Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics.
The supreme court
The welfare state
: CJI is appointed by president
president consults the chief justice when he appoint other judges of the
Supreme Court .
qualification of Supreme Court judge
he must be citizen of India must be working for 5 consistent year as the
judge of one or more high courts
: at present strength 1 chief justice an 32 other judges present....
parliament can increase number of judges from time to time or decrease
president administer the oath to CJI, other judges while appointed
: A. SC judge shld be a distinguished jurist ( expert) in president opinion
Today's topic Supreme Court out of three organs constitution Supreme
Court comes under judiciary our Judiciary is independent judiciary we have
taken the system from American constitution Supreme Court came into
existence January 28 1950 it consisted of 1 chief justice of india CJI and
seven other judges
He must be working for 10 consecutive ( continuously) as the advocate in 1
or more high court from the date of the appointment
Retirement age of SC judge is 65 & other allowances too.
Salaries are withdrawn from consolidated fund which is under the control
of parliament
They will get pension etc. & other allowances after retirement : Sc judge will
submit the resignation letter to president.
Parliament will decide the salaries of chief justice & other judges of SC time
to time
Present salary of CJI 2 8 Lacs.
Judges 2.5 per month
On national issues
Or president can suggest any isuess of national interest to them
Ex. RAM mandir case 5 panel was assigned. In many cases it's been done.
Highest panel appointed of 13 members as jury in keshavanda Bharti case
Retired judges are not allowed to practice in any court after retirement.
Govt rule.
A 5 member bench panel can be appointed by president in important &
crucial decision, judgement
For this above purpose bench panel is appointed to give their advice. Thru
vote in judgement
: Powers of supreme court......
It the highest judicial court take up cases of all the states referred or
petitioned in SC.
Civil , criminal, constitutional, properties, all etc etc. Final judgements
delivered in SC . Once the judgement passed no other court can challenge
the decision....
1. Original jurisdiction.
To solve disputes between the centre and state govts of India. It can be
with one or more states.
Disputes may be related to allocation of funds, Bill's, ordinances or
regulations.
4. Writ jurisdiction
Constitution Grant's an extensive original jurisdiction to the supreme court
regarding to the enforcement of fundamental right's. : Appellate
jurisdiction:
It deals with hearing of the Civil criminal and other cases.
It deals with criminal matters irrespective of all constitutional issues.
: 5. Habeas corpus
This is a legal action or writ (petition) through which a person can seek relief from the
unlawful detention of him /her from anotherprotects the individual from harming himself.
It's been an important safeguard of individual freedom against state action.
This is the important aspect of SC.
Once a judgement is given by the supreme court , it cannot be challenged in
any other lower courts such as high courts 3. Advisory jurisdiction
Supreme court gives advice on any question of law or fact of public
importance for the consideration by the president of India. Supreme court
opinion is not considered as judgement. The president is bound by the
advice of supreme court. It ensures the govt to get an authoritative opinion
of the legal matters before taking action upon it. Mainly advices are given
by the supreme court to the president and the govt if India arising disputes
of treaty or agreement before the commencement of constitution.
: Supreme court judgement will be final decision
Such judgements are called judicial review and can be done only by
supreme court
Recently 2 days back 1 more judgement is reviewed related with
padmanabha swamy temple in a previous statement supreme court gave a
judgement the temple will be under the control of kerala govt. 3 days back
in review judgement the authority is given to the royal family of
padmanabha swamy temple .
Now this judicial review means only supreme court is having the authority
to Review its given judgements and pass a new judgement after petitions
: Ex. We can take sabarimala case. Judgement is reviewed again after given
allowing women later they passed judgement that its upto the temple
authorities ( devasom) to allow women or not to temple
Next chapter .
THE WELFARE STATE
Functions of welfare state :
1. Protection of health
2. Creation of condition for personality development
3.increase in literacy
4. Improving economic conditions
5.Rendering social service
IMPEACHMENT:
Supreme court judges can be removed by impeachment motion passed by
2/3 house of the parliament based on misbehaviour and incapacity
President has the power to appoint retired judges to the supreme court
temporarily.
Supreme court has the power to reconsider their own decisions /
judgements
: Govts are forced to take up welfare functions out of necessity rather than
out of luxury
The concept gained prominence after 1945. Performed by modern states.
From cradle to grave situation
Means from beginning to the end
: Welfare functions are performed by indian states.
Through.
Directive principles of state policy
Preamble
5 yr plans now nitiayog
Various other programmes thru. Panchayat system ,local self govts.
Mjncipalites called nagarpalikas
Functioning with consistency to ensure welfare for its citizens
are of SC chapter.
All texts are the explanation of powers functions Working for provision of
basic amenities to poorest of poor
: Good afternoon students
Today subject : GEOGRAPHY
Topic : WEATHERING
1. Mechanical &
2. chemical weathering
: Today covered 2 topics
Supreme court
Welfare state.
A video will be forwarded to you on some discussion with you . Some
details regarding subject will be discussed with you.
Watch it.
Weathering involves in breaking up of Rocks with a process of
disintegration( breaking of rocks)& decomposition ( decaying of Rocks)
I may drop the video at any time today / tmro after recording.
: Rocks are broken into fragments by integration through external agents.
Rocks are decayed due to chemical changes. This process is called
decomposition. Weathering helps erosion by exposing rocks to break. This
process is done by natural agents related to Atmosphere.
Factors affecting weathering :
1. Structure of Rocks includes minerals, nature and their hardness. Joints
permit water to enter rocks and help weathering. Hard rocks are resistant
and soft rocks are easily broken.
2. Weathering is active on steep slopes
3. Mechanical weathering takes place in dry areas chemical weathering in
wet climate.
4. Bare surfaces weathered to a greater extent whereas vegetation protects
the surface from weathering .
Above are natural transporters of weathering
Types of weathering:
Two types
1. Mechanical / physical weathering
2. Chemical weathering
1. Physical weathering :
It includes disintegration of Rocks without changing mineral composition
present in rocks. This process is done by action of temperature, frost, wind ,
rainfall.
Factors of physical weathering:
1.Temperature changes daily range in deserts. During day Rocks are heated
and expanded ; at night temperature falls and rocks begin to contract .
There will be a rapid expansion and contraction of Rocks every day . Rocks
are split by granular/block disintegration. These fragments are called Talus /
scree.
Weathering takes the form of exfoliation(peeling of the layer). The removal
of thin shells of rock is known as exfoliation.
Factors of physical weathering:
1.Temperature changes daily range in deserts. During day Rocks are heated
and expanded ; at night temperature falls and rocks begin to contract .
There will be a rapid expansion and contraction of Rocks every day . Rocks
are split by granular/block disintegration. These fragments are called Talus /
scree.
Weathering takes the form of exfoliation(peeling of the layer). The removal
of thin shells of rock is known as exfoliation.
2. Frost :
It's an important factor of weathering in cold climates, high in mountain
areas. Water enters the rocks through fissures , cracks and the joints. This
water freezes into ice during in night and increase its volume 1/11 times. It
expands, exerting pressure of Rocks causing widening of cracks. Finally
rocks are split into blocks, shape edges Rocks are formed by repetition
process of expansion and long action continued of frost.
B. Hydration :
The chemical union of water with a mineral is called hydration. When rain
water enters the rock it increases volume. As a result the pressure reduced
the minerals to powder.
2. Chemical weathering
Decomposition of Rocks by chemical process.
This weathering results from the action of weak acids and gases like oxygen
carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Chemical weathering produces a chemical change in mineral of Rocks. High
temp. and humidity cause the rocks to decompose. Chemical weathering is
done through following 4 processes.
A. Oxidation
B. Hydration
C. Carbonation
D. Solution
Feldspar is reduced to kaolin due to hydration .
[27/09, 21:38] Suryateaj Officers Academy: BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND
WEATHERING : Biological weathering is contribution or removal of minerals
or irons from the weathering environment and physical changes due to
growth or movement of organisms. Burrowing , wedging by organisms like
earthworms , termites, rodents with chemical attack help in exposing the
penetration of moisture and air. Man by disturbing vegetation, ploughing,
cultivating soils helps in mixing air , water , minerals in the earth materials.
: A. Oxidation :
Oxygen combined with mineral of Rocks especially iron compounds to form
oxides. The result is Rocks get rusted as iron is rusted due to the presence
of air and water . Original colour of Rocks changes into red, yellow, brown.
Rocks begin to decay and crumbles to a powdered mass of brown dust .
This process is called Oxidation
D. Solution :
Some minerals like rock salt and gypsum are dissolved in water. These
minerals are removed in solution from the rocks .
C. Carbonation:
Rain water mixed with carbon dioxide is slightly acidic .it dissolves
limestone chalk and marble rocks. This acidic water sinks into the ground
and form huge caves by the process of carbonation.
Decaying plant and animal matter produce humic ( organic compound)
,carbonic and other assets which enhance decay and solubility of elements .
Resume back on Monday. With other topics .
: chemotropic bacteria which are active in water logged and reducing
environment produce sulphites and oxidised iron ,manganese and other
minerals and assist in the solution of silica. Algae utilise mineral nutrients
for growth and help in concentration of Iron and
manganese oxides as desert vanishes on the surfaces. plant root exerts a
tremendous pressure on earth materials mechanically breaking them apart.
Topics of political science.
All topics which I explained in voice recordings are in this forwarded pdfs
today.
Read them . Listen to the explained voice messages once again .keeping this
pdf in front of you.
Any doubts will be clarified after you complete reading of forwarded
today's pdfs nd once again listening voice records.
.
Subject: GEOGRAPHY
Topic : 1.Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure
: Read the above pdfs ond after the other
Day after tmro I'm going to start HISTORY continuing along with
GEOGRAPHY
: Dear students. We have a power cut since morning.
Battery low.
So today I will forward all the subject messages at once....
Plz read them one after the other slowly as per your convenience..
: Resume back tmro with geography topics.
[27/09, 21:38] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Temperature means degrees of
a hotness of a body ,
The temperature of a place means temperature of the air at that place is
measured. temperature is measured in six maximum & minimum
temperatures.
Thermometer is the instrument used.
On it ..temp. is shown in units.
1.Centigrade scale
2.Fahrenheit scale
The difference btwn maximum and minimum temp recorded in a particular
day at a place is called diural - daily range of temperature.
The difference btwn mean temp of the hottest month , mean temp of the
coldest month is called Annual range of temp.
Factors controlling horizontal distribution of temp:
1. Latitude :
Temp decreases gradually from equator to poles.
The intensity of insolation depends on angle of incidence of Sun Ray's.
Vertical Ray's are hotter than slanting Ray's. Vertical Ray's heat up smaller
surface area, travel through shorter distance in dense atmosphere. Hence
the heat received per unit area is large .
Slanting rays heat up large area, travel through long distance in atmosphere
where much heat is absorbed by clouds water vapour & dust particles.
Equatorial region 0° get maximum temp bcoz sun Ray's fall vertically on
equator through out the year
The other factors of controlling horizontal temperature is the below picture
forwarded.
: The temp decreases with increasing height . 1°C for every 500ft or 1°C per
165mts.
The lower layers near to earth are warmer than the higher layers of
Atmosphere.
Mountains are cooler than plains bcoz absence of dust particles , water
vapour on mountains so there will be an unchecked radiation.
: Ocean currents modify the temp of winds blowing over them .
Warm current Raise temp and cold currents lower the temp of coastal areas
: Prevailing winds affect the temp of an area by transporting their heat and
coldness. THE WIND from the sea
A wind from the sea lower the summer temperature and raise the winter
temp .
: The nearness to sea has moderating influence on temp of coastal area.
Due to the presence of land and sea breezes in coastal areas
the summers are warm and winters are cool .
Due to the difference btwn heating and cooling of land and water .
: Mountains act as climate barriers. The Himalayas check the cold winds
coming from central Asia and protect india from Cold wave .
Tibet is surrounded by high mountains . No oceanic influences are on it.
South facing slopes are warmer than north facing slopes bcz northern
slopes are exposed to cold winds . These lie in shadow or shady slopes.
They receive slanting rays of sun .
Southern slopes receive sun Ray's more directly for longer period . They are
Sunny slopes . Southern slopes ( Himalayas-warmer)
Northern slopes (Tibet- cooler)
Gulf of stream is warm current
Labrador is the cold current
Forests have a cooling effect on the air , sandy soils are heated and cooled
very quickly as in rajasthan desert . Clay soils warm up or cool more slowly.
The above are the important points from the above pic forwarded of
Clouds check sun Ray's and reduce temp during day . At night clouds check
outgoing radiation. Does not allow the temp to fall .
: NOW THE FACTORS ON WHICH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE DEPENDS