i t i o nt a k i n g
i t m a y b e n e c e s s a r yt o u s e s t i f f place. On many sites this sequenceof
t r u s s e dh o r i z o n t awl a l i n g ss p a n n i n g construction will not be oossible and
between vertical cantilever box the kentledge must be provided by
towers. lf there are stiff vertical m o r e d i r e c t m e a n s s u c h a s c a s t i n g
e l e m e n t s ,s u c h a s f l a n k w a l l s o r concrete around the feet of the frame.
s e r v i c e sc o r e s ,a l r e a d ya v a i l a b l eo n I t i s i m p o r t a n tt o h a v e a n i d e a o f t h e
site, these may be used in place of s i z e o f k e n t l e d g er e q u i r e da t a n e a r l y
t h e t o w e r s i n a v a r i a t i o n o f t h i s stage as space restrictionscan often be
scheme. c r i t i c a la n d , i f p o s s i b l e ,u s e s h o u l d b e
made of the wall self weight to
T h e a b o v e o p t i o n s a r e a l l p r i n c i p a l l y m i n i m i s et h e a m o u n to f b a l l a s tr e q u i r e d
c o n c e r n e dw i t h t h e p r o v i s i o no f l a t e r a l ( s e eF i g 2 ) . l f g r o u n df l o o r s p a c ei s t o
r e s t r a i n t o t h e r e t a i n e df a c a d e . T h e r e b e m a x i m i s e dt h e b u l k o f t h e k e n t l e d g e
m a y , h o w e v e r , b e a r e q u i r e m e n tf o r c o u l d b e p l a c e d a t f i r s t f l o o r l e v e l a t
t e m p o r a r yv e r t i c a ls u p p o r tt o e c c e n t r i c s o r n ec o s t t o t h e s t r u c t u r eb e l o w .
e l e m e n t ss u c h a s o v e r h a n g i n g features,
the internal structure. These can be c o u l d b e r e d u c e d b y m o d i fy i n g t h e
s u p p o r t e du s i n gv e r t i c a l" d e a d " s h o r i n g s t r u c t u r asl y s t e mu s e d . i f , f o r e x a m p l e ,
s t i ff v e r t i c a l e l e m e n t s o f i n h e r e n t g r v e a d e q u a t ei n f o r m a t i o nf o r d e a d e x p e c t e d . l t i s t h e n u p t o t h e
w e i g h t ( s u c h a s f l a n k w a l l s ) e x i s to n s h o r ed e s i g n . C o n t r a c t o rt o s a t i s f y h i m s e l f t h a t t h e
site these could be used to provide p r o p o s e ds c h e m e i s f e a s i b l e a n d t o
l a t e r a l s u p p o r t t o a h o r i z o n t a lt r u s s 3 . A f u l l s c h e d u l eo f c o n d i t i o no f t h e c a ( ( y o u t t h e d e t a i l e d d e s i g n
or
I n s t a l l e da t r o o f l e v e l . T h e v e r t i c a l facade includinga comprehensive alternatively put forward his own
c a n t i l e v e rf r a m e s c o u l d t h e n b e c o m e p h o t o g r a p h iscu r v e y . T h i s i s v i t a l a s p r o p o s a l s t o m e e t t h e r e q u i r e d
vertical beams thus reducing the a p r e - d e m o l i t i orne c o r do f t h e s t a t e s p e c i f i c a t i o n .T h e o v e r a l lc o s t i m p a c t
foundation role to that of resisting o f t h e w a l l . A l l d e f e c t s s h o u l d b e o f a n y f a c a d er e t e n t i o ns y s t e mi s h i g h l y
s l i d i n ga n d t r a n s f e r r i n gt h e o v e r t u r n i n g n o t e d a n d i f a r e p e t i t i v ep r o b l e mi s s e n s i t i v et o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o np r o b l e m s
p r o b l e mt o t h e { l a n kw a l l s . e v i d e n t { e . 9 . c o r r o d i n g e m b e d d e d c a u s e d b y i t s p r e s e n c ea n d , a s t h e
s t e e l w o r k , d e c a y i n g b o n d t i m b e r s C o n t r a c t o ri s b e s t p l a c e d t o a s s e s s
With tower systems the foundation e t c . ) t h e t e m p o r a r yw o r k s s h o u l db e t h e s e , h e s h o u l db e f r e e t o p u r s u et h e
p r o b l e m sa r e i n c r e a s e db e c a u s eo f t h e so designed as to facilitate any design he considers most cost
c o n c e n t r a t i o no f t h e l o a d i n t o a n r e m e d i a l w o r k t h a t n e e d s t o b e e ff e c t i v e .
isolated element. Very substantial carried out. Any areas where
f o u n d a t i o nk e n t l e d g ew i l l b e n e e d e di n serious deterioration is oresent The p e r fo r m a n c e s p e c iifc a t i o n ,
these cases and, Jor tall tower s h o u l d b e i d e n t i f i e da n d t h e o p t i o n t h e r e f o r e ,s h o u l df i r s t l y g i v e a c o n c i s e
s v s t e m s ,i t m a y w e l l b e t h a t a t e n s i o n o f c a r e f u l d e m o l i t i o na n d r e b u i l d i n g p r e s e n t a t i o no f t h e m a t t e r s d i s c u s s e d
pile f oundationis the only practical c o n s i d e r e d i f t h e a u t h o r i t i e s a r e i n 2 . 1, 2 . 4 i n t e r m s o f t h e i r i m o a c to n
s o l u t i o n . B a s e m e n st i t e s a l s o h a v e t h e agreeable, t h e d e s i g np a r a m e t e r sf o r t h e r e t e n t i o n
additional problem of temporary system.
proppingto the retainingelement while 4 . T e s t r e s u l t s f o r p e r m a n e n tf i x i n g s .
the ground and possibly subground It is advisable,at this stage, to carry I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a b o v e t h e
floors are removed. These props might ' out tests to assess
the oerformance s o e c i J i c a t i osnh o u l d-:
be incorporated into the facade of the intended permanent f ixing G i v e e x p l i c i t I o a d i n g i n fo r m a t i o n f o r
retention f ramework or alternatively system so that any design changes w i n d , e c c e n t r i c , r e t a i n i n g , a c c i d e n t a l
may f orm an independent shoring can be incorporatedin good time. a n d v e r t i c a l o a d s- s e e s e c t i o n s3 . 1 t o
system with its own separate
foundation. 5 . A f u l l S i t e l n v e s t i g a t i o ni,n c l u d i n g
existing f oundation details. This G i v e l a t e r a l d e { l e c t i o nl i m i t s f o r t h e
The pressuresfor which these shores w i l l u s u a l l yh a v e b e e n c a r r i e do u t s t r u c t u r eu n d e rl o a d- s e e s e c t i o n3 . 7 .
s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e dc a n b e q u i t e h i g h as part of the investigationwork
{ s e eS e c t i o n3 . 3 ) e s p e c i a l l yw h e n l a r g e for the permanent structure and D e s c r i b e a n y f i n i s h i n g t r e a t m e n t
foundation kentledge is placed should be included as oart of the r e q u i r e d ( t h e r e m a y b e P l a n n i n g
externally. d e s i g n b r i e f f o r t h e t e m p o r a r y C o n d i t i o n sr e p a i n t i n g )
worKs"
2.4 Detail€dSurvov and Site G i v e i n s t r u c t i o n so n t h e m e t h o d o f
lnvestiqation I t s h o u l d b e m e n t i o n e d ,h o w e v e r , d e m o l i t i o na l l o w e d ,e . g . b a l l d e m o l i t i o n
that no matter how detailed and p r o h i b i t e da n d h a n d d e m o l i t i o n o n l y
When scheme evaluation has been comprehensivethe survey carried adjacentto the facade.
completed it may be necessary to out somethingrelevant will almost
return to the site and carry out further always be missed. Many defects, Reouest a method statement to sh
investigationswith tentative schemes in f act, will not be visible until the intended sequence of operations
in mind. Thiswill be a morepurposeful towards the end of the contract i n v o l v e di n d e m o l i t i o n ,e r e c t i o no f t h e
visit with items of particularimportance when the facade has been cleaned. retention system and construction of
to the scheme identifiedand examined It is strongly recommended, the permanent works with the system
in greater detail. In addition, the therefore, that a sensible i n o l a c e .
following informationwill be necessary contingencysum is includedin the
lor detaileddesign: project cost to allow for problems Outline the procedures involved in
unforeseenat tender stage. a p p r o v i n gt h e c o n t r a c t o r sd e s i g n , i . e .
1 . Dimensionalsurvey of the facade s p e c iyf i n g a p p r o v a l p e r i o d s , d e s i g n
and existing structure. This should 2.5 Performance Soecification for r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e st c .
include overall length and height, DetailedDesiqn
wall thickness and dimensional T h i s o e r f o r m a n c se o e c i f i c a t i ocno u l d b e
details of any cross sectional A t t h i s s t a g ea l l r e l e v a n ti n f o r m a t i o nf o r oresented as a written document
v a r i a t i o n s ,f l o o r a n d c e i l i n g l e v e l s , t h e d e s i g n o f t h e f a c a d e r e t e n t i o n f o r m i n g p a r t o f t h e o v e r a l le n g i n e e r i n g
w i n d o w a n d d o o r l o c a t i o n s a n d s y s t e m w i l l h a v e b e e n a s s e m b l e da n d s p e c iifc a t i o n f o r t h e j o b w i t h t h e
srzes, the consultantwill have a tentative suggested scheme design given in
s c h e m eo r s c h e m e si n m i n d w h i c h h e i s s k e t c h f o r m . A l t e r n a t i v e l vi,t c o u l d b e
2 . P l u m bs u r v e y r e s u l t st o a s s e s sa n y c o n f i d e n tw i l l w o r k w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f p r e s e n t e da s a t e n d e rd r a w i n gw i t h t h e
e x i s t i n g l a c k o f v e r t i c a l i t y i n t h e t h e c o s t o l a n . T h i s i n fo r m a t i o n c a n s p e c i f i c a t i o n i n n o t e f r o m . E i t h e rw a y
w a l l . A n y o v e r h a n g i ne g c c e n t r i c i a l l y n o w b e p r e s e n t e da s a t e n d e r p a c k a g e t h e e m o h a s i s s h o u l d b e o n c l e a r
s u p p o r t e df e a t u r e si d e n t i f i e di n t h e w h i c h w i l l o u t l i n e c l e a r l y t o t h e u n a m b t g u o u sp r e s e n t a t i o ns o t h a t t h e
p r e l i m i n a r yi n v e s t i g a t i o ns h o u l d b e C o n t r a c t o ra l l t h e d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s c o n t r a c t o r i s i n n o d o u b t a s t o t h e
s u r v e y e di n d e t a i l ,a t t h i s s t a g e , t o i n v o l v e da n d t h e o e r f o r m a n c e standards
desrgn Cnteria or the Derformance staop nrnapqs thtr firet Js rr p
L yn h
u Lor ir n rnv t( n
u to 5oh approximately. Design for
s t a n 0 a r d se x 0 e c t e d . c a l c u l a t et h e d y n a m i c w i n d p r e s s u r e u l t i m a t el r m i ts t a t ec a n s t i l lb e d o n ef o r
" q " w h i c h i s t h e n m o d i ife d b y t h e 5 3 = O . 7 7 a s t h e f a c t o r so f s a f e t v
3 O D E T A I LD E S I G N a p 0 r o p r r a treo r c e c o e f i c i e n t " C , " a n d used here effectively reduce the
CONSIDERATIONS a p p i , e dt o t h e e ff e c t i v ea r e a n o r m a lt o probabilito y f e x c e e d a n c teo a c c e o t a b l e
t h e w r n d t o g i v et h e l o a d . levels.
T h e r e r s n o B r r ts h S t a n d a r da v a i l a b l e
t h a t s p e c r f r c a i i Vc o v e r s t h e d e t a r l e d 3 1 . 1 Determination o f t h e d v n a m r c 3 . 1. 2 D e t e r m i n a t i oonf F o r c e
ru l co Jc ,r Jr n n
v r{ i eo e! oa u
ao rr o
c tL. g. ^r rr 't rr ^9 t r
rr c )y)Ltrl|>. W r n dP r e s s u r e Coef icients
S t r i c t l ys p e a k i n gt n e y c o m p i yw i t h t h e
d e f i n r t r ooni f a l s e w o r gk i v e nI n 8 S 5 9 7 5 I n f o l l o w i n gt h e p r o c e d u r feo r a f a c a d e The determination of "Ct" is
( C o d eo f P r a : t r c feo r F a l s e w O r k ) ' aas r e t e n t i o n s y s t e m " q" is firstly complicated due to the compound
'tenporary
s t . u c t u r eu s e dt o s u D D o rat c a l c u l a t e du s i n g a s t a t i s t i c a lf a c t o r S 3 n a t u r e o f t h e s t r u c t u r ew h i c h i s p a r t
p e r r r a n e nSt t r u C t u rw e h i l e r t ' S n O tS e r f b a s e d o n t h e p e r i o d o f e x p o s u r ea n d o p e n f r a m e - w o r k/ p a r t f r e e - s t a n d i n g
supportrng'. T h e i n t r o d u c t o r sy e c t i o n t h e a c c e p t a b l ep r o b a b i l i t yt h a t t h e w i n d wall.
o f t h r s c o d e , h o w e v e r ,p o i n t so u t t h a t w i l l b e e x c e e d e d . T r a d i t i o n a l l yf,o r
some structuresembraced by this t e m p o r a r y s t r u c t u r e s ,S . i s t a k e n a s T h e w i n d fo r c e o n t h e s t a b i l i s i n g
b r o a d d e f i n i t i o ns, u c h a s s h o r i n g ,a r e 0 . 7 7 , c o r r e s p o n d i n gt o a p e r i o d o f system is the sum of the forces on
n o t w i t h i n i t s s c o p e . l t r e fe r s t h e exposure - 2 years and a 63% t h e s e t w o s e p a r a t ec o m p o n e n t s ,i . e .
r e a d e rt o C P 2 O O 4( n o w B S 8 O O 4 l 2f o r probability of exceedance. This the load on the frame itself olus the
further information. lt also refers to e f f e c t i v e l ym e a n s t h a t i n 2 o u t o f 3 load on the retainedwall transmittedto
8 S 5 9 7 3 { C o d eo f P r a c t i c ef o r A c c e s s & projects the wind load will be t h e f r a m e t h r o u g ht h e w a l i n g s . W h i l ei t
Working ^ Scaffolds and Special e x c e e d e d . T h i s i s n o t s o i m p o r t a n ti n i s r e l a t i v e l ys t r a i g h t f o r w a r du,s i n gC P 3 ,
S c a f f o l d s l ' f o r g u i d a n c eo n d e s i g n o f d e s i g n sw h e r e d e f l e c t i o ni s n o t c r i t i c a lt o c a l c u l a t et h e f o r c e o n e i t h e ro f t h e s e
s u c hs h o r i n g . as the partial load factors for the e l e m e n t si n i s o l a t i o nt,h e r e i s n o p r o p e r
T h e s e c t i o n s o n d e t a i l e dd e s i g n t h a t u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e w i l l e l fe c t i v e l y guidance given on the method of
f o l l o w , t h e r e f o r e ,h a v e b e e n c o m p l i e d r e d u c et h e p r o b a b i l i t yo f e x c e e d a n c et o a s s e s s m e n tw h e n t h e t w o a r e t i e d
b v e x a m i n a t i o no f t h e s e a n d o t h e r more acceptable levels, Facade closely together. Of the two, the wall
relevant British Standards and Retention Systems, however, are will usually be by lar the more
a s s o c i a t e d p u b l i c a t i o n si n o r d e r t o t y p i c a l l y d e fl e c t i o n c r i t i c a l w h e r e t h e
s i g n iifc a n t o b s t a c l e o b s t r u c t i n g t h e
fo r m u l a t e a n appropriate design 6 3 % p r o b a b i l i t yt h a t t h e u n f a c t o r e d f l o w o f t h e w i n d a n d w i l l t h e r e f o r et e n d
approacn. w i n d l o a d , a n d h e n c e d e f l e c t i o nl i m i t , to reducethe eJfectof the wind on the
w i l l b e e x c e e d e dw o u l d n o t a o o e a rt o individual frame elements. The
3 . 1 L a t e r aL
l o a d sD u e t o W n d beacceDtable. scaffolding Code BS5973 gives a
d e t a i l e d m e t h o d f o r c a l c u l a t i n gt h e s e
T h e b a s i c r e f e r e n c ed o c u m e n t u s e d i n I t r s r e c o m m e n d e d ,t h e r e f o r e , t h a t f o r c e s t h a t t a k e s i n t o a c c o u n t t h e
assessing the wind load on any w h e n c h e c k i n go v e r a l ld e f l e c t i o nl i m i t s e f f e c t o f w a l l o p e n i n g s( w i n d o w se t c . ) .
s t r u c t u r ei s C P 3 : C h a o t e r V : o a r t 2 . o t h a t a n s 3 = 1 . 0 i s u s e d a s t h i s T h i s m e t h o d , h o w e v e r ,i s c o m p l i c a t e d
T h e l o a di s t y p i c a l l yb u i l t u p i n a t h r e e r e d u c e st h e p r o b a b i l i t yo f e x c e e d a n c e a n d d e p e n d so n t h e a i r f l o w t h r o u g h

vrr,A-J,
FROXfIND LOADING
EXTRACT HANDSOOK.
TT U
,rW?
^W
vvVTVl7n
l.tuoi l.nqlh/h.,qht 'o1o o{ roll (l/h)
I tE &q. o. qo!^d 8.0...dF duld C Cc.dg. s q.o!{
bolh fidr tc &lh ?^dr oodrucid

(s!cbeior)? r 6 8 10 ?0 .0 50 3i r00 200

r-t ,.kM ' m/,

M
D
: .r.,. t'',^d /i 0 25h) i rbo( q,.ud h 0.25h) t &. 9,!iJ lh. 0 2-rhl
, a,f r td; lrr $a a' d Jon'r(i.d Fri di cogr'lKid

F i g .I
t h e s e o p e n i n g sr e m a i n i n g su n h i n d e r e d
for the duration of the temporary
w o r k s . S e c t i o n 3 . 1. 3 t h a t f o l l o w s .s3/2

o u t l i n e sa s i m p l e r , m o r e c o n s e r v a t i v e
p r o c e d u r et h a t d o e s n o t i m o o s e t h e s e aR'l<;LY tact\1P,c N0rvI rl
ttrr'rDis /orrLtc\rts ir i
:LpecRrt0 9r Sticr!^PY
r e s t r i c t i o na n d w h i c h w i l l , t h e r e f o r e b
,e Dt^D SHarRtS

a p p r o p r i a tien m o s t c a s e s .
!r !f rYprcaL stcptY

3 . 1. 3 S i m o l eM e t h o d L3AD PIIH THROUCH

^t cxr cf *^LL - /
siPlc1!R€

r- rt!sro{
A s i m p l em e t h o d f o r d e t e r m i n i n gw i n d :: acveRtssbN
+
l o a d so n R e t e n t i o nS y s t e m si s ,ro,i^a ,,9"1' . f,.
r€rcH1
s u g g e s t e db y B S 5 9 7 3 w h i c h s t a t e s |
*
that the total force on a scaffold should
n o t b e g r e a t e rt h a n t h a t w h i c h w o u l d
b e g e n e r a t e db y a n i m p e r f o r a t es u r f a c e
p e r p e n d i c u l atro t h e w i n d . In the
d i r e c t i o np e r p e n d i c u l at or t h e w a l l t h i s
w o u l d b e t h e e q u i v a l e not f i g n o r i n gt h e
ef{ect of any windows and treating the
r e t e n t i o ns y s t e m a n d w a l l a s a s i n g l e
plate element. This could then be toR f4ulr rRRruv.
N s r ^ r ( 5 / ? . .
idealisea d s a f r e e - s t a n d i nwgall and the ( r25 ). ( wr. hi.

total f orce calculated using the CUrOfPLUVEr2e.5x ^r.

g u i d e l i n egsi v e ni n t h e T a b l e 1 1 . 1 4 o f
the Wind Load Handbook(seeFigure4).
our 0r Ptuvg - I rr I
This method is based on Section 8 of .. 2.51 0€^0 L-IAOt I lN .0
r.st sAo Lc^o , I rN 67
CP3 and gives f orce coefficients toR ^N ^s9uu[0 sloREY {rcHT
-2 36 rr€St to!^r[ ro rHt
typically varying from 1.2 to 2.0 totLo*rNc 10r^t olr of PtuvE:

d e p e n d i n go n t h e d i m e n s i o n sa n d e n d Hfcn na wail 2Jt r-5t

c o n d i t i o n so f t h e w a l l . ? s r o R € Y{ h ! 5 n ) r?5a6
. sroR€v (h:ron) ?$ffi
6 SrOAfv (i-l5n) l75m
In the longitudinaldirectionthe scaffold 22i6^

6 STORIYrhr?06) 5006n 295nn

would be assumedto be fully sheeted,
Fig. 5
r e s e m b l i n ga l o n g r e c t a n g u l a r c l a d
b u i l d i n g , w i t h t h e f o r c e c o e { fi c i e n t O u t o f p l u m b d i s t o r t i o no f t h e w a l l w i l l
g i v e nb y T a b l e 1 0 o f C P 3 . ( a l S i m p l eM e t h o d- a p p r o p r i a t feo r b e d u et o t h e f o l l o w i n g :
most cases.
In most cases this method would 1. E x i s t i n go u t o f p l u m b d i s t o r t i o no f
probably be quite c o n s e r v a t i v e ( b l D e t a i l e dM e t h o d - 8 S 5 9 7 3 - h a s the wall that has occurred over a
e s p e c i a l l yw h e r e t h e o p e n i n g si n t h e advantagesin facades with many number of years. This is
w a l l a r e l a r g ea n d n u m e r o u s . l t d o e s , window openingsbut can only be m e a s u r a b laen d s h o u l db e i n c l u d r
however, allow for any blocking in of used on rare occasionsif it can be as part of the brief in trrd
these openingsthat may be necessary guaranteedthat windows will not performancespecification.
to strengthenthe wall. lt also provides be blocked in or the system
good cover for the effects of sheeting, sheeted. 2. Post demolition out of plumb
hoardings,hutting, etc. attached to the movement caused by lateral
retention system and is therefore a 3.2 Lateral Loads Due to The Self deflection of the retention f rame
prudent approachto adopt when these Weioht of The Wall work due to:
items a(e not clearlv defined in
advance. In calculating the total overturning - The horizontalload requiredto prop
m o m e n tf o r w h i c h t h e r e t e n t i o ns v s t e m t h e w a l l a g a i n s to v e r t u r n i n gc a u s e d
3 . 1. 4 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s m u s t b e d e s i g n e da l l o w a n c em u s t b e by1.
m a d e f o r t h e l a t e r a ll o a d s d u e t o t h e
l n s u m m a r y i t i s r e c o m m e n d e dt h a t s e l f w e i g h t o f t h e w a l l . T h e s ea r e d u e - WindLoads.
w i n d l o a d s h o u l d b e a s s e s s e d a s t o t w o p r i n c i p ael f f e c t s :
follows: B u c k l i n gr e s t r a i n tt o t h e w a l l w i l l b e
( a ) O u t o f p l u m bd i s t o r t i o no f t h e w a l l . p r o v i d e db y l a t e r a lr e s t r a i n t sc a p a b l eo f
1. Calculate the dvnamic wind r e s i s t i n g a h o r i z o n t a ll o a d e q u a l t o
p r e s s u r e" q ' u s i n g C P 3 w i t h S , = ( b I P r o v i s i o no f b u c k l i n g r e s t r a r n tt o 2 . 5 % o l t h e v e r t i c a l o a di n t h e w a l l a t
0 . 7 7 f o r u l t i m a t el i m i t s t a t e a n d S 3 thewall. that level.
= 1 . 0 f o r t h e d e fl e c t i o nc h e c k .

2. D e c i d eo n m e t h o do f a s s e s s m e n t
for wind loads.
 t h i s s h o u l db e c a p a b l eo f t r a n s m i t t i n g I n a n s w e r t o t h e s e c r i t i c i s m st h e
3.2.1 T r a d i t i o n aMl e t h o d t o t h e e l e m e n t s o f c o n s t r u c t i o nt h a t f o l l o w i n ga r g u m e n t as n d s u g g e s t e d
p r o v i d el a t e r a ls t a b i l i t yt o t h e s t r u c t u r e d e s i g na p p r o a c ha r e p u t f o r w a r d :
T r a d i t i o n a l l ya l l o w a n c e f o r t h e s e t w o a s a w h o l e , t h e s u m o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
e f f e c t sh a s b e e nc o m b i n e db y d e s i g n i n g d e s i g nl a t e r a fl o r c e s . 1. T h e a d o p t i o no l 1. 5 o / oa s a n o m i n a l
f o r a b l a n k e th o r i z o n t allo a d o f b e t w e e n v a l u e s e e m sq u i t e r e a s o n a b l feo r a
2 . 5 - 5 . O o / oo f t h e s e l f w e i o h t o f t h e ( a ) T h e s i m p l e s t a t i c r e a c t i o n st o t h e n o m i n a l l vy e r t i c awl a l l ( s e eF i g 5 . ) .
wall. total applied design horizontal lf this is not the case the plumb
forces at the line of lateral survey would quickly reveal a
Examining the lower bound 2.5o/o s u p p o r t ,a n o p r o b l e ma n d a m o r e o n e r o u sf i g u r e
f i g u r e ,t h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t o a w a l l 1 i n would be used. lf thereare many
4 0 o u t o f p l u m b w h i c h , w h e n ( b ) 2 . S Y oo l t h e t o t a l d e s i g n v e r t i c a l eccentric features (such as on
t r a n s l a t e dt o s t o r e y h e i g h t s ,g i v e s o u t l o a d t h a t t h e w a l l i s d e s i g n e dt o stonework facades)that do not
of olumb values oJ between 125 c a r r ya t t h e l i n eo f l a t e r a ls u p p o r t . i n d i v i d u a l lw
y a r r a n td e a ds h o r i n g ,i t
500mm for walls of between 2 to 8 m a y b e n e c e s s a r yt o i n c r e a s et h a t
s t o r e y s h i g h ( s e e F i g 5 ) . D e s i g n i n gf o r I t t h e n g o e s o n t o q u a l i f y ( b ) b y s a y i n g percentage by an appropriate
s u c h h i g h n o m i n a le c c e n t r i c i t i e s e e m s t h a t t h e e l e m e n t s o f s t r u c t u r e t h a t a m o u n tt o a l l o w{ o r t h e s ee f f e c t s .
u n r e a s o n a b l e u n l e s s p l u m b s u r v e y s u p p l y s t a b i l i t yt o t h e s t r u c t u r e a s a
r e s u l t ss u g g e s to t h e r w i s ea n d , i n w h i c h w h o l e n e e d n o t b e d e s i g n e dt o s u p p o r t The argument that this notional
c a s e , i t m i g h t b e m o r e a p p r o p r i a t et o t h i s f o r c e . l o a d s h o u l db e a d d e d , r a t h e r t h a n
r e b u i l dr a t h e rt h a n r e t a i nt h e w a l l . c o m p a r e d t, o t h e w i n d l o a d w o u l d
D e s i g n i n gs t r i c t l y t o 8 S 5 6 2 8 w o u l d , appear to be valid. lt is the
-_The
a r g u m e n tf o r 2 . 5 % a s a m i n i m u m t h e r e f o r e ,n o t o n l y a l l o w t h e a d o p t i o n i n t e n t i o no f t h e c o d e t o p l a c e a
r e q u i r e m e nfto r l a t e r a lr e s t r a i n ta g a i n s t o f a m o r e r e a s o n a b l ev a l u e f o r l a c k o f minimum value on the horizontal
b u c k l i n gi s v a l i d o n l y o n a n i n d i v i d u a l v e r t i c a l i t yb u t w o u l d a l s o o n l y r e q u i r e l o a df o r w h i c h a b u i l d i n gs h o u l db e
waling basis as it would seem this force to be comoared with the designed. While the 1.5% load
u n n e c e s s a r i l yc o n s e r v a t i v et o d e s i g n f a c t o r e dl o a d a n d d e s i g nc a r r i e do u t f o r p r o v i d e sa r e a s o n a b l el o w e r l i m i t
the overall structure to take all these t h e g r e a t e r . l t w o u l d a l s o p r o v i d ef o r for a complete building, of
f o r c e s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y - t h e m o r e r e s t r a i n ta g a i n s t b u c k l i n g w i t h o u t t h e c o n s i d e r a b l em a s s , i t w i l l n o t
w a l i n g st h e m o r e h o r i z o n t allo a d . r e q u i r e m e n tt o a s s u m e t h a t a l l t h e p r o v i d e a g o o d c o m p a r i s o nf o r a
restraint forces are acting r e t a i n e df a c a d e w h i c h m a y h a v e
3 . 2 . 2 P r o o o s e dM e t h o d simultaneously on the stabilising similar wind loads but onlv a
s t r u c t u r e . B S 5 6 2 8 , h o w e v e r ,i s a c o d e fractionof the mass. When the
M o d e r n l i m i t s t a t e c o d e s a d d r e s st h e o f p r a c t i c ee s s e n t i a l l yg e a r e d t o w a r d s wind blows on such a wall its
p r o b l e m o f l a c k o f v e r t i c a l i t y m o r e n e w m a s o n r y b u i l d i n g sa n d i t i s t o o e f f e c t w i l l b e i n a d d i t i o nt o a n v o u t
directly and require structures to be s i m p l i s t i c t o a p p l y i t l i t e r a l l y t o t h e of plumb effects and the two must
c h e c k e df o r n o t i o n a lh o r i z o n t allo a d s o f u n u s u a l c a s e o f a n e x i s t i n g , u s u a l l y be considered as acting
b e t w e e n 1. 4 1 . 5 % o f t h e t o t a l q u i t e h i g h , f r e e - s t a n d i n gw a l l b e i n g simultaneously.
c h a r a c t e r i s t idce a dl o a d . retainedwhile major constructionworks
are carried out in the immediate 2. It is true that the typical facade
e . g . B S 5 6 2 8 :P a r t 1 € C l a u s e2 0 . 1 a n d v i c i n i t y . l n p a r t i c u l a r t h e f o l l o w i n g retention system is much less
2 2 N o t i o n a lH o r i z o n t aLl o a d = 0 . 0 1 5 x c r i t i c i s m sc a n b e m a d e o f t h i s a p p r o a c h redundant structurally than a
- Dead Load when appliedto such structures: complete buildingand is therefore
l e s s f o r g i v i n gi f t h i n g s g o w r o n g .
B S 5 9 5 O :P a r t 1 7 C l a u s e4 . 2 . 3 N o t i o n a l 1 . The 1.5% value is too low, and Designing f or excessive out of
H o r i z o n t a lL o a d = 1% of Factored should be added to, rather than p l u m b ( a s r e p r e s e n t e db y 2 . s o h
Dead Load - 0 . 14 x D e a d L o a d c o m p a r e dw i t h , t h e f a c t o r e d w i n d l o a d s )m a y g o s o m e w a y t o w a r d s
(typically) load. coveringthe extra risk involvedbut
it is not the best way of addressing
In both these cases the notional loads 2. This method is intended for use the problem..
a r e c o n s i d e r e da s d e s i g n l o a d s a n d w i t h p e r m a n e n t ,h i g h l y r e d u n d a n t It is more importantto carefully
should be comparedwith factored wind structures where underestimation consider the robustness of the
loads and design carried out {or the o f l o a d sc a n b e r e a d i l ya b s o r b e db y structure in terms of any likely
worst case. internal redistribution. Facade a c c i d e n t a ld a m a g e a n d t o d e s i g n
retention systems, however, are the system to avoid collapse
T h e 1 . 5 % v a l u e r e p r e s e n t s1 i n 6 7 o u t u s u a l l ye i t h e rs t a t i c a l l yd e t e r m i n a t e d i s p r o p o r t i o n at oe t h e c a u s e . T h i s
o f p l u m b( s e eF i g 5 ) w h i c h i s e q u i v a l e n t o r f i r s t o r d e rr e d u n d a nftr a m e w o r k s w i l l i n v o l v ep a y i n gc a r e f u la t t e n t i o n
to 74 - 296mm for the 2 to 8 storey w h e r e t h e m a r g i nf o r e r r o ri s s m a l l . t o m e m b e r sr n v u l n e r a b l e a r e a sa n d
r a n g ea n d s e e m s m o r e r e a s o n a b l e as a U n d e r e s t i m a t i oonf l o a d s o n t h e s e e i t h e rp r o t e c t i n gt h e m o r d e s i g n i n g
nominal allowance than the 2.5Vo v u l n e r a b l es t r u c t u r e s , w h i c h a r e t h e m f o r a c c i d e n t ailm o a c t l o a d s
f i g u r e sq u o t e di n 3 . 2 . 1. exposed to the possibility of s e e s e c t i o n3 . 4 .
a c c i d e n t a li m p a c t , c a r i e s a m u c h
8 S 5 6 2 8 C l a u s e2 8 . 2 . 1 a l s o a d d r e s s e s h i g h e rr i s k .
t h e p r o b l e mo f l a t e r a lr e s t r a i n t o w a l l s
a n d s t a t e s t h a t t h e e l e m e n t sp r o v i d i n g
3.2.3 Recommendations
In s u m m a r y , t h e r eof r e , i t is
r e c o m m e n d e tdh a t , p r o v i d i n gt h e p l u m b
s u r v e y r e v e a l sn o t h i n g u n t o w a r d , t h e
n o t i o n ahl o r i z o n t allo a d s h o u l db e t a k e n
a s 1 . 5 % o f t h e t o t a l d e a dl o a d . T h i s
should be distributed amongst the
w a l i n g s i n p r o p o r t i o nt o t h e i r s p a c i n g
a n d c o m b i n e d u n fa c t o r e d w i t h t h e
d e s i g nw i n d l o a d . l t s h o u l d b e n o t e d
t h a t t h e s e ' l . 5 % f o r c e ss h o u l di n c l u d e
t h e s e l f w e i g h t o f t h e r e t e n t i o ns y s t e m
itself to allow for any sway lorces
inducedby erectiontolerancesetc.
E a c h i n d i v i d u aw l aling shouldalso be
a b l e t o s u s t a i nt h e d e s i g n w i n d l o a d s
p l u s 2 . 5 % o f t h e t o t a l d e s i g nw a l l l o a d
a b o v ew a l i n g l e v e lt o p r o v i d ea d e q u a t e
l a t e r a lr e s t r a i n ta g a i n s tb u c k l i n g . T h e
s y s t e m p r o p e rn e e d o n l y b e d e s i g n e d
f o r o n e w a l i n gl o a da c t i n ga t a n y t i m e .
3.3 Lateral Loads on Retaininq
Elements
Where buildings have one or more
basement level, the section of the
f acade wall, below external ground
level, will be sublected to horizontal
forces due to pressure from retained
material and any surcharge present.
T h e s e w a l l s w i l l t y p i c a l l yb e p r o p p e d ,
both in the existing and proposed
p e r m a n e n tc o n d i t i o n s ,b y g r o u n d a n d
b a s e m e n tf l o o r s a n d a l s o p o s s i b l y b y
buttressing walls. In the period
b e t w e e n d e m o l i t i o na n d c o m p l e t i o no f
the new permanent bracing elements
t h e s e p r o p p i n gf o r c e s w i l l h a v e t o b e
provided temporarily either by
i n c o r p o r a t i n ga d d i t i o n a p
l rops into the
facade retention framework, of, by
providing an independent shoring
system specificallyfor this purpose. To
properly estimate the loads for which
these props must be designed it is
necessary to carefully consider the
extent of horizontalmovement that can
be tolerated without causing
u n a c c e p t a b ldea m a g et o t h e w a l l .
8 S 5 9 7 5 - T h e f a l s e w o r kC o d e - C l a u s e
2 8 . 5 g i v e s g u i d a n c eo n t h e e s t i m a t i o n
of the earth pressure exerted bY
c o h e s i v ec, o h e s i o n l e sasn d m i x e d s o i l s .
I t i n c l u d e s ,h o w e v e r , t h e c a v e a t t h a t
'calculated pressures
will only be
mobilised where equivalent strarns
occur' and that "these will be
d e p e n d e not n t h e e l a s t i cm o d u l u so f t h e
s o i l a n d o f t h e s t r u e t u r a le l e m e n t a s
i n t e r a c t i n gm e m b e r s " . l t g o e s o n t o
say that the restraining effect of struts
e t c . m a y g r v el s e t o g r e a t e rp r e s s u r e s o n e t h a t i s a d a p t a b l e and can tolerate
t h a n t h o s e c a l c u l a t e du s r n g t h e b a s i c t h e a b u s e i t w i l l n o r m a l l yg e t d u r i n g
a c t i v e c o n d i t i o nf o r m u l a e Section demolition and construction works.
5.6 of F o u n d a t i o n D e s i g n a n d T h e r o b u s t n e s so f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s
C o n s t r u c t i o nb y T o m l i n s o n od i s c u s s e s s h o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , b e carefully
t h i s i n g r e a t e rd e t a i l a n d s u g g e s t st h a t c o n s r d e r e da n d t h e c o n s e q u e n c e so f
a m o v e m e n to f 1 / 1 0 0 0 - 1 / 5 0 0 o f t h e a c c i d e n t adl a m a g ea s s e s s e d . T h i s w i l l
r e t a i n e dh e i g h ti s n e c e s s a r yt o m o b i l i s e i n v o l v ea n a p p r a i s aol f t h e s t r u c t u r ea n d
a c t i v e p r e s s u r e s . T h i s h o r i z o n t a l i t s e n v i r o n m e n tt o i d e n t ivf a r e a s o f
m o v e m e n t o { t h e w a l l w i l l b e p o t e n t i a rl i s k a n d c o n s i d e r a t i oonf h o w
accompanied by a correspondingdarnage or removal of members in
m o v e m e n t i n t h e r e t a i n e ds o i l a n d b y t h e s e a r e a sw o u l d a f f e c t t h e s t r u c t u r a l
s e t t l e m e no t f t h e g r o u n ds u r { a c ea b o v e . p e r f o r m a n c e .l t i s a l w a y s p r e f e r a b l e to
prevent, rather than design lor,
These movements may not be accidentaldamage and, if possible,
a c c e p t a b l ea n d t h e p r o p p i n g s y s t e m m e a s u r e ss h o u l d b e t a k e n t o p r o t e c t
m a y h a v e t o b e d e s i g n e dt o a v o i d t h i s . t h e s e v u l n e r a b l ea r e a s . l f t h i s c a n n o t
The lateral lorces exerted on such a b e d o n es o m e a l l o w a n c ew i l l h a v e t o b e
s y s t e m w i l l b e g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e m a d e i n t h e d e s i g nt o p r o v i d ef o r t h e
a s s o c i a t e dw i t h a c t i v e c o n d i t i o n sa n d p o s s i b i l i t yo f a c c i d e n t ai lm p a c tl o a d s .
should be calculated using the
coefficient of earth oressure at rest where external systems are used ,,
w h i c h T o m l i n s o n q u o t e s a s v a r y i n g o u t e rl e g s o f t h e f r a m e w o r kw i l l u s u a l l y
b e t w e e n 0 . 4 - 1 . 0 f o r l o o s e s a n d a n d b e p a r t i c u l a r ley x p o s e dt o d a m a g ef r o m
o v e r c o n s o l i d a t ecdl a y r e s p e c t i v e l v . vehicle impact. lf ground level
kentledge is used this may
I n p r o v i d i n gf o u n d a t i o n st o r e s i s t t h e a u t o m a t i c a l l y p r o v i d e adequate
prop f orces it should also be Orotection.lf this is not the case some
remembered that the f ull Dassive f o r m o f v e h i c l eb a r r i e rs h o u l da l w a y s b e
resistanceof the soil is not mobilised provided to reduce the risk, Heavy
without a much greater horizontal t i m b e r s l e e p e r s a r e o f t e n u s e d t o
movement than that requiredfor active cordonof the areaand while these offer
c o n d i t i o n s . T o m l i n s o np r o v i d e sf u r t h e r s o m e p r o t e c t i o nt h e r ew i l l s t i l l b e a r i s k ,
information and quotes movement of a l b e i t r e d u c e d , o f i m p a c t . The
t h e o r d e ro { 5 % a n d 0 . 5 % o f t h e d e p t h s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s i n t h e s e a r e a s ,
o f e m b e d m e n tr e q u i r e dt o m o b i l i s eh a l f t h e r eof r e , a r e u s u a l l y d e s i g n e df o r a
t h e u l t i m a t ep a s s i v er e s i s t a n c eo f l o o s e n o m i n a l p o i n t l o a d o f 2 5 k N a p p l i e d
s a n d sa n d d e n s es a n d sr e s p e c t i v e l y . a n v w h e r eo n t h e m e m b e rt o a l l o w f o r
a c c i d e n t ai lm p a c t .
I n s u m m a r y , t h e r e f o r e ,i t i s i m p o r t a n t
that the allowablehorizontalmovement I n t e r n asl y s t e m sa r e m a i n l ya t r i s k { r o m
is considered when estimating lateral construction activities with t'
f orces on retaining element. lf it is perimetermembersof the system beir-s
reouired that these movements are p a r t i c u l a rv u l n e r a b l et o i m p a c t f r o m
severely restricted a very rigid shoring h e a v y p l a n t s u c h a s c r a n e s k i p s , p i l i n g
system will have to be installed. These rigs etc. Protectionof these elements
props will be subiect to pressures can be practically afforded by
approaching those of earth at rest m a i n t a i n i n g g o o d o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d
w h i c h w i l l b e h i g h e r t h a n t h e a c t i v e supervisionthroughout the site and in
p r e s s u r e sg e n e r a l l yd e s i g n e df o r . l t i s p a r t i c u l airn t h e i ri m m e d i a t ev i c i n i t y .
important that the p e r fo r m a n c e
s p e c i f i c a t i o nc o n f r o n t st h e s e p r o b l e m s I n e v i t a b l y , h o w e v e r , a c c i d e n t s w i l l
a n d c l e a r l ys p e c i f i e st h e d e s i g nc r i t e r i a h a p p e n ,a n d a g a i na n o m i n a la l l o w a n c e
to be used. o f 2 5 k n i m p a c t l o a d i s g e n e r a l l ym a d e
in design.
3.4 AccidentalLoads
When designing these structures f or
As p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d , f a c a d e i m p a c t l o a d s t h e r e d u c e dr i s k o f t h e s e
retention systems are usually either occurring simultaneously with the
s t a t i c a l l y d e t e r m i n a t e o r f i r s t o r d e r d e s i g nw i n d l o a d s h o u l db e r e c o g n i s e d .
r e d u n d a n ts t r u c t u r e si n w h i c h d a m a g e R e c o m m e n d a t r o nasr e g i v e n r e g a r d i n g
o r r e m o v a l o f a n y e l e m e n t m a y h a v e t h i s i n S e c t i o n3 . 6 .
serious consequences for overall
s t a b i l i t y . l t s h o u l db e e m p h a s i s e dt h a t
a s u c c e s suf l f a c a d er e t e n t i o ns c h e m er s
3.5 VerticalLoads 3. Loadsdue to use as an access 3.6.1 S t a b i l i tLvi m i ts t a t e
scaf olding for work on the
In some case,s a facade retention e l e v a t i o nT
. a b l e1 o f B S 5 9 7 3 T h e c o d e r e q u i r e st h a t a t w o - f o l dc h e c k
system will be required to provide g i v e sg u i d e l i n eosn w h a t s h o u l db e b e c a r r i e do u t t o e n s u r et h a t t h e o v e r a l l
v e r t i c a la s w e l l a s l a t e r a ls u p p o r tt o t h e a s s u m e di n t h i s c a s e( s e eF i g 6 ) . s t r u c t u r e h a s a d e q u a t er e s i s t a n c et o
w a l l . S e c o n d a r yv e r t i c a l p r o p s , f o r o v e r t u r n t n ga n d s w a y . R e s i s t a n c et o
e x a m p l e ,m a y n e e d t o b e i n c o r p o r a t e d I t m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e dh, o w e v e r ,t h a t overturning is mainly a foundation
i n t o t h e s y s t e m t o p r o v i d e t e m p o r a r y w h e n c o n s i d e r i n gs t a b i l i t y( s e e S e c t i o n p r o b l e ma n d w i l l b e c o v e r e d l a t e r i n
s u p p o r t f o r i n d i v i d u a l o v e r h a n g i n g 3 . 6 . 1 ,c a s e 1 ) t h e m i n i m u md e a dl o a d Section3.8. Sway stabilityrequires
f a c a d e f e a t u r e s w h e n t h e r e s t r a i n t m u s t b e u s e d w h i c h w i l l u s u a l l yo n l y t h a t t h e o v e r a l ls t r u c t u r ei s s u f f i c i e n t l y
p r o v i d e d b y t h e e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e i s i n c l u d et h e s e l f w e i g h t o f t h e s y s t e m s t r o n gt o r e s i s tt h e h o r i z o n t aflo r c e s ,i n
r e m o v e d . O n a l a r g e rs c a l e ,t h e l o w e r f r a m e w o r k . a d d i t i o nt o a n y v e r t i c a ll o a d s ,f a c t o r e d
framed sectionof the system maybe a n d c o m b i n e da s f o l l o w s :
r e o u i r e dt o s t r a d d l et h e w a l l w i t h t h e 3.6 Desiqn of Retention Svstems for
horizontal framing beams used as ultimate Limit ststs {Bs 5950: 1 . A h o r i z o n t al ol a d= 1 . 4 x ( W + E )
n e e d l e st o s u p p o r tt h e w a l l a b o v ew h i l e Part 1 l + . 0 1 5 D * . Ra c t i n gw i t h a v e r t i c a l
w o r k i s c a r r i e do u t b e l o w ( s e eF i g 2 ) . load= 1.0 DR
Custom built steel f acade retention
T h e r e m a y a l s o b e v e r t i c a l l o a d s a s a systems are typically constructed of 2 . A h o r i z o n t al ol ad = 1.2 x (W + E)
consequenceof any secondary use to h o t r o l l e d s e c t i o n s d e s i g n e d t o B S + .015 D* * p acting with A
w h i c h t h e s y s t e m i s p u t . I n p a r t i c u l a r 5 9 5 0 : p a r t 1 . C l a u s e2 . 4 o t t h i s c o d e v e r t i c allo a d = 1 . 2 D R+ 1 . 2 1
the following loads should be discussesthe various ultimate limit Where:
considered i n a d d i t i o nt o s e l f w e i g h t . states, such as strength, stability,
fatigue, brittle fracture and structural W - Wind Load
1 . Loadsdue to hutting, site integrity, that should be considered E = EarthPressureLoad (if present)
offices etc. built into the w h e n d e s i g n i n ga n y s t e e l s t r u c t u r e . I n Dw = DeadLoadof Wall
sYstem. the particularcase of a facade retention DR = Dead Load of Retention
system only stability, strength and System
2 . L o a d sd u e t o p l a c i n gk e n t l e d g ea t integrity will usually be relevant and | = lmposed Load on Retention
h i g hl e v e l . these are discussed f urther, with Svstem
suggested load factors and
c o m b i n a t i o n sg i v e n , i n s e c t i o n s3 . 6 . 1 -
3.6.3 that follow. E a c hi n d i v i d u awl a l i n gs h o u l da l s ob e

IABIE J. rcCESS ^N0 WORX|NGSCfFoLoS Ct lrJ8t ^NO CoIJPTERS

OUTY USE O' PLAIFOR! 0rsrRlSulE0 v ^ T N U M S E RO ' CCUUONLYUSID gOTHS

Lo^O 0N PLATFORUS LJSN6 225mm 8O^R0S 8AY
PLATFORUS LTNClH

rssPEcIr0N,prNlrNc tNSPECT|ON.PATNtNC 0 . 75 w0RKrNGpL^lt0RU J BOARDS 2 7

sroN€ c[t&rNc, STONECLT^NING.LICAT
L16HIOUIY, cLtaNrNG ^NO ^CCt53.

LI6HT OUTY PLASTERING.

PAIilTINC. 50 2 WORKINGPLATIONUS BOAROS 2
STONECLE^NINC.
cLAZTNCANo PATNITNC

GTN!R^L GTNER^I BUTLoNC. 2.00 2 W0RKTNCPLAItORMS 5 80^RDS 0R 1 80AR0S 2

PURPOSE WORX ICLUOINC - I VERY LICHI OUTY - r rNslot
SRTCKWOR(.wrN00w
A{O VULLTONtrr !a.
R€N0€RINC,PL^SIlRrNG

H€AW OUIY ELOCKWORK. 2.50 2 w o R K r N CP L ^ l t o R v S 5 80^R0S 0R 2.O

SRICKWORx.H[AvY - r v€RY L|CHI 0u* 5 80^RDS - 1 1 N 5 1 0 0
[ R
cLAO0rtr6. . eo^Ros - l INSIOE

UASONRYOR UASONRYWORK, 1.00 WORXING PLAIIORVS 6 r0 E 8O^RDS l

sptclAl ouw coNcRtTt BlocxicRK I V€RY LICHT DUTY
ANO WRY HIAVY
cL^00rNc.

{018 lr r H r s I A E L I s H o U L o 8 t R E A o l N C o N J U N C T I OwNr T H l t s t R E M T N D E RO t r H t C o D t ^ N 0 E 4 ) a N D 5 5 r r N p A R T C U L A R .
NolE 2: IHE LO^oS ^N0 NUVSER OF La^0t0 PLAI'oRUS ANo wrDrHS 0t Sc^tf,lrLr tRoV lHlS l^BL[ ts^vl BtE\ U5t0 N rH€ CALCTJLAT]ONS
Gfo{N IN ^PPEMDIX8.

IXIRACT FROM
85 597J & BS 5975

v r N r v u Mv A t t J E0 r c o € F F i c E N l c r s r A T r c t R r c r c N u

!oF1,rO00
r r v B tA
PLAIN 5IEIL
eAlNrt0 0R 0rtE0 stttt
coNc Rt 1E
SotTwOOo Tlv8tR
GR^NUL^RSOIL
H^RDwOO0

o
c h e c k e df o r a h o r i z o n t al ol a d = 1 . 4 { W nowever, ts a v e r y t m p o r t a n t F o u n d a t i o nws i l l a l s o h a v e t o b e s i z e d
+ E ) + ( . 0 2 5x d e a dl o a do f w a l l a b o v e c o n s i d e r a t i oann d w r l l o f t e n , i n { a c t . t o g i v e a c c e p t a b l eb e a r i n gp r e s s u r e s
w a l i n g l e v e l ) . T h e o v e r a l ls t r u c t u r e g o v e r nt h e d e s i g n . b u t w h i l e t h i s i s n o t u s u a l l yc r i t i c ailt i s
n e e d o n l y b e c a p a b l eo f r e s i s t i n gt h e important to keep bearing pressures
I o a d fr o m a n y o n e o f t h e s e w a l r n g s A n a s s e s s m e not f t h e f a c a d en e e d st o l o w a s d i ff e r e n t r a ls e t t l e m e n t o f t h e
a c t r n ga l o n e . b e u n d e r t a k e nb y t h e C o n s u l t a n t t o l e g sw i l l b e m a g n i f i e d m a n y t i m e so v e r
determine the d e fl e c t i o n limit at the top of the system.
I t s h o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e dt h a t a l l t h e c o n s i d e r e da p p r o p r i a t e . T h e d e s i g n
a b o v eh o r i z o n t adl e s i g nl o a d s ,w i t h t h e f o r c e s s h o u l d b e c o m b i n e da s f o l l o w s 3.9 TemporarvConnectionto Retained
exception of earth pressure, a(e f o r t h e d e f l e c t i o nc h e c k : Facade
r e v e r s i b l ea n d t h a t c h e c k s s h o u l d b e
c a r r r e do u t i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n s . T h e A h o r i z o n t al ol a d = 1 . 0 ( W + E ) + The connections between the
l o a d s g i v e n a r e t h o s e a p p r o p r i a t et o a .015Dw*Ractingwith t e m p o r a r vf r a m e a n d t h e f a c a d e m u s t
s t a b i l i t y c h e c k p e r p e n d i c u l a rt o t h e A v e r t i c a l o a d = 1 . 0 D R+ 1 . 0 | t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t h e r e l a t i v ef r a g i l i t yo f
wall. A similar exercise should be W h e r e l o a d s a r e a s d e f i n e di n S e c t i o n t h e s t o n e a n d m a s o n r yp r e s e n t . l d e a l l y
c a r r i e do u t i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n adl i r e c t i o n t h e w a l l s s h o u l d b e a t t a c h e do v e r a s
w h e r eb o t h w i n d a n d n o t i o n a h l orizontal l a r g e a n a r e a a s p o s s i b l ea s , a l t h o u g h
l o a d sw i l l b e l e s s . lf a large vertical imposed load is t h e i n d i v i d u a li i x i n g s m a y b e s t r o n g
p r e s e n t( s u c ha s k e n t l e d g ea t a n u p p e r enough, the integrity of the base
3.6.2 L i m i t S t a t eo f S t r e n q t h level) it may also be necessaryto m a t e r i a l i s u s u a l l yl e s sc e r t a i n . l t i s f o r
c o n s i d e rt h i s p l a c e da s y m m e t r i c a l l yo n t h i s r e a s o nt h a t c l a m p i n gs v s t e m s a r '
T h e v e r t i c a l l o a d c a r r y i n gc a p a c i t y o f the frame to assess any secondary u s u a l l yu s e d . T h e s e g e n e r a l l yc o n s i - .
the structure should be verified by sway effects. o f s t e e l w a l i n g sc l a m p e do n e i t h e rs i d e
'l
checkingfor the combinationof .4D" of the facadeusing long tie bolts the
+ 1 . 6 1. T h i s c h e c kw i l l n o t u s u a l l yb e T h e d e f l e c t i o nc a l c u l a t i o nw i l l b e b a s e d pressure being spread by timber
c r i t i c a l f o r d e s i g n a s h o r i z o n t a ll o a d o n a n e l a s t i ca n a l v s i so f t h e s t r u c t u r e p a c k e r st o p r o t e c t t h e f a c a d e s u r f a c e
effects are usuallydominant. which does not allow Jor any a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e7 .
cumulativeeffects due to bolt slippage T h e o r e t i c a l l y t, h e w a l i n g s s h o u l d b e
3 . 6 . 3 S t r u c t u r aIln t e o r i t v at connections. To ensure this does placed at floor levels. These zones,
not cause Droblems the f ramework h o w e v e r ,m a y n o t b e r e a d i l ya c c e s s i b l e
S e c t i o n3 . 4 d i s c u s s e st h e r o b u s t n e s so f s h o u l d , a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e , b e and connectionin these areas will
these structures and recommends p r e f a b r i c a t eidn l a r g es e c t i o n sw i t h s i t e usually be troublesome requiring
a c c i d e n t a l i m p a c t l o a d s f o r d e s i g n . b o l t e dj o i n t s r e d u c e dt o a m i n i m u ma n d t h r o u g hd r i l l i n ga n d d e s t r u c t i v e
W h e n d e s i g n i n gf o r t h e s e a c c i d e n t a l a d d i t i o n a l s i t e w e l d i n g o f b o l t e d
l o a d si t i s u n r e a s o n a b lteo a s s u m et h a t c o n n e c t i o n cs a r r i e do u t .
t h e s e o c c u r s i m u l t a n e o u s l yw i t h t h e
m a x i m u m v a l u e s o f o t h e r . m o r e 3.8 FounddtionDesion
o r d i n a r yl o a d s .
T h e f o u n d a t i o nf o r a f a c a d e r e t e n t i o n
B S 5 9 5 0 r e c o g n i s e st h i s f a c t a n d s y s t e m i s p r i m a r i l yr e q u i r e dt o p r o v i d e
c l a u s e2 . 4 . 5 . 5 r e c o m m e n d st h a t t h e s e resistance,with an adequatefactor of
a c c i d e n t allo a d sa r e c o m b i n e dw i t h t h e s a f e t y , t o o v e r t u r n i n ga n d s l i d i n g . I n
dead load plus one third of the imposed S e c t i o n 3 . 6 . 1, C a s e 1 d e fi n e s t h e
a n d w i n d l o a d s . A l o a d f a c t o r o f 1 . 0 5 ultimate limit state for which the
s h o u l d b e u s e d o n a l l l o a d s e x c e o t o v e r t u r n i n ge f f e c t s w i l l b e m a x i m i s e d
when c o n s i d e r i n g r e s i s t a n c e t o a n d s u g g e s t st h a t a J a c t o r o f 1 . 4 i s
overturningwhere beneficialdead load a c c e p t a b l e .T h i s , h o w e v e r ,i s b a s e do n
s h o u l d b e m u l t i p l i e d b y 0 . 9 a n d B S 5 9 5 0 a n d i s i n t e n d e df o r c h e c k i n g
i m p o s e d l o a d i g n o r e d o r i n c l u d e d a s how structural steel, a highly
appropriatefor the worst case. p r e d i c t a b l e m a t e r i a l , w i l l p e r fo r m .
When considering the kentledge
3.7 Desion of Retention Svstem for p r o v i d e db y a c o n c r e t el o u n d a t i o nt h e
Serviceabilitv Limit State (BS s l i g h t l y m o r e o n e r o u ss a f e t y f a c t o r o f
5950: 1. 5 i s u s e d t o a l l o w f o r t h e l e s s
Part 1 I c o n s i s t e n tn a t u r e o f t h e m a t e r i a l . I n
checking sliding a factor of 2.0 is
C l a u s e2 . 5 o f B S 5 9 5 0 d i s c u s s e st h e c o n s i d e r e da p p r o p r i a t et o a l l o w f o r t h e
t w o s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e s o f u n c e r t a i n t yi n v o l v e d i n t h e e s t t m a t i o n
d e f l e c t i o na n d d u r a b i l i t y . T h e l a t t e r i s o f p a s s i v e p r e s s u r e s , i f t h e s e a r e
n o t u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e di m p o r t a n t f o r a s s u m e dt o b e m o b i l s e d ,a n d o f u =
t e m p o r a r ys t r u c t u r e s ,s u c h a s f a c a d e t h e c o e f fi c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n ( s u g g e s t e d
r e t e n t i o ns y s t e m s , w h e r e p a i n t i n g o f v a l u e sa r eg i v e ni n t a b l e1 8 o f B S 5 9 7 5
t h e s t e e l w o r k m a y b e p u r e l y a l o c a l - s e eF i g € ) .
authority requirement imposed for
aestnetrc reasons. D e fl e c t i o n ,
l0
 breaking out. Window openings, 3 . 1 0 . 2 P r o v i s i o fno r M o v e m e n t
t h e r e f o r e ,i f s t r o n g e n o u g h ,a r e u s u a l l y G e n e r a l l yt h e c o n n e c t i o nt o t h e f a c a d e 3 . 1 1 U s e o f P r o o r i e t a r vC o m p o n e n t
p r e f e r r e da s r e s t r a i n t p o i n t s . T h e s e should be made as late as the Svstems
a l s o h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g et h a t t h e y a r e c o n s t r u c t i o np r o g r a m m ew i l l p e r m i t s o
u s u a l l yf a r e n o u g ha w a y f r o m t h e n e w t h a t a s m u c h s e t t l e m e n t a s p o s s i b l e I n m a n y c a s e s i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l et o
floor levels to avoid clashing with c a n t a k e p l a c ep r i o rt o f i x i n g . b u i l d u p t h e f a c a d e r e t e n t i o ns y s t e m
p e r m a n e nfti x i n g s . u s i n g o ff the s h e l ,f hrreable
For through bolted systems (Fig 8) components, rather than steelwork
3 . 1 0 P e r m a n e n tC o n n e c t i o nt o N e w r e l a t i v e v e r t i c a l m o v e m e n t i s u s u a l l y s p e c iifc a l l y f a b r i c a t e df o r t h e j o b i n
Structure a l l o w e db y t h e f l e x i b i l i t yo f t h e t i e r o d h a n d . T h e s y s t e m s a v a i l a b l er a n g e
m o v i n gi n a n o v e r s i z e dh o l e t h r o u g ht h e f r o m t h e t r a d i t i o n a ls c a f o l d t u b e I
The connections between the old facade. W h e r e d r i l l e d p r o p r i e t a r y l a d d e rb e a mf r a m e w o r ks u i t a b l ef o r l o w
f a c a d e a n d n e w p e r m a n e n ts t r u c t u r e f i x i n g sa r e u s e d v e r t i c a ls l o t s a n d P T F E r i s e f a c a d e s t o t h e m o r e s u b s t a n t i a l
m u s t p r o v i d et h e w a l l w i t h t h e r e q u i r e d washers provide movement. T h e " s o l d i e r " s y s t e m o r i g i n a l l yd e v e l o p e d
l a t e r a lr e s t r a i n tt o w i n d , o u t o f o l u m b c o n n e c t i o n sc a n b e m a d e a t f l o o r l e v e l , f o r u s e w i t h m o d u l a rv e r t i c a ls h u t t e r i n g
a n d b u c k l i n gf o r c e s w h i l e , a t t h e s a m e t o e i t h e rt h e l l o o r s t r u c t u r ei t s e l f o r i t ' s s y s t e m s . T h e s e s o l d i e r sa r e t y p i c a l l y
time, allow for relative vertical s u p p o r t i n gb e a m s ( F i g 9 ) , o r a t a n y c o m p o s e d o f t w o cold formed
movement between old and new l e v e lt o t h e c o l u m n s . c h a n n e l s ,s p a c e d b a c k t o b a c k , a n d
construction. welded together. The
overall weight of the
This movement can arise due to u n i t i s t y p i c a l l yr e d u c e d
settlement of the new structure by cutting holes in the
relative to the existing wall which weo at constant
may, in fact, move upwards due to intervals along it's
heave effects caused by relaxationof length. The edge of
loading. this hole is usually
shaped to offset the
3 . 1 0 . 1 C o n n e c t i oTn o T h e rxRE^080 sr!Ntt5s strengthloss due to the
Facade slEtl gan. wasHER &
NUIS 10 0/5 rrct CF perforations.

The variableand often unknown nature The decision to use

of masonry dictates that selection of OVTRSIZEHOL€
iHR0U6H rrc^oE r0 such a system will be
^LLow WRI€rL UOVEVENI
the f ixings is verified by tests, based on consideration
installation is carried out by trained of the fo l l o w i n g
operativesunder supervision,and that advantages and
post installationchecks are carriedout. Fig. I disadvantages.
Where proprietary f ixings are used
manufacturersadvice shouldbe sought Advantaoes
and ci 'i' v followed. Explicit
Instruc: covering installation I
On contractsof short duration
proced: rcludingdrill size, depth, it will be possibleto hire out
t i g h t e n i r, i o r q u e e t c . s h o u l d b e g i v e n the components, thereby
anct,as alreadymentioned,preliminary reducing cost. Generally,
tests carried out to verify pull out however, if they are required
loads. The variablenature of masonry for oeriods in excess of one
m a k e si t a d v i s a b l et o d e s i g nt h e f i x i n g s year it will be more economic
on a redundantbasis and multiple to purchase the components
fixing points shouldalways be used. and sell them back when the
PERMANENT CONNEC'I-ION c o n t r a c ti s c o m o l e t e d .
O f t h e p r o p r i e t a r yfi x i n g s a v a i l a b l e TO FLOOR SIRUCIURE
resin anchors are most otten used 2 . T h e r ei s a m i n i m a l e a di n t i m e
becauseof their good performancein involvedas the comoonents
r f ROD Rf SLN
base materials of poor quality. ANCIORED NlO FACADE
are generally stock items.
Pumped resin will generally be T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l yi m p o r t a n t
preferredto encapsulatedsystems as a s d e m o l i t i o na n d r e t e n t i o no f
this copes better with the variable the fa c a d e a r e u s u a l l y
nature of the material. Where resin foremoston the criticaloath
anchors are used the overall fire for the project.
r e s i s t a n c eo f t h e f i x i n g s y s t e m w i l l
h a v e t o b e c a r e f u l l yc o n s i d e r e d
and fire Cranagecan be kept to a
p r o t e c t i o na p p l i e da s n e c e s s a r y .
II minimum as most of the
components can hp

Fig. I m a n h a n d l e da n d p r e - a s s e m bly
is facilitated.

ll
Digadvantaoes T h e p e r f o r m a n c es p e c i f i c a t i o ns h o u l d
a i m t o g i v e a l l i n f o r m a t i o nr e l e v a n t o R e f e r e n c e s
1. T h e r e i s a l i m i t e d r a n g e o f t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s y s t e m a s w e l l a s
c o m p o n e n t s c o m p a r e d t o t h e s p e c i f y i n gi t ' s r e q u i r e dp e r f o r m a n c ei n 1 B r i t i s hS t a n d a r d sI n s t i t u t i o n- C o d eo f
c h o i c eo f h o t r o l l e ds t e e l s e c t i o n s s e r v i c e . T h e f i n a l s c h e m ec h o i c ea n d P r a c t i c ef o r F a l s e w o r k B S 5 g 7 5 :
a v a i l a b l e . T h i s w i l l l e a d t o o v e r d e t a i ld e s i g ni s | e ft t o t h e C o n t r a c t oar s 19 8 2 .
d e s i g no i t h e m e m b e r st o w a r d st h e t h i s m a k e s f o r a m o r e " u s e r f r i e n d l y '
t o p o f t h e f r a m e a n d o v e r d e s i g n t h a t m i n i m i s e s b u i l d a b i l i t y 2 B r i t i s hS t a n d a r d sI n s t i t u t i o n- C o d eo f
c o m p l i c a t i o ni n t h e l o w e r s e c t i o n s p r o b l e m s . P r a c t r c ef o r F o u n d a t i o n s- B S g O O 4 :
o f t a l l s y s t e m sw h e r e d o u b l i n gu p , 1986.
o r i n c r e a s e ds y s t e m w i d t h , m a y b e T h e r e i s n o B r i t i s h S t a n d a r da v a i l a b l e
necessary. t h a t i s s p e c i f i c a l l yc o n c e r n e dw i t h t h e 3 B r i t i s hS t a n d a r d Isn s t i t u t i o n- C o d eo f
d e t a i l e dd e s i g no f t h e s e s y s t e m s . t h e Practice for Access and Working
2. T h e s y s t e mi s n o t g e n e r a l l ys u i t e d w i n d l o a d s m a y b e a s s e s s e db y u s i n g Scaffolds and Special Scaffold
to the vertical tower scheme CP3 ihe wind code, and it's S t r u c t u r e si n S t e e l- B S 5 9 7 3 : 1 g 9 0 .
o u t l i n e d i n 2 . 4 . 3 . W h i l e t h e r e h a n d b o o ka , l o n gw i t h r e l e v a n ts e c t i o n s
m a y b e a p o s s i b i l i t y o f u s i n g o f t h e f a l s e w o r ka n d s c a f f o l d i n gc o d e s . 4 B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d sI n s t i t u t i o n W i n d
p r o p r i e t a r yf o r m w o r k g i r d e r s a s l t i s r e c o m m e n d e tdh a t w h e n u s i n gC P 3 Loads - CP3: Chapter V: Part 2:
stii{ horizontal walings the a value of 53 = 1.0 is used for the 1972.
c o n c e n t r a t i oonf l o a d v e r t i c a l l y ,i n d e f l e c t i o nc h e c k i n s t e a d o f t h e m o r e
t h e t o w e r m e m b e r s , u s u a l l y t r a d i t i o n a vl a l u e o f 5 3 = 0 . 7 7 . T h i s 5 N e w b u r y , C . W . a n d E a t o n , K . J .
p l a c e st h e m o u t s i d et h e r a n g e o f w i l l e n s u r et h a t t h e r i s k o f t h e d e s i g n W i n d L o a d i n gH a n d b o o k( B R ER e p o r t )
m o s t p r o p r i e t a r sy y s t e m s . w i n d s p e e d b e i n g e x c e e d e di s r e d u c e d HMSO.
t o a l e v e l m o r e a p p r o p r i a t et o t h i s t y p e 6 B r i t i s hS t a n d a r d Isn s t i t u t i o n- C o d eo f
3. T h e s t a n d a r d l o i n t b e t w e e n o f s t r u c t u r e . T h e t r a d i t i o n aal l l o w a n c e P r a c t i c ef o r U s e o f M a s o n r v - B S
r n e m b e r sh a s a l i m i t e d m o m e n t o l 2 . 5 % o f t h e d e a d l o a d f o r l a c k o f 5 6 2 8 : P a r t1 : 1 9 7 8 .
capacity making framing between verticality would seem to be excessive
g r o u n da n d f i r s t f l o o r ( f o r t h r o u g h a n d m o d e r nc o d e so f p r a c t i c es u g g e s ta 7 B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t i o n
a c c e s s )d i f f i c u l t . lower value of 1.5% along with an Structural Use of Steelwork in
T h i s c a n b e o v e r c o m e b y i n d i v i d u awl a l i n g c h e c k{ o r 2 . 5 0 , 6o f t h e B u i l d i n gB S 5 9 5 0 : P a r t 1 : 1 9 9 C .
introducingknee braces into the total dead load above waling level.
frame. lt may, h o w e v e r M o d e r n C o d e s a l s o r e q u i r e t h a t t h e 8 T o m l i n s o nM , . J. -Foundation Design
sometirnesbe necessaryto adopt robustness of the structure be and Construction - Pitman 4th
a m o r e s t r a i g h tof r w a r d s o l u t i o n c o n s i d e r e d a n d t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y E d i t i o n .
u s i n g a p u r p o s eb u i l t s t e e l p o r t a l i m p o r t a n tf o r f a c a d e r e t e n t i o ns y s t e m s
frame between ground and lirst which usually have little, if any, 9 The Design of Facade Retention
f l o o r w i t h t h e p r o p r i e t a r ys y s t e m s t r u c t u r a rl e d u n d a n c ya n d w h e r e f a i l u r e S y s t e m sf o r B u i l d i n gR e f u r b i s h m e n- t
u s e da b o v et h a t l e v e l . c o u l d h a v e v e r y s e r i o u sc o n s e q u e n c e s . S C I D o c u m e n tN o . R T - 2 1 3- M a h o n y ,
P o t e n t i a l l yv u l n e r a b l ea r e a s s h o u l d b e BG.
When these consiclerationshave been identifiedand protectedor alternatively
taken into account the cost / bene{it of the members in these areas should be
u s i n g a p r o p r i e t a r ys y s t e m c a n b e d e s i g n e df o r a c c i d e n t ailm p a c t l o a d s . l t
e v a l u a t e d . l f c h o s e nt h e d e t a i l d e s i g n i s s u g g e s t e dt h a t c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n
will usually be done by the suppliers/ of robustnessis amore effective way of
m a n u f a c t u r e r st o c o m p l y w i t h t h e m i n i m i s i n gr i s k t h a n o v e r d e s i g n f o r
performance s p e c i f i c a t i o nC. o m p o n e n t s l o a d s d u e t o e x c e s s i v e l a c k o f
will generally be chosen on a verticality. Careful attention should
permissibleload basis, in accordance also be paid to elements of the facade
with research carried out by the below ground level, where earth
manufacturer, and then checked for pressuredue to retainedmaterialwill be
d e fl e c t i o n l i m i t s . T h i s w i l l u s u a l l y l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t o n t h e a l l o w a b l e
r e p r e s e nat m i n i m u mf a c t o r o f s a fe t y o f h o r i z o n t am l ovement.
b e t w e e n1 . 7 - 1 . 8 o n u l t i m a t ef a i l u r e .
ASknoi4-edgemg$
SUMMARY
T h e A u t h o rw o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k H e g a r t y
In summary, this paper recommends Demolition Ltd and Ove Arup &
t h a t t h e d e s i g no f a n y f a c a d er e t e n t i o n P a r t n e r s l o r p r o v i d i n g s l i d e s o f t h e
s y s t e m i s a p p r o a c h e da s a t w o s t a g e B r o w n T h o m a s a n d M a r k s & S p e n c e r s
p r o c e s s f, i r s t l y i n v o l v i n gt h e p r o d u c t i o n p r o t e c t sa s a n a i d t o t h e p r e s e n t a t i o o nf
o f a p e r f o r m a n c es p e c i f i c a t i o nb, y t h e t h i s p a p e r .
d e s i g nt e a m , f o r i n c l u s i o ni n t h e t e n d e r
d o c u m e n t s ,f o l l o w e d b v t h e d e t a i l e d
d e s i g no f t h e s y s t e mb y t h e c o n t r a c t o r .

t2