Subject : political science.

Topics.
The supreme court
The welfare state
: CJI is appointed by president
president consults the chief justice when he appoint other judges of the
Supreme Court .
qualification of Supreme Court judge
he must be citizen of India must be working for 5 consistent year as the
judge of one or more high courts
: at present strength 1 chief justice an 32 other judges present....
parliament can increase number of judges from time to time or
decrease president administer the oath to CJI, other judges while
appointed
: A. SC judge shld be a distinguished jurist ( expert) in president opinion
Today's topic Supreme Court out of three organs constitution Supreme
Court comes under judiciary our Judiciary is independent judiciary we
have taken the system from American constitution Supreme Court
came into existence January 28 1950 it consisted of 1 chief justice of
india CJI and seven other judges
He must be working for 10 consecutive ( continuously) as the advocate
in 1 or more high court from the date of the appointment
Retirement age of SC judge is 65 & other allowances too.
Salaries are withdrawn from consolidated fund which is under the
control of parliament
They will get pension etc. & other allowances after retirement : Sc
judge will submit the resignation letter to president.
Parliament will decide the salaries of chief justice & other judges of SC
time to time
Present salary of CJI 2 8 Lacs.
Judges 2.5 per month
 On national issues
Or president can suggest any isuess of national interest to them
Ex. RAM mandir case 5 panel was assigned. In many cases it's been
done.
Highest panel appointed of 13 members as jury in keshavanda Bharti
case
Retired judges are not allowed to practice in any court after retirement.
Govt rule.
A 5 member bench panel can be appointed by president in important &
crucial decision, judgement
For this above purpose bench panel is appointed to give their advice.
Thru vote in judgement
: Powers of supreme court......
It the highest judicial court take up cases of all the states referred or
petitioned in SC.
Civil , criminal, constitutional, properties, all etc etc. Final judgements
delivered in SC . Once the judgement passed no other court can
challenge the decision....
1. Original jurisdiction.
To solve disputes between the centre and state govts of India. It can be
with one or more states.
Disputes may be related to allocation of funds, Bill's, ordinances or
regulations.
4. Writ jurisdiction
Constitution Grant's an extensive original jurisdiction to the supreme
court regarding to the enforcement of fundamental right's. : Appellate
jurisdiction:
It deals with hearing of the Civil criminal and other cases.
It deals with criminal matters irrespective of all constitutional issues.
: 5. Habeas corpus
This is a legal action or writ (petition) through which a person can seek relief from the
unlawful detention of him /her from anotherprotects the individual from harming
himself. It's been an important safeguard of individual freedom against state action.
This is the important aspect of SC.
Once a judgement is given by the supreme court , it cannot be
challenged in any other lower courts such as high courts 3. Advisory
jurisdiction
Supreme court gives advice on any question of law or fact of public
importance for the consideration by the president of India. Supreme
court opinion is not considered as judgement. The president is bound
by the advice of supreme court. It ensures the govt to get an
authoritative opinion of the legal matters before taking action upon it.
Mainly advices are given by the supreme court to the president and the
govt if India arising disputes of treaty or agreement before the
commencement of constitution.
: Supreme court judgement will be final decision
Such judgements are called judicial review and can be done only by
supreme court
Recently 2 days back 1 more judgement is reviewed related with
padmanabha swamy temple in a previous statement supreme court
gave a judgement the temple will be under the control of kerala govt. 3
days back in review judgement the authority is given to the royal family
of padmanabha swamy temple .
Now this judicial review means only supreme court is having the
authority to Review its given judgements and pass a new judgement
after petitions
: Ex. We can take sabarimala case. Judgement is reviewed again after
given allowing women later they passed judgement that its upto the
temple authorities ( devasom) to allow women or not to temple
Next chapter .
THE WELFARE STATE
Functions of welfare state :
1. Protection of health
2. Creation of condition for personality development
3.increase in literacy
4. Improving economic conditions
5.Rendering social service
IMPEACHMENT:
Supreme court judges can be removed by impeachment motion passed
by 2/3 house of the parliament based on misbehaviour and incapacity
President has the power to appoint retired judges to the supreme court
temporarily.
Supreme court has the power to reconsider their own decisions /
judgements
: Govts are forced to take up welfare functions out of necessity rather
than out of luxury
The concept gained prominence after 1945. Performed by modern
states. From cradle to grave situation
Means from beginning to the end
: Welfare functions are performed by indian states.
Through.
Directive principles of state policy
Preamble
5 yr plans now nitiayog
Various other programmes thru. Panchayat system ,local self govts.
Mjncipalites called nagarpalikas
Functioning with consistency to ensure welfare for its citizens
are of SC chapter.
All texts are the explanation of powers functions Working for provision
of basic amenities to poorest of poor
: Good afternoon students
Today subject : GEOGRAPHY
Topic : WEATHERING
1. Mechanical &
2. chemical weathering
: Today covered 2 topics
Supreme court
Welfare state.
A video will be forwarded to you on some discussion with you . Some
details regarding subject will be discussed with you.
Watch it.
Weathering involves in breaking up of Rocks with a process of
disintegration( breaking of rocks)& decomposition ( decaying of Rocks)
I may drop the video at any time today / tmro after recording.
: Rocks are broken into fragments by integration through external
agents.
Rocks are decayed due to chemical changes. This process is called
decomposition. Weathering helps erosion by exposing rocks to break.
This process is done by natural agents related to Atmosphere.
Factors affecting weathering :
1. Structure of Rocks includes minerals, nature and their hardness.
Joints permit water to enter rocks and help weathering. Hard rocks are
resistant and soft rocks are easily broken.
2. Weathering is active on steep slopes
3. Mechanical weathering takes place in dry areas chemical weathering
in wet climate.
4. Bare surfaces weathered to a greater extent whereas vegetation
protects the surface from weathering .
Above are natural transporters of weathering
Types of weathering:
Two types
1. Mechanical / physical weathering
2. Chemical weathering
1. Physical weathering :
It includes disintegration of Rocks without changing mineral
composition present in rocks. This process is done by action of
temperature, frost, wind , rainfall.
Factors of physical weathering:
1.Temperature changes daily range in deserts. During day Rocks are
heated and expanded ; at night temperature falls and rocks begin to
contract . There will be a rapid expansion and contraction of Rocks
every day . Rocks are split by granular/block disintegration. These
fragments are called Talus / scree.
Weathering takes the form of exfoliation(peeling of the layer). The
removal of thin shells of rock is known as exfoliation.
Factors of physical weathering:
1.Temperature changes daily range in deserts. During day Rocks are
heated and expanded ; at night temperature falls and rocks begin to
contract . There will be a rapid expansion and contraction of Rocks
every day . Rocks are split by granular/block disintegration. These
fragments are called Talus / scree.
Weathering takes the form of exfoliation(peeling of the layer). The
removal of thin shells of rock is known as exfoliation.
2. Frost :
It's an important factor of weathering in cold climates, high in mountain
areas. Water enters the rocks through fissures , cracks and the joints.
This water freezes into ice during in night and increase its volume 1/11
times. It expands, exerting pressure of Rocks causing widening of
cracks. Finally rocks are split into blocks, shape edges Rocks are formed
by repetition process of expansion and long action continued of frost.
B. Hydration :
The chemical union of water with a mineral is called hydration. When
rain water enters the rock it increases volume. As a result the pressure
reduced the minerals to powder.
2. Chemical weathering
Decomposition of Rocks by chemical process.
This weathering results from the action of weak acids and gases like
oxygen carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Chemical weathering produces a chemical change in mineral of Rocks.
High temp. and humidity cause the rocks to decompose. Chemical
weathering is done through following 4 processes.
A. Oxidation
B. Hydration
C. Carbonation
D. Solution
Feldspar is reduced to kaolin due to hydration .
[27/09, 21:38] Suryateaj Officers Academy: BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND
WEATHERING : Biological weathering is contribution or removal of
minerals or irons from the weathering environment and physical
changes due to growth or movement of organisms. Burrowing ,
wedging by organisms like earthworms , termites, rodents with
chemical attack help in exposing the penetration of moisture and air.
Man by disturbing vegetation, ploughing, cultivating soils helps in
mixing air , water , minerals in the earth materials.
: A. Oxidation :
Oxygen combined with mineral of Rocks especially iron compounds to
form oxides. The result is Rocks get rusted as iron is rusted due to the
presence of air and water . Original colour of Rocks changes into red,
yellow, brown. Rocks begin to decay and crumbles to a powdered mass
of brown dust . This process is called Oxidation
D. Solution :
Some minerals like rock salt and gypsum are dissolved in water. These
minerals are removed in solution from the rocks .
C. Carbonation:
Rain water mixed with carbon dioxide is slightly acidic .it dissolves
limestone chalk and marble rocks. This acidic water sinks into the
ground and form huge caves by the process of carbonation.
Decaying plant and animal matter produce humic ( organic
compound) ,carbonic and other assets which enhance decay and
solubility of elements .
Resume back on Monday. With other topics .
: chemotropic bacteria which are active in water logged and reducing
environment produce sulphites and oxidised iron ,manganese and
other minerals and assist in the solution of silica. Algae utilise mineral
nutrients for growth and help in concentration of Iron and
manganese oxides as desert vanishes on the surfaces. plant root exerts
a tremendous pressure on earth materials mechanically breaking them
apart.
Topics of political science.
All topics which I explained in voice recordings are in this forwarded
pdfs today.
Read them . Listen to the explained voice messages once again .keeping
this pdf in front of you.
Any doubts will be clarified after you complete reading of forwarded
today's pdfs nd once again listening voice records.
.
Subject: GEOGRAPHY
Topic : 1.Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure
: Read the above pdfs ond after the other
Day after tmro I'm going to start HISTORY continuing along with
GEOGRAPHY
: Dear students. We have a power cut since morning.
Battery low.
So today I will forward all the subject messages at once....
Plz read them one after the other slowly as per your convenience..
: Resume back tmro with geography topics.
[27/09, 21:38] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Temperature means
degrees of a hotness of a body ,
The temperature of a place means temperature of the air at that place
is measured. temperature is measured in six maximum & minimum
temperatures.
Thermometer is the instrument used.
On it ..temp. is shown in units.
1.Centigrade scale
2.Fahrenheit scale
The difference btwn maximum and minimum temp recorded in a
particular day at a place is called diural - daily range of temperature.
The difference btwn mean temp of the hottest month , mean temp of
the coldest month is called Annual range of temp.
Factors controlling horizontal distribution of temp:
1. Latitude :
Temp decreases gradually from equator to poles.
The intensity of insolation depends on angle of incidence of Sun Ray's.
Vertical Ray's are hotter than slanting Ray's. Vertical Ray's heat up
smaller surface area, travel through shorter distance in dense
atmosphere. Hence the heat received per unit area is large .
Slanting rays heat up large area, travel through long distance in
atmosphere where much heat is absorbed by clouds water vapour &
dust particles.
Equatorial region 0° get maximum temp bcoz sun Ray's fall vertically on
equator through out the year
The other factors of controlling horizontal temperature is the below
picture forwarded.
: The temp decreases with increasing height . 1°C for every 500ft or 1°C
per 165mts.
The lower layers near to earth are warmer than the higher layers of
Atmosphere.
Mountains are cooler than plains bcoz absence of dust particles , water
vapour on mountains so there will be an unchecked radiation.
: Ocean currents modify the temp of winds blowing over them .
Warm current Raise temp and cold currents lower the temp of coastal
areas
: Prevailing winds affect the temp of an area by transporting their heat
and coldness.
A wind from the sea lower the summer temperature and raise the
winter temp .
: The nearness to sea has moderating influence on temp of coastal area.
Due to the presence of land and sea breezes in coastal areas
the summers are warm and winters are cool .
Due to the difference btwn heating and cooling of land and water .
: Mountains act as climate barriers. The Himalayas check the cold winds
coming from central Asia and protect india from Cold wave .
Tibet is surrounded by high mountains . No oceanic influences are on it.
South facing slopes are warmer than north facing slopes bcz northern
slopes are exposed to cold winds . These lie in shadow or shady slopes.
They receive slanting rays of sun .
Southern slopes receive sun Ray's more directly for longer period . They
are Sunny slopes . Southern slopes ( Himalayas-warmer)
Northern slopes (Tibet- cooler)
Gulf of stream is warm current
Labrador is the cold current
Forests have a cooling effect on the air , sandy soils are heated and
cooled very quickly as in rajasthan desert . Clay soils warm up or cool
more slowly.
The above are the important points from the above pic forwarded of
Clouds check sun Ray's and reduce temp during day . At night clouds
check outgoing radiation. Does not allow the temp to fall .
: NOW THE FACTORS ON WHICH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE DEPENDS

[2. Sub-tropical high pressure belt :

Two sub tropical high pressure belts occur near tropics and extend
btwn 30° to 35° north and south latitudes.
The air raises from the equator and move towards the poles.
While moving these winds are forced to descend near 30° to 35°
latitudes.
Due to descending air currents the pressure is high and this belt is
known as Horse Latitudes .
: Next topic - Main pressure belts on earth's surface are seven
4 high pressure belts
3 low pressure belts
1. The equatorial low pressure belt:
Extends from the equator to 5° north and 5° south latitudes.
Intense heating is present due to constant high temp.
The air expands and raises upwards as convection currents.
This region is called CALMS or DOLDRUMS
INSOLATION :
means the amount of heat received by earth from the sun in the form
of Solar radiation is called Insolation .
: 4. Polar high pressure belt:
2 high pressure belts are found around the north and south pole.
This region is of permanently low temp.
Due to cold dense air , high pressure surrounds the arctic ocean and the
Antarctic ice cap.
Below is the picture pressure belts 👇👇👇 🏻👇 🏻👇 🏻
: ISOTHERM - means equal temperature
ISOBAR- means equal pressure
Isotherms are imaginary lines joining the places of equal temp, reduced
to the sea level.
They show the distribution of temp as if the whole earth were a level
plain .
Read the illustration of isotherm below in the pic👇👇👇🏻👇 🏻👇 🏻
3. Sub - polar low pressure belt :
Two sub polar low pressure belts are located btwn 60 ° to 65° north and
south latitudes known as Arctic low and Antarctic low .
In this belt the pressure decreases from tropics towards poles .
Therefore low pressure is found .
The centrifugal force and frictional drag resulting from Rotation of the
earth displace btwn 60° to 65° latitude and move it towards poles .
So low pressure is developed near the poles . It is a zone of
convergence (meet) and cyclonic activity .
Due to the warm ocean currents and rarefied atmosphere low pressure
is found in these latitudes .
FERALS LAW:
The reflective force of the earth rotation is know as Coriolis force.
Al moving bodies are deflected to right on the northern hemisphere
and left in the southern hemisphere . Its known as feral's law .
In northern hemisphere trade winds become north east trade winds .
Westerlies are defected to their right as South western westerlies.
: ISOBARS(equal pressure) is an imaginary line joint the places of equal
pressure reduced to sea level to eliminate the effects of altitude.
Read and learn illustation below 👇👇 🏻👇 🏻
: Remaining topics of the same chapter
"Temperature and atmospheric pressure"
will be discussed tmro : Read Above 👆👆 🏻👆 🏻 pic about the importance of
insolation. Learn it
GREEN HOUSE : Atmosphere is heated by radiation from earth's surface
below.
This action can be compared to that of a glass house/ green house.
Vegetable & flowers are grown in polar areas.
Glass house permits radiation to get in but does not allow it to escape
out.
Therefore G.house is warmer.
Due to the presence of carbon dioxide in Atmosphere it (G. House) has
ability to absorb radiation
Carbon dioxide acts as a glass roof for G.house.
Vegetation is possible in it.
Any doubts you can text me after reading today's full messages & pages
pictures
Temperature zones.
Greek philosopher divided the globe into 3 regions in the basis of temp
and latitudes .
1. Torret zone 23.1/2 ° north and south latitudes
2. Temp zone
66.1/2 ° north and south latitudes
3. Frigid zone
Btwn 66.1/2 ° and poles
HEATING OF ATMOSPHERE : atmosphere is not heated directly by the
sun Ray's but indirectly heated by the radiation of earth below.
Conduction, convection, radiation are 3 process of heating Atmosphere.
The land surface is heated by sun Ray's, & the lower layers are heated
through out going radiation from the land.
When lower layers are heated these expand and rise upward as
CONVECTION CURRENTS.
They distribute the heat to upper layers.
Good afternoon students.
Today I'm continuing yesterday chapter from GEOGRAPHY.
Roaring forties
The brave west winds are known as Roaring forties located btwn
40°and 50° south latitudes.
Westerlies are developed in southern hemisphere due to vast expanse
of oceans .
They blow here strongly and regularly throughout the year.
They are meanest to shipping along "Cape horn route "
JET STREAM :
The high velocity winds blowing at high altitudes are called Jet streams.
This strong current of air is located near 30° north latitude.
It affects weather pattern of the world .
High flying planes use this stream to save time and fuel.
AIR MASS:
It's a thick extensive mass of air having uniform temp and humidity.
It consists of many layers .
Horizontal layers are arranged one above the other.
In each layer the conditions are more or less uniform.
Air masses appear as large currents of polar and tropical origin .
Polar region -above 66.1/2°
Tropical region - tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn
ALBEDO : insolation is reflected by clouds and the earth
This combined reflecton send back some radiation into space is called
albedo......
Learn this definition.
Read the above pics . They are From the same chapter
Temperature and atmospheric pressure chapter over
State governor & UNO explained in voice messages a week ago....
Today I'm forwarding the notes for that 2 chapters...... .
Today HISTORY. Chapters are below 👇👇
1. Paleolithic age. 500,000 to 10,000 BC
2. Mesolithic age. 10,000 to 6 000 BC
3. Neolithic age. 6,000 to 1,000 BC
4. Chalcolithic age. 3,500 to 2,300 BC.
5. Indus valley civilization ( harrappan ) 2,500 to 1750 BC
: Now the other topic from GEOGRAPHY: SEASONAL CHANGES.
Read the pics forwarded below 👇👇👇
NOTE.: today I'm starting history.
should be learnt as it is....coz it can't be renovated ....
becoz it DEALS WITH....PAST
: Paleolithic age:
This age sites are spread in all parts of India ....except indus & The River
Ganga, brahmaputra forms as northern plain.
People of this age were hunters , food gatherers. They have No
knowledge of agriculture, fire, pottery or metals.
Learn this above pics along with texts notes
Continuation of indus valley civilisation 👇
The Harappan civilisation feature a modern town which was divided
into two parts .
1. Citadel - where the merchant guilds stayed. They were the rulers.
2. The other part of the town lived by common people .
The town planning of this civilisation was remarkable.
Streets were with 30 feet wide road.
It was laid out on a grid plan .
The drainage system of harappa was unique constructed , maintained
and repaired timely well . No drainage water was allowed to flow on
the streets.
: CHALCOLITHIC AGE :
In this phase tools, hand axes and other objects were made of stone
and copper.
Chalcolithic people of south east rajasthan, west madhya pradesh and
western maharashtra domesticated animals and produced wheat , rice ,
lentil , black gram, green gram, Bajra and grass pee.
People used different types of pottery of which black and red pottery
are popular.
They lived in thatched houses made of mud and Reed.
It was village economy.
They venerated mother goddess and worshipped the bull.
Mesolithic Age :
Characteristic Tools of mesolithic age are known as Microliths
Eg: points, blades, scrapers etc.
The last phase of this age saw the beginning of plant cultivation
NEOLITHIC AGE:
During this phase people used stones other than quartzite for making
tools.
This age men cultivates land and domesticated cattle , sheep and
goats .
They knew the technique of making fire and also made pottery first by
hand and then by using potters wheel .
They were familiar with only one metal that is gold.
They could also spin cotton, wool and weave cloth.
During this age people lead more settled life and lived in circular and
rectangular houses made of mud .
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Terracotta-a baked earthen
clay was to make the pottery, SEALS and toys .
People were vegetarian and non-vegetarian .
During excavation a beard man statue , a dancing girl bronze statue and
two bronze swords were recovered on Harappa.
Their principle food was wheat and barley.
Harappan script was noticed in 1853 which was excavated found on
seals .
So far , till date , harappan script was not deciphered( de coded)
This script was written right to left.
Horse and metal iron were unknown to this people.
This civilisation is mainly known for town planning and architecture.
GREAT BATH
A tank made of bricks with water tight 9 gates was used for rituals.
GRANARY - is the largest building of this civilisation.
All houses were made arranged in grid system with wide roads.
This civilisation used burnt bricks instead of sun dried bricks.
In this age warriors , traders, artisans, manual labourers are the
grouped people of Harappan civilisation.
Oxen, goats, camels, elephants, dogs were the known animals of this
civilisation .
Pottery of this civilisation was red , yellow and black .
Lord Pasupathi ( SHIVA) , Mother Goddess were worshipped.
Seal made of red clay called terracotta
: animals appears on the seals of harappa and Mohenjodaro .
They produced wheat , barley, rice , peas , mustard and seasmum.
Harappan culture belongs to bronze age.
Decimal system for the measurement of length was known by the Indus
valley people .
They had trade links with Mesopotamia .
Indus valley people followed Theocratic unitary ( form of govt in which
GOD is the supreme ruler)
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Other seals were also
excavated were bull / unicorn/ scripts were unscripted on this clay
seals.
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Harappan engaged in
internal and external trade .
Copper, bronze , silver, gold were the known metals to them .
both men and women wore jewellery.
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: SEALS - On the seals LORD
SHIVA in the middle surrounded with animals was been found . And
seal was made of terracotta.
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Historians says that this
civilisation declined due to earth quakes .
In ancient period , even it is believed INDRA called as Purandhara as the
destroyer forts in the vedic texts, destroyed the harappan civilisation.
Evidence of burial and cremation was found in Harappa.
They had trade links bahrain.
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The tables which will be
forwarded below imp. Learn them along with chapter 👇👇👇👇
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Good afternoon students.
Today subject. HISTORY.
Topics .
1.EARLY VEDIC CIVILISATION
2. LATTER VEDIC CIVILISATION
: Topic covered in GEOGRAPHY & POLITICAL SCIENCE....is in the list in
below forwarded picture
👇👇👇👇👍👇
Resume back TMRO with other topics....
Plz concentrate on the topics dealt without any confusion...
As I handle 3 social subjects...
You should remember the topics covered .....
: Gayatri Marta is for Solar deity.
There are 4 Vedas
1. Rig veda
2. Yajur veda
3. Sama veda
4. Athurvana veda
1984 hymns are t in yajur veda - deals with prayers and karma kanda
( rituals after death) .
SAMA VEDA
deals with different melodies of music .
1603 slokas are in it .
ATHARVANA VEDA
Deals with magic , medicine (711 in 20 books)
EARLY VEDIC CIVILISATION
Meaning of Veda- " knowledge of par excellence ".
This civilization existed - 2500 to 1750 BC.
The word ARYAN is derived from word ARYA in sanskrit.
Upanishads are the philosophical books . They are 108 in number.
THE RIG VEDA - it's the oldest religious text in the world written btwn
1500 to 1000 BC .
10,500 verses and 1028 hymns are there in Rig veda.
Rig veda is divided into 10 mandalas/books.
The supreme god in the Rig veda is VISHNU .
The term Bharatha named BHARATH VARSH appeared in Rig veda.
Two great priests who played a major part in the rig veda are
VASHISHTA & VISHWAMITRA.
The 10th mandala of rig veda consists of sacred GAYATRI MANTRA.
Purusha sukta (hymn in rig veda) explained origin of 4 Varnas . 👇👇 🏻👇 🏻
1.Brahmin
2.Kshtriya
3.Vaishya
4.Sudra
These are called the 4 varnas .
BATTLE OF TEN KINGS was fought btwn allied ten tribal regions of south
and north west india and fought with king Bharatha of Sudas( place )
And king bharatha won the battle .
Reference of slaves was found in Atharvana veda.
The word ATHARV denotes "holy magic "
Use of improved iron implements helped increasing the area of Aryan
expansion.
The whole northern India ruled by Arynas was called Aryavartha.
Four stages of Varn ashram Dharmas are
1.Bramhacharya (celibacy)
2. Grihastha (married life )
3. Vanaprastha ( retiring and leaving to forests)
4. Sanyaas (turn to spirituality)
These above 4 aspects were followed during Early Vedic Civilisation
: In Rig vedic society Gopa or Gopathi means chief of the tribe , Raja.
The term SABHA means house of elders
SAMITI - house of common people
Both are under the authority of King.
Judicial officer was the Purohitha (preist) during vedic age.
The ancient term forced labour was called Vishti .
Guest called as Goghana.
Tax of aryan society was called Bali.
The coins were named as Nishaka during Early vedic civilisation (EVC)
Remember
4 Varnas
4 Vedas
4 Dharmas
Which are taught above in this chapter .
Superior military equipment of the Aryans was the main reason for the
victory of Aryans.
Monarchy was the govt during vedic period.
Three metals were used during vedic period. Gold , copper and bronze .
Various occupational groups of weavers , Smith's, carpenter, leather
workers, chariot makers, priests are also mentioned during early vedic
civilisation.
DHARMA SUTRAS
A book deals with the duties of King and the 4 Varnas of social order
and provide laws regarding taxation and protection of the property.
Valmiki was the first poet of Bharat.
Vedantha - a philosophical text also called as Uttara mimansa
Staple diet of Aryans- barley , rice , milk , meat
EVC people worshipped nature .
Lord INDRA known as Purandhara- 250 hymns were devoted to praise
INDRA which was almost 1/4th part of Rig veda.
: LATER VEDIC CIVILISATION (LVC)
Existed between 1,000 to 600 BC
During LVC varna system (4 casts system)was rigid means tough.
No caste is allowed to follow other caste or marry or take up
occupation etc.
: Crime during the vedic period was - theft, cattle stealing .
The house of the Aryans were made of timber, un baked bricks .
They even worshippe God RUDRA ( shiva ) .
Spiritual discipline is the meaning of Yoga.
And that was the fourth system of philosophy .
The chief impact of the vedic culture on Indian history was progress of
philosophy.
The difference btwn Jati and Varna :
Varna - only 4
Jati - many
Lord shiva ,vishnu, brahman are the gods worshipped during LVC.
The used a kind of pottery called PGW...painted grey ware
Thakshashila, kausambhi, hastinspur were the important trade centres
of LVC.
Coins were termed as Satmana, karshapan in this period
Lvc people had a settled life with agriculture led to production if surplus
and it was collected in the form of taxes
108 upanishads were complied by various persons between 800 BC to
500 BC
The term RASHTRA appeared for the first time in LVC period. Therefore
leading to expansion of kingdoms & warfare
2,3,4 vedas are known as latter vedas as they were compiled after first
veda
I.e. Rigveda
Upanishads & brahmanas were written during this period
Upanishads..philosophical texts.
Brahmanas the explanation of the hidden meaning of philosophical
texts from vedas & other books
Gold ,tin,lead silver,iron were the known metals in LVC
THE YAGNAS were performed during this period.
Types of Yagnas.
Upveadasare also 4 . They are:
1.Ayurveda-medical science
2. Dhanur veda- military science
3. Gandharva veda- deal with music
4. Shilpa veda - architectural science
: Explanatory prose manuals related to rituals ,social religious etc. Are
also included , called brahmanas.
Aranyakas are the philosophical texts compiled & taught to pupils in
forests
Tapasya is the philosophy of aranyakas emphasizes meditation.
During LVC education began with a ceremony called Upanayana(thread
wearing ceremony for boys) he then became bramhachary and led a
austere life as student at the home of his teacher (gurukul).
Types of marriage during LVC :
Learn all the above pictures along with texts forwarded . They are
important .
The philosophy of upanishads emphasizes on GYANA ...knowledge
Holy BHAGAWADGITA
contains 18 chapters 700 slokas are the part of EPIC MAHABHARATA
There were 33 deities during LVC included Prithvi (earth) , Aditi
( mother goddess) Rudra (shiva) , Usha ( goddess of dawn) , Aryani
( goddess of forest) .
All were worshipped.
Religious sacrifices became more important in LVC .
6 schools of Indian philosophy
: Good afternoon students.
Topic - 1.BUDDHISM
2.JAINISM
They discarded sanskrit and practiced apabhrama, prakrit
asdhamagadh. Which are from the origin of pali lang.
above buddhism. Read those 3 pictures
 STAVIRAVADHA & MAGASANGHIKA- they are the Buddhist schools
TRIPTIKAS - holy texts of Buddhism. They are written in Pali languages.
These words are in the pictures forwarded.
: Jainism
Any doubts from today topics...
Will be clarified...
Sallinkana Vrat means its fast until death ...
1. MAGADHAS
Bimbisara- founded magadha
He belongs to Haryanaka dynasty.
His capital - Rajgir
He was a contemporary of Buddha.
He conquered Ang .
He strengthens his positions by marriage alliances
Married the princess of kosala, Lichchaavi and third from a chief of
Madra clan .
Ajatashatru (son of bimbisara): succeeded bimbisara after killing him.
He expanded his kingdom by conquering Kashi and Vaishali .
History……………..
Topics
1. Magadhas
2.The Mauryas ...
GEOGRAPHY .
1. TREWARTHA TYPES OF CLIMATE
Learn the topics as it is....table etc.
: Anga kimgdom*
Academy ajatashatru .
He founded the city of Pataliputra.
Shishunga dynasty was founded by shishunga in 413 BC.
Shifted their capital to Vaishali.
Shishunga greatest achievement is that they destroyed Avanti and
made it part of Magadha.
The NANDAS:
Usurped the throne and Mahapadmananda founded the Nanda dynasty
.
He added kalinga to the Magadhan kingdom.
Finally in 321 BC Nandas were replaced by Chandragupta Maurya when
he established the Mauriyan empire.
: Magadhan empire ruled from 684 BC -320 BC
: Chandragupta maurya liberated North western part of India from
selucus .
Junagarh rock edict of Rudra daman inscription shows the
chandragupta maurya 'a rule over western india .
Nagarjuna was the jain teacher of Chandra Gupta maurya .
Bhadrabahu was a jain saint who has given him Sallinkana Vrath at
Sravana belagola in Karnataka .
THE MAURYAS
Chandra gupta maurya - 321 BC to 297 BC
Mauryan dynasty was founded by Chandra gupta with the help of his
mentor Chanakya also called Kautilya after defeating the last Nanda
ruler in 321 BC
In 305 BC he fought against Selucus nikator general of Alexander and
conducted a treat with him in 303 BC .
Selucus surrendered a large territory including Paropanisadai (Kabul) ,
Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Gandhara ) and Gedrosia ( Baluchistan)
In return for 500 elephants .
Selucus has also sent an ambassador Megasthanis to the Mauryan
court .
According to Jain tradition Chandragupta converted to Jainism
abdecated the throne in favour of BINDUSARA .
He took Sallinkana Vrath in Sravana belagola and died after 45 days
fast.
BINDUSARA : 297 BC to 272 BC
Bindusara succeeded chandra Gupta maurya. He conquered Deccan .
His title was Amitraghata (destroyer of foes)
He Sent his son ASHOKA to destroy a rebellion in Takasha shila .
Important years of Ashoka's rule.
9th year - fought malinga war
10th year- went to Bodhgaya
12th year - went to Nigali sagar
13th year - Dhamma(wheel of law) inscribed in the inscriptions
14th year - Maha matras appointed
17th year - 3rd buddhist council held
After kalinga war he was greatly influenced by buddhist preaching
Ashoka banned animal sacrifice .
Permitted slaughter of animal only for food.
: ASHOKA : 268BC to 232 BC
After his father Bindusara's death ASHOKA ascended the throne .
While going to Ujjain he said Vidisa he met Mahadevi and married her.
Mahendra and Sangamitra were his son and daughter.
: DEVANAMPIYA DASI RAJA - Was the title of king Ashoka .
means a king loved by gods and the people.
The important officers in Muryan administration were called as Dharma
maha matras.
According to a buddhist texts it is said Ashoka killed his 99 brother to
ascend the throne.
Chola, Pandya, Satyputras, Keralputras, Tamrpanis are mentioned as his
neighbours .
The first scholar to visit china was kashyapa malinga
Rock edict XIII is the principle source of information on ashoka's
campaign against kalinga .
Moderation was the corner stone of ashoka's policy of dhammma.
Ashoka designed Sanchi stupa having 4 lions and a chakra having 24
spokes which is adopted as National symbol is located in Chattisgarh.
NATIONAL EMBLEM ( National symbol)
Kalinga war was fought in 261 BC.
It is unscripted on Rick edict XIII.
King ashoka designed 84000 stupa's and erected them in 84,000 towns
and cities.
: Megasthanis during muryan period divided INDIAN population into 7
classes
1. Philosophers
2. Farmer
3. Shepherd
4. Artisans
5. Military
6. Counsellors
7. Assessors
Ashoka promoted universal brotherhood.
Ajatashatru , king of mauryan empire, before bindusara, built 64 gates
to pataliputra to protect the kingdom from Lichchavi's attack.
During Ashoka's rule , stone building was used on a greater scale.
THE ARTHASHASTRA is a book compiled by kautilya/Chanakya on
politics and economy.
After Kalinga war, Ashoka was converted to buddhism.
Historian princet deciphered (decoded) the ashoka script in 1837.
Ashokan inscriptions were composed prakrit language.
Polished surface is unique about the ashokan pillar
: Next topic from GEOGRAPHY.
Trewartha climate classification.
Above is the pic of taxes collected during Mauryas period.. Ashoka's
rule.
subject HISTORY
Topics.
1. The satvahana dynasty
2. Sangam age....
With three combined cholas, cheras, pandyas
3 . Indo Greeks
4. The sakas
SANGAM AGE …………………………………………………
Sangam signifies the "assembly of poets and writers"
The southern land of the Krishna river was divided into 3 kingdoms
1. Chola
2. Chera
3. Pandya
Sangam corresponds post Mauryan and pre Gupta period .
to you.
1. Satavahanas dynasty : 235BC to 100BC
They ruled over 300 years with their capital Paithan or Prathisthanpur
on the banks of river Godavari in Aurangabad district.
Simuka was the first important ruler.
The greatest competitor of satavahanas were the Saka's.
Gautami putra satakarni defeated the Sakas to protect and enlarge his
kingdom.
Satavahanas didn't use or issue gold coins. They mostly issued coins of
lead, tin , copper and bronze.
King Sri Mukha is the real founder.
Naganika , wife of King Satakarni - I designed NANAGHAT INSCRIPTION
which explains the greatness of her husband.
Gautami Balasree mother of King Gautami putra Satakarni designed
NASIK INSCRIPTION which describes the greatness of her son.
NASIK INSCRIPTION prohibited Varna Sankramana (caste conversion)
King Gautamiputra titles were Trisamudra Tri Pitamaha.
King Yagnasri Satakarni title was Trisamudrapathi
Hala wrote GATHASAPTHASTI & LEELAVATHI.
Gunaddhya wrote BRIHAT KATHA in Paishachi language. ( originated
from prakrit language)
Gautamiputra satakarni constructed a new city called BENAKATAKA
King Pulamavoi was the last Satavahana king after him the kingdom
declined.
Term Vishti means Bonded labour.
Kodduru and China gangulu were sea ports in the east.
Sopara and Bharuch were sea ports in the west
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Total 127 points I'm
forwarding in pics.
Read & learn them. The way they are written.
Battle of takkolam took place in vellore tamil nadu
Muslin in cloth : Varnas means 4 castes. Brahmins ,kshtriya, vaishyas,
shudras
: 19. Point commemorated.... means celebrated or to re call and show
respect to their victories....they built temples.
He built brihadeeshwara temple in tanjvur in tamil nadu
Above words are in pic. I cleared their meaning
7 .point shivapada shekhar & Mummadi chola are the titles of KING
Raja Raja chola
33. Point
Embassy means 72 merchant delegates were sent to china on a mission
for trade
26. Point. Local self govt. Means at that time they followed gram
sambhas & panchayat was the feature of chola administration
Point. Pashupati means lord shiva.
Kaapalika means
Kaali mata.
Were worshipped
38. Point. Devadasi system means a woman was dedicated and married
in the name of God..
Even her girl child born also will be again married to god. Knot is tied by
the priest in the name of God.
She has to be dedicated to temple....
Later this system is abolished after independence by the govt of India
Ur ..means village assembly ... means gram sabha. Gram pachayat
36. Point. Valanadu ..means district...
[Nadu means state
39 .point. sati system ...
Means if husband dies wife also should get into the fire to die ...
This system is also abolished by govt.
60 point. Jivika chintamani is a book
Above many points are related to literature
NOTE: AS ALL THE NAMES OF AUTHORS &BOOK ARE RELATED TO
TAMIL
THE NAMES ARE LITTLE TOUGH TO PRONOUNCE
BUT THERE IS NO ALTERNATIVE
YOU HAVE TO READ , LEARN.
ITS IMP
64. Silappadikaram is a tamil epic
Like our ramayana & mahabharata.
It's a epic of tamil
47. Point...gopuram means which we find above on the top of every
temple.
Thd anklet was taken to the queen...she tells that it's not her anklet....
Now it's clear that an innocent was been killed with wrong justice by
king
76.point deals with a human story
Its about kovalan & kannagi
Two are husband and wife.
To start their livelihood they set out to go to madhurai.
As they were in crisis.
They decide to start some small business.
Wife tells to husband as we don't have money to start.
Take my anklet and sell it in the market ,bring the money, and you can
start some petty business.
And kovalan goes to market to sell.
When he reaches the gold shop
The owner after seeing the anklet he calls the kings soldiers.
And they capture kovalan and took him to King...
Nedunjeliyan...
Actually the issue was queen lost her anklet.
And the merchant thought that kovalan was theif who stole the anklet
of queen and came to sell it to him .& he called soldiers. ...
When kovalan was present in the court of king Nedunjeliyan. He
thought him as theif without any TRIAL means enquiry ....he orders to
kill kovalan who was innocent...
He was been killed by the kings order...
94. Point muziris means harbour at malabar coast
88. Point.Ma & veli means they kno the measurement of land at that
time called
Then she curse the king that this city madhurai will be destroyed....
And it starts to happen ..
Then the goddess meenakshi appears and calm her down ...
This is the story of epic silappadikaram
: Later when wife kannagi comes to market in search of her she comes
to know that he was taken to king...she goes to kings court and found
her husband was killed by king. .
124 point the author was not tirumalamba
Its GANGA DEVI.
101. Carp means fish
126. Point. Barbosa Portuguese traveller came to India during Krishna
devaraya rule
104 ecstatic mean joyful . Overjoyed performance
INDO GREEKS :
Demetrius, king of Bactria invaded India around 190 BC and conquered
considered part of the Mauryan Empire in the north -west.
The most famous Indo Greek ruler was Menander (165-145 BC) invaded
till Ayodhya and reached Pataliputra .
His capital was Sakala or Sialkot.
Menander was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena or Nagarjuna.
The conversation between the two is recorded in a book named
Milinda Panha or Questions of Milinda.
Indo Greeks were the first to issue gold coins in India .
The Greek ambassador Heliodorus set up a pillar in honour of Vishnu at
Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh .
The Indo Greeks introduced Hellenistic features in north western India
which culminated(highest development) in the Gandhara Style of Art .
THE SAKAS…………………..
The greeks were followed by sakas
The first saka king in india was MAVES OR MOGA.
He established Saka rule in gandhara kingdom.
The most famous saka ruler was Rudradaman l
130 A.D to 152 A.D
His achievements are written in his junagarh inscription in 150 A.D
It's written in sanskrit.
GEOGRAPHY
Topics .
1. Important Articles of constitution.
2. Koeppens classification of climate
3. World climatic types
: . Article No. 25:- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice
and propagation of religion
11. Article No. 30:- Right of minorities to establish and administer
educational institutions
12. Article No. 31C:- Saving of laws giving effect to certain Directive
Principles
13. Article No. 32:- Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights
including writs
14. Article No. 38:- State to secure a social order for the promotion of
the welfare of the people
15. Article No.40:- Organisation of village panchayats
16. Article No. 44:- Uniform Civil Code for the citizens
17. Article No. 45:- Provision for early childhood care and education to
children below the age of 6 years.
18. Article No. 46:- Promotion of educational and economic interests of
scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections
19. Article No. 50:- Separation of judiciary from the executive
20. Article No. 51:- Promotion of international peace and security
21. Article No. 51A:- Fundamental Duties
22. Article No. 72:- Powers of President to grant pardons, suspend,
remit or commute sentences in certain cases
23. Article No. 74:- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President
24. Article No. 76:- Attorney-General of India
25. Article No. 78:- Duties of the Prime Minister as respects the
furnishing of information to the President, etc.
26. Article No. 110:- Definition of Money Bills
27. Article No. 112:- Annual Financial Statement (Budget)
28. Article No. 123:- Power of President to promulgate ordinances
during recess of Parliament
29. Article No. 143:- Power of President to consult Supreme Court
30. Article No. 148:- Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
31. Article No. 149:- Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-
General of India
32. Article No. 155:- Appointment of the Governor
33. Article No. 161:- Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to
suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
34. Article No. 163:- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor
35. Article No. 165:-Advocate-General of the state
Which British Laws are still used in India
36. Article No. 167:- Duties of Chief Minister with regard to the
furnishing of information to the Governor, etc.
37. Article No. 168:- Constitution of Legislatures in the states
38. Article No. 169:- Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in the
states
39. Article No. 170:- Composition of Legislative Assemblies in the states
40. Article No. 171:- Composition of Legislative Councils in the states
41. Article No. 172:- Duration of State Legislatures
42. Article No. 173:- Qualification for membership of the State
Legislature
43. Article No. 174:- Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and
dissolution
44. Article No. 178:- Speakers and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly
45. Article No. 194:- Powers, privileges, and immunity of Advocate-
General
46. Article No. 200:- Assent to bills by the governor (including
reservation for President)
47. Article No. 202:-Annual financial statement of the State Legislature
48. Article No. 210:- Language to be used in the State Legislature
49. Article No. 212:- Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the State
Legislature
50. Article No. 213:- Power of governor to promulgate ordinances
during recess of the State Legislature
51. Article No. 214:- High courts for the states
52. Article No. 217:-Appointment and the conditions of the office of the
judge of a High Court
53. Article No. 226:- Power of high courts to issue certain writs
54. Article No. 239AA:- Special provisions with respect to Delhi
55. Article No. 243B:- Constitution of Panchayats
56. Article No. 243C:- Composition of Panchayats
57. Article No. 243G:- Powers, authority and responsibilities of
Panchayats
58. Article No. 243K:- Elections to the Panchayats
59. Article No. 249:-Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a
matter in the State List in the national interest
60. Article No. 262:- Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-
state rivers or river valleys
61. Article No. 263:- Provisions with respect to an inter-state council
62. Article No. 265:- Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law
63. Article No. 275:- Grants from the Union to certain states
64. Article No. 280:- Finance Commission
65. Article No. 300:- Suits and proceedings
66. Article No. 300A:- Persons not to be deprived of property save by
authority of law (Right to property)
67. Article No. 311:- Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons
employed in civil capacities under the Union or a state.
68. Article No. 312:- All-India Services
69. Article No. 315:- Public Service Commission for the Union and for
the states
70. Article No. 320:- Functions of Public Service Commissions
71. Article No. 323-A:- Administrative Tribunals
72. Article No. 324:- Superintendence, direction and control of elections
to be vested in an Election Commission
73. Article No. 330:- Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes in the House of the People
74. Article No. 335:- Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
to services and posts
75. Article No. 352:- Proclamation of Emergency (National Emergency)
76. Article No. 356:- Provisions in case of failure of constitutional
machinery in states (President’s Rule)
77. Article No. 360:- Provisions as to Financial Emergency.
78. Article No. 365:- Effect of failure to comply with or to give effect to,
directions given by the Union (President’s Rule)
79. Article No. 368:- Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution
and procedure therefor
80. Article No. 370:- Temporary provisions with respect to the state of
Jammu and Kashmir
: Learn all the above chapters..
1. Article No. 1:- Name and territory of the Union
2. Article No. 3:- Formation of new states and alteration of areas,
boundaries or names of existing states
3. Article No. 13:- Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the
Fundamental Rights
4. Article No. 14:- Equality before the law
5. Article No. 16:- Equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment
6. Article No. 17:- Abolition of untouchability
7. Article No. 19:- Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of
speech, etc.
8. Article No. 21:- Protection of life and personal liberty
9. Article No. 21A:- Right to elementary education
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: According to 370 & 35A
article inserted by nehru in constitution.
Depriving rights of citizens of india no rights on Kashmir. ...now it's
been removed.
We can live & settle even jk .
: Article 370 was been abolished last year.
: Its xerophytic...means thorny plants or bushes.
Resume back tmro with other topics...
Learn today's 3 topics
: Koeppens climate classification
Below are the amendments
Read & Learn them. Its imp.
World climatic types
Good morning students.
Today subject :
POLITICAL SCIENCE
& HISTORY
Topics..
1. Important amendments
2. THE GUPTA AGE
3. harshavardhana
4. The Rashtrakutas
5. The palas
6. The pratiharas
THE GUPTAS
Important Amendments in Indian Constitution
The Constitution of India is neither flexible nor rigid enough but it is a
synthesis of both. Constitution of India (under article 368 of Part XX)
provided the powers to Parliament to amend the Constitution and its
procedures but cannot amend those provisions which form the ‘basic
structure’ of the Constitution (As ruled by the Supreme Court in the
Keshashavananda Bharti Case, 1973).
The Constitution can be amended in three ways:
1. Amendment by simple majority of the Parliament.
2. Amendment by special majority of the Parliament.
3. Amendment by special majority of the Parliament and the ratification
of half of the state legislature.
Important Amendments to the Constitution
First Amendment Act, 1951
1. Empowered the state to make the advancement of socially and
economically backward classes.
2. Provided for the saving of laws providing for the acquisition of
estates etc.
3. Added 9th Schedule to protect the land reform and other laws
included in it from the judicial review.
4. Added three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech and
expression, viz., public order, friendly relations with foreign states and
incitement to an offense. It also made the restrictions ‘reasonable’ and
thus, justifiable in nature.
5. Provided that state trading and nationalisation of any trade or
business by the state is not to be invalid on the ground of violation of
the right to trade or business.
The Constitution (6th Amendment) Act, 1956
1. Included a new subject in the Union list i.e., taxes on the sale and
purchase of goods in the course of inter-state trade and commerce and
restricted the state’s power in this regard.
Constitutional (8th Amendment) Act,1960
1. It Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and
the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.
2. It Amended article 334 of the constitution.
Constitutional (10th Amendment) Act, 1961
1. Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory,
consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
2. It amended article 240 of the constitution.
Constitutional(13th Amendment) Act,1963
1. Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under Article
371A.
2. It amended article 170.
1. Enabled the High court’s to issue writs to any person or authority
even outside its terrorist’s jurisdiction if the cause of action arises
within its territorial limits.
2. Increased the retirement age of high court judges from 60 to 62
years.
3. Provided for the appointment of retired judges of the high court’s as
acting judges of the same court.
4. Provided the compensatory allowance to judges who are transferring
from one High court to another.
5. Enabled the retired judge of the High Court to act as ad-hoc judge of
the Supreme Court.
6. Provided for the procedure for determining the age of the Supreme
Court and High Court judges.
The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971
1. Affirmed the power of Parliament to amend any part of the
Constitution including Fundamental Rights.
2. Made it compulsory for the president to give his assent to a
constitutional Amendment Bill.
The Constitution (31st Amendment) Act, 1973
1. Increased the elective strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545.
Under the Act, the upper limit of representatives of the States goes up
from 500 to 525 and that of the Union Territories decreases from 25 to
20.
The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975
1. By this Act, Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (37th Amendment) Act, 1975 ..1. It was passed by
Parliament on April 26, 1975, to provide for a Legislative Assembly and
a Council of Ministers to Arunachal Pradesh, the country’s north-
easternmost Union Territory.
The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975
1. The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on August 7 and received
Presidential assent on August 9,1975.
2. The Act places beyond challenge in courts the election to Parliament
of a person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and the
election of President and Vice-President.
The Constitution (40th Amendment) Act, 1976
1. Empowered the Parliament to specify from time to time the limits of
the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) and the maritime zones of India.
2. Included 64 more Central and state laws, mostly relating to land
reforms, in the 9th Schedule.
The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976
1. It was enacted during the period of internal emergency. It was
passed by Parliament on November 11, 1976 and received Presidential
assent on December 18, 1976.
2. The Amendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of
Parliament over the other wings of Government; gave the Directive
Principles precedence over the Fundamental Rights; enumerated for
the first time a set of ten Fundamental Duties.
3. It further imposed limits on the power and jurisdiction of the
judiciary; raised the term of the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha from
five to six years; authorised the use of Central armed forces in any State
to deal with law and order problems, made the President bound by the
advice of the Council of Ministers and envisaged the establishment of
administrative tribunals for service matters of Government employees
and also other tribunals for economic offences.
4. The Act also clearly laid down that no Constitutional Amendment
could be questioned in any court of law.
The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978
1. It received the Presidential assent on April 13, 1978.
2. This Act repeals the obnoxious provisions of the Constitution (42nd
Amendment) Act passed during the Emergency. It restores civil liberties
by deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to Parliament to
curtail even legitimate trade union activity under the guise of legislation
for the prevention of anti-national activities.
3. The new law, which was ratified by more than half of the States in
accordance with the Constitution, also restores legislative powers to
the States to make appropriate provision for anti-national activities
consistent with the Fundamental Rights. Under the Act, the judiciary
has also been restored to its rightful place.
4. The Supreme Court will now have the power to invalidate state laws,
a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act. The High Courts will
also be able to go into the question of the constitutional validity of
Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to obtain
speedy justice without having to come to the Supreme Court.
Amazing facts about Prime Minister’s Residence
The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978
1. The Constitution (45 th Amendment) Bill, re-numbered as the 44th
Amendment came into force on April 30, 1979, when the President
gave his assent.
2. The Act removes major distortions in the Constitution introduced
during the Emergency. The duration of the Lok Sabha and State
Legislative Assemblies has been reduced from six to five years—the
normal term which was extended during the Emergency under the
42nd Amendment to achieve some political purposes.
3. The Right to Property ceases to be a Fundamental Right and becomes
only a legal right according to the Constitution 44th Amendment.
4. The Act also extends, for the first time since independence,
constitutional protection for publication of the proceedings of
Parliament and State Legislatures, except in cases where it is proved to
be “malicious”. Another important feature of the Act is that any
proclamation of Emergency needs henceforward, be issued by the
President only after receiving the advice of the Cabinet as a whole in
writing. The President will not be called upon to act on the basis of
advice by the Prime Minister on his own without consulting his Cabinet.
Other safeguards provide that the proclamation will have to be
adopted by a two-thirds majority of the members of both Houses of
Parliament within a month.
5. The 44th Amendment provides safeguards against future subversion
of the Constitution for establishing an authoritarian regime. It contains
provisions that are designed to make it impossible to impose the kind
of emergency the country had experienced for 19 months.
The Constitution (45th Amendment) Act, 1980
1. The Act extends reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes in Parliament and the State Assemblies and the
representation of Anglo-Indians by the nomination for a further period
of 10 years.
The Constitution (46th Amendment) Bill, 1982
1. It seeks to authorise the government to prepare an authoritative text
of the Constitution, in Hindi.
The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985
1. The Act has made defection to another party, after elections illegal.
Any member defecting to another party after elections will be
disqualified from being Member of Parliament or State Legislature.
The Constitution (53rd Amendment) Act, 1986
1. It confers Statehood on Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary
interference by the Central Government with the laws relating to
spheres of social relationship and community conduct tution (54th
Amendment) Act, 1986
1. It enhances the salaries of Judges of the High Courts and Supreme
Court of India. The salary of Chief Justice of India will be Rs 10,000;
Chief Justice of High Courts Rs 9000; Judges of Supreme Court Rs 9000;
and Judges of High Courts Rs 8000.
The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1987
1. It grants Statehood to Arunachal Pradesh which consequently
became the 24th State of the Indian Union.
Special Status of the Jammu and Kashmir
The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987
1. It confers Statehood on Goa and forms a new Union Territory of
Daman and Diu. Goa thus became the 25th State of the Indian Republic.
The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987
1. It made a special provision for the setting up of the new State of Goa.
Consequently Daman and Diu were separated from the former to form
a Union Territory.
The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act, 1988
1. It provides for special arrangements with regard to reservation of
seats for Scheduled Tribes in the States of Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya. By amending Article 322 the
adjustment of seats has been frozen until 2000 A.D.
The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988
1. It empowered the Central Government to impose Emergency in
Punjab when deemed necessary. Under the amendment, the
President’s rule can be extended up to three years. The earlier
maximum period was two years.
The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989
1. It lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
What is the difference between Nationality and Citizenship?
The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989
1. It provided for the extension by another 10 years of reservation of
seats in the Parliament and State Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes
and Tribes and reservation for the Anglo Indian community by
nomination.
The Constitution (63rd Amendment) Act, 1989
1. It repealed Amendment 59 which empowered the government to
impose emergency in Punjab.
The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990
1. It extended the President’s rule in Punjab by six months.
The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990
1. To bring land reforms within the purview of 9th Schedule of the
Constitution.
The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991
1. Delhi made National Capital Region. The Act also made provision for
Legislative assembly and a council of ministers for Delhi.
The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992
1. Before this act was made Article 54 relating to the election of the
President provided for an electoral college consisting only of the
elected members of Parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of
the States (not of Union Territories). The amendment provides for the
inclusion of members of the legislature of Pondicherry and Delhi.
The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992
1. The act amends the 8th Schedule to the Constitution to include
Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali Languages in the 8th Schedule of the
Constitution.
The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992
1. To make temporary provision for the determination of the number of
seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the State assembly of
Tripura, until the re-adjustment of seats is made on the basis of the first
census after the year 2000 under article 170 of the Constitution.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992
1. To ensure direct election to all seats in Panchayats; to reserve seats
for SCs and STs in proportion to their population; and for reservation of
not less than one-third of the seats in Panchayats for women.
The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992
1. It was made to ensure direct election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and
Municipalities.
The Constitution (75th Amendment) Act 1994
1. It provides for setting up of State-level Rent Tribunals to exclude the
jurisdiction of all courts, except that of the Supreme Court, under
Article 136 of the Constitution.
The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994
1. It relates to the Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and of
appointments or posts in the Services under a State, for Backward
Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Supreme Court
had ruled on November 16, 1992, that the total reservations under
Article 16(40) of the Constitution should not exceed 50 percent.
The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995
1. According to this Act, the Government has decided to continue the
existing policy of reservation in promotion for the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (78th Amendment) Act, 1995
1. It includes land reform laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they
cannot be challenged before the courts.
The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999
1. It extends the reservation of seats for SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in the
Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies for next 10 years.
The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000
1. It deals with an alternative scheme for sharing taxes between the
Union and the States.
The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000
1. It provides that the unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST
kept for being filled up in a year as per Article 16, shall be considered
separately for filling vacancies in the succeeding year and the previous
list will not be considered for filling the 50% quota of the respective
year.
Constitution of India: features taken from other countries
The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000
1. It provides that nothing in Article 355 shall prevent the State from
making any provisions in favour of the members of SC/ST for relaxation
in qualifying marks with respect to examination/job/promotion.
The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000
1. The Act amended Article 243 M to provide that no reservation in
Panchayats be made in favour of SC/ST in Arunachal Pradesh where the
whole population is tribal.
The Constitution (84th Amendment) Act, 2001
1. Extended ban on the readjustment of seats in the Lok Sabha and the
state legislature assemblies for another 25 years (i.e., up to 2026) with
the same objective of encouraging population limiting measures.
The Constitution (85th Amendment) Act, 2001
1. Provided for ‘consequential seniority’ in the case of promotion by the
virtue of rule of reservation for the government servants belonging to
the SCs and STs with retrospective effect from June 1995.
The Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002
1. Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and early
childhood care until the age of six.
The Constitution (87th Amendment) Act, 2003
1. Provided for readjustment and rationalisation of territorial
constituencies in the states on the basis of the population figures of
2001 census and not 1991 census as provided earlier by the 84th
Amendment Act of 2001.
The Constitution (88th Amendment) Act, 2003
1. Made provision for service tax (Article 268-A)
The Constitution (89th Amendment) Act, 2003
1. Bifurcated the erstwhile combined National Commission for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate bodies,
namely, National Commission of SCs (Article- 338) and National
Commission of STs (338-A).
The Constitution (90th Amendment) Act, 2003
1. Provided for maintaining the erstwhile representation of the
Scheduled Tribes in the Assam legislative assembly from the Bodoland
Territorial Areas District (Article-332 (6))
The Constitution (91st Amendment) Act, 2004
1. Restricted the size of the Council of Ministers (CoM) to 15 percent of
legislative members & strengthened the Anti Defection laws.
The Constitution (92nd Amendment) Act, 2004
1. Included Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as official languages.
The Constitution (93rd Amendment) Act, 2006
1. Provided for 27 percent reservation for other backward classes in
government as well as private higher educational institutions.
The Constitution (94th Amendment) Act, 2006
1. To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created
Jharkhand and the Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh and
Orissa.
Union-State Relations/Centre-State Relations
The Constitution (95th Amendment) Act, 2010
1. To extend the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and
Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from
Sixty years to Seventy years
The Constitution (96th Amendment) Act, 2011
 1. Substituted Odia for Oriya
The Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2012
1. Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or
unions" in Article 19(l) (c) and inserted article 43B related to the
promotion of co-operative societies and added Part-IXB that is The Co-
operative Societies.
The Constitution (98th Amendment) Act, 2013
1. To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the
Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.
The Constitution (99th Amendment) Act, 2014
1. The amendment provides for the formation of a National Judicial
Appointments Commission.
The Constitution (100th Amendment) Act, 2015
1. The term the Constitution (100th Amendment) Act, 2015 was in
news in the fourth week of May 2015 as the President of India Pranab
Mukherjee gave his assent to the Constitution (119th Amendment) Bill,
2013 that related to the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) between
India and Bangladesh.
The Constitution (101th Amendment) Act,2017: Introduced the Goods
and Services Tax in the country since 1 July 2017.
The Constitution (102th Amendment) Act,2018: It gave Constitutional
status to National Commission for Backward Classes.
The Constitution (103th Amendment) Act,2019: It provided a maximum
of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs).
judicial history
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Keshavananda Bharti VS
state of kerala.
Keshavananda bharti was the head pontiff of Edniar Mutt in kerala ...
Ex. its like kanchi Mutt etc.
Kerala govt ordered him to surrender the land of Mutt to the state govt.
1973.
And keshavananda bharti challenged this decision of state govt. In
supreme court.
At that time indira gandhi was the P.M of India.
She gave full powers to parliament to amend the fundamental rights.
While this case in supreme court
Gave the judgement in favour of keshavananda bharti with a long run
battle on this case with 13 judges jury.
It stated that though parliament has the power to amend rights but it
can be done only according to the basic doctrine structure of
constitution...
So democracy was been restored in bharti case .he won in Supreme
court.
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The family of Henry and
William golaknath were in possession of over 500 acres of farmland in
Jalandhar, Punjab. Under the Punjab security and Land Tenures Act, the
government held that the brothers could keep only thirty acres each, a
few acres would go to tenants and the rest was declared surplus. This
was challenged by the family of golaknath in the courts. Further, this
case was referred to the Supreme court in 1965. The family filed a
petition under Article 32 challenging the 1953 Punjab Act on thground
that it denied them their constitutional rights to acquire and hold
property and practice any profession (Article 19 (f) and (g) and to
equality before the protection of the law (Article 14). They sought to
have the seventeenth amendment – which had placed the Punjab Act in
ninth schedule – declared ultra vires (beyond the powers). Golaknath.
I.C v State of Punjab is one of the landmark cases in the Indian history.
With its ruling, in this case, the court developed jurisprudence around
what is known as the doctrine of basic structure. The court in 1967
ruled that the Parliament can not curtail any of the fundamental rights
enshrined under the constitution of India
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Fundamental rights are considered to be necessary for the
development of human personality. These rights are the rights which helps a man to figure out his/her
own life in a manner he/she wants. Our constitution has given us the fundamental rights which also
includes the rights of minorities and other backward communities. According to the Constitution,
Parliament and the state legislatures in India have the power to make laws within their respective
jurisdictions. But, this power is not absolute in nature. The Constitution rests with the judiciary and the
power to adjudicate upon the constitutional validity of all laws also rests with the judiciary.
If a law made by Parliament or the state legislatures violates any provision of the Constitution, the
Supreme Court has the power to declare such a law invalid, unconstitutional or ultra vires. This check
notwithstanding, the founding fathers wanted the Constitution to be an adaptable document rather
than a rigid framework for governance. They wanted it to be a flexible document which can adjust or
adapt itself according to the changing situations.
Parliament was invested with the power to amend the Constitution. Article 368 of the Constitution gives
the impression that Parliament’s amending powers are absolute and encompass all parts of the
document. But the Supreme Court has acted as a brake to the legislative enthusiasm of Parliament ever
since independence. With the intention of preserving the original ideals envisioned by the constitution-
makers, the apex court pronounced that Parliament could not twist, damage or alter the basic features
of the Constitution under the pretext of amending it. The phrase ‘basic structure’ itself cannot be found
in the Constitution. The Supreme Court recognised this concept for the first time in the historic
Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973.
The basic structure of the constitution consists of:
Supremacy of the
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Jurisprudence..
means theory of law.
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The issue which came before the court was whether the
parliament has the absolute power and the power to amend the fundamental rights enshrined under
the constitution or not
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Fundamental rights are considered to be necessary for the
development of human personality. These rights are the rights which helps a man to figure out his/her
own life in a manner he/she wants. Our constitution has given us the fundamental rights which also
includes the rights of minorities and other backward communities. According to the Constitution,
Parliament and the state legislatures in India have the power to make laws within their respective
jurisdictions. But, this power is not absolute in nature. The Constitution rests with the judiciary and the
power to adjudicate upon the constitutional validity of all laws also rests with the judiciary.
If a law made by Parliament or the state legislatures violates any provision of the Constitution, the
Supreme Court has the power to declare such a law invalid, unconstitutional or ultra vires. This check
notwithstanding, the founding fathers wanted the Constitution to be an adaptable document rather
than a rigid framework for governance. They wanted it to be a flexible document which can adjust or
adapt itself according to the changing situations.
Parliament was invested with the power to amend the Constitution. Article 368 of the Constitution gives
the impression that Parliament’s amending powers are absolute and encompass all parts of the
document. But the Supreme Court has acted as a brake to the legislative enthusiasm of Parliament ever
since independence. With the intention of preserving the original ideals envisioned by the constitution-
makers, the apex court pronounced that Parliament could not twist, damage or alter the basic features
of the Constitution under the pretext of amending it. The phrase ‘basic structure’ itself cannot be found
in the Constitution. The Supreme Court recognised this concept for the first time in the historic
Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973.
The basic structure of the constitution consists of:
Supremacy of the