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Welding Technology
Lecture – 13

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

Md. Habibur Rahman

Lecturer
Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

NDT or Non-destructive Testing is

the testing of materials, for surface
or internal flaws or metallurgical
condition, without interfering in
any way with the integrity of the
material or its suitability for
service.

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Destructive Tests Non-Destructive Tests
Advantages: Limitations:
1. Measurements are direct and reliable 1. Measurements are in direct and reliability
2. Usually quantitative measurements is to be verified
3. Correlation between test measurements 2. Usually qualitative measurements
and martial properties are direct. 3. Skilled judgment and experience are
Limitations: required to interpret indications.
1. Test are not made on the objects Advantages:
directly. Hence correlations between the 1. Test are made directly on the objects.
same. 100% testing on actual components is
2. A single test may measure only one or a possible.
few of the properties. 2. Many NDT methods can be applied on the
3. In-service testing is not possible. same part and hence many or all properties
4. Measurement of properties over a of interest can be measured.
cumulative period of time cannot 3. In-service testing is possible.
readily be possible. 4. Measurement of properties over a
5. Preparation of the test specimen is cumulative period of time is possible.
costly. 5. Preparation of the test specimen is not
6. Time requirements are generally high. costly.
6. Time requirements are generally very low.
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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

Visual Inspection

Radiography- X And
Gamma Ray

Magnetic Particle
Non-Destructive Inspection
Testing Dye/Liquid Penetrant
Testing

Ultrasonic Flaw
Detection

Eddy Current Testing

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Visual Testing
• Most widely used

• Experienced inspector knows where are likely cracks, orientation

of cracks relative to various zones in the weld, surface porosity,
weld penetration, potential weakness such as sharp notches or
misalignment

• Generally considered to be the primary and oldest method of NDT

• Relies upon the detection of surface imperfections using the eye.

• Normally applied without the use of any additional equipment

• Can be improved by using aids such as a magnifying glass to

improve its effectiveness and scope.

• Requires three basic conditions to be in place. These are:

a) good vision, to be able to see what you are looking for

b) good lighting, the correct type of light is important
c) experience, to be able to recognize problems.
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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Visual Testing (Contd.)

Portable video inspection unit

with zoom allows inspection
of large tanks and vessels,
railroad tank cars, sewer lines.
Most basic and common inspection
method.
Tools include fiberscopes, borescopes,
magnifying glasses and mirrors.
Robotic crawlers permit observation
in hazardous or tight areas, such as
Advantages air ducts, reactors, pipelines.
• Simple
• Easy to Apply
• Quickly carried out
• Low cost 6
 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Radiography- X And Gamma Ray
• X-rays are generated electrically
• Gamma rays are emitted from radio-
active isotopes
• The part is placed between the
radiation source and a piece of film.
•
• The part will stop some of the
radiation.
• Thicker and more dense area will stop
more of the radiation
• The film darkness (density) will vary
with the amount of radiation reaching
the film through the test object
• If there is a crack/hole in the material,
it will appear as a dark spot.

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Radiographic Inspection

• This technique involves the use of penetrating gamma or X-radiation

to examine parts and products for imperfections. An X-ray machine or
radioactive isotope is used as a source of radiation. Radiation is
directed through a part and onto film or other media. The resulting
shadowgraph shows the internal soundness of the part. Possible
imperfections are indicated as density changes in the film in the same
manner as an X-ray shows broken bones.

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Film Radiography
The part is placed between the radiation source
and a piece of film. The part will stop some of
the radiation. Thicker and more dense area will
stop more of the radiation.

The film darkness (density)

will vary with the amount of
X-ray film radiation reaching the film
through the test object.

= less exposure
= more exposure
Top view of developed film

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Radiographic Images

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Magnetic particle testing
• Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) is used for the detection of surface
and near-surface flaws in ferromagnetic materials. A magnetic field is
applied to the specimen, either locally or overall, using a permanent
magnet, electromagnet, flexible cables or hand-held prods. If the
material is sound, most of the magnetic flux is concentrated below the
material's surface. However, if a flaw is present, such that it interacts
with the magnetic field, the flux is distorted locally and 'leaks' from
the surface of the specimen in the region of the flaw. Fine magnetic
particles, applied to the surface of the specimen, are attracted to the
area of flux leakage, creating a visible indication of the flaw.

• The materials commonly used for this purpose are black iron
particles and red or yellow iron oxides. In some cases, the iron
particles are coated with a fluorescent material enabling them to be
viewed under a UV lamp in darkened conditions.

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Magnetic Particle Testing (Contd.)
• For locating surface & subsurface
discontinuities in ferromagnetic
materials

• The part is magnetized.

• Finely milled iron particles coated

with a substance, which fluoresces
brilliantly under ultra-violet
illumination are then applied to the
specimen.

• These particles are attracted to

magnetic flux leakage fields and will
cluster to form an indication directly
over the discontinuity.

• This indication can be visually

detected under proper lighting
conditions
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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Magnetic Particle Crack Indication

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Penetrant

• extension of visual inspection

• for detection of surface flaws

• two kinds ; dye penetrant and fluorescent

penetrants

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Dye/Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)
• This method is frequently used for the detection of surface breaking
flaws in non-ferromagnetic materials.

• A liquid (which is a very fine thin oil usually dyed bright red or
ultra-violet fluorescent) is applied to the surface of the part and
allowed time to seep into surface breaking defects.

• The excess liquid is removed from the surface of the part.

• A developer (powder) is applied to pull the trapped penetrant out

the defect and to form a visual, magnified in width, indication in
good contrast to the background.

• In case of fluorescent penetrant the inspection is done under UV

light to increase test sensitivity.
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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Dye/Liquid Penetrant Testing (Contd.)

• Penetrant Testing, or PT, is a

nondestructive testing method that
builds on the principle of Visual
Inspection.
• PT increases the “see-ability” of
small discontinuities that the
human eye might not be able to
detect alone.

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Dye/Liquid Penetrant Testing (Contd.)

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection
➢ This technique is used for the detection of internal and surface
(particularly distant surface) defects in sound conducting
materials.
➢ High frequency sound waves are introduced into a material and
they are reflected back from surfaces or flaws.
➢ Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and inspector can
visualize a cross section of the specimen showing the depth of
features that reflect sound.

initial
pulse
back surface
echo
crack
echo
crack
0 2 4 6 8 10 plate

Oscilloscope, or flaw detector screen 18

 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Ultrasonic Testing
• The use of ultrasonic waves to evaluate the condition of a material.

• Anomalies absorbs of deflects the sound waves, which are then

detected as changes in the waves.

‒ Holes, delamination, voids

‒ Damage, debonds
‒ Resin-rock, poor areas

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Eddy Current Testing
• The eddy current technique can detect surface or subsurface flaws and
measure conductivity and coating thickness
• A coil carrying an AC current is placed close to the specimen surface or
around the specimen
• The current in the coil generates circulating eddy currents in the specimen
close to the surface and these in turn affect the current in the coil by
mutual induction.
• The presence of flaws is measured by electrical changes in the exciting coil.
Advantages Disadvantages
i. It gives instantaneous response i. It requires highly skilled operator
ii.It can be easily automated ii. It is applicable to conductive
iii.
It is versatile materials only.
iv.No contact between the probe and iii. Depth of penetration is limited.
the test specimen is essential iv. Its application to ferromagnetic
v. Its equipment can be made materials are difficult.
portable.

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 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Eddy Current Testing (Contd.)

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Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

Summery - - -
1. ………
2. ………
3. ………

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