Mathematics (T)

Worked Examples
Loo Soo Yong

This document contains various questions with detailed workings and explanations from the new
STPM syllabus. A PDF version of this document may be obtained from Dropbox.
Mathematics (T)

Binomial Expansions
1. Expand ( 1+ x )−1 up to and include the term x 3. Hence, by subsisting x=−0.01 , find an estimate for
1
, and give your answer to 6 decimal places.
0.99

Solution:

(−1 ) (−2 ) 2 (−1 ) (−2 )(−3 ) 3

( 1+ x )−1=1+ (−1 ) ( x ) + (x) + ( x) +…
2! 3!

¿ 1−x + x 2−x 3+ …
−1 2 3
¿ ( 1+ x ) =1−x + x −x

Substituting x=−0.01... ( 1−0.01 )−1=1−(−0.01 )+ (−0.01 )2−(−0.01 )3

1
∴ ≈ 1.010101
0.99

2. f ( x ) is given by the expression f ( x )= √ 4+ x

1
x
( )
(a) Show that f ( x )can be written as f ( x )=2 1+
4
2

x x2 x3
(b) When x is so small that x 4 and higher powers of x is ignored, show that2+ − + .
4 256 512
(c) Hence, state the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid.
(d) By substituting x=1 into the equation, find an estimate for √ 5, giving your answer in the
p
form , where p and q are integers to be determined.
q

Solution:
1
(a) f ( x )=( 4+ x ) 2
1
x
[ ( )]
f ( x )= 4 1+
1
4
2

1
x
f ( x )=4 2 1+( ) 4
2

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Mathematics (T)

1
x
f ( x )=2 1+ ( ) (shown)
4
2

1 1 1 1 1
(b)
[
1 x
f ( x )=2 1 + ( )+
2 4
( )(
2 2
2!
−1 )
( x
4 ) +
( )(
2 2
−1 )( −2)

3!
2
2
( x
4)
3

]
x x2 x3
[
f ( x )=2 1+ − +
8 128 1024
2 3
]
x x x
f ( x )=2+ − + (shown)
4 64 512
x
(c) The expansion is valid for
4 ||
< 1, i.e. −4< x <4 .

1 ( 1 )2 ( 1 ) 3
(d) √ 5 ≈ 2+ − +
4 64 512
1145
≈
512

3. For n> 0, the expansion of ( 1+kx )−n in ascending powers of x is given by 1+6 x +27 x2 + … where k
and n are integers. Show that k =−3and n=2

Solution:

(−n ) (−n−1 )
−n
(a) ( 1+kx ) =1−knx + ( kx )2 +…
2!

By comparing coefficient of x and x 2 , −kn=6

−6
k=
n

36
k 2=
n2

( n ) ( n+1 ) ( k 2 )
=27
2

n(n+1) 36
2 n2
=27
( )

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Mathematics (T)

18 ( n+1 )
=27
n

9 n=18

n=2 (shown)

Subst n=2...

k =−3 (shown)

d
4. By taking the natural logarithm to both sides or otherwise, show that ( 2 x −5 )4 ( x+ 4 )6 can be
dx
written in the form of A ( 2 x −5 ) p ( x + 4 )q + B ( 2 x−5 )r ( x+ 4 ) s, where A, B, p, q, r and s are constants
to be determined. [No credit will be given if the derivative is obtained using product and chain rule]

Solution:

Let y= (2 x−5 ) 4 ( x + 4 )6

Taking natural log to both sides, ln y=ln [ ( 2 x−5 )4 ( x+ 4 )6 ]

Using properties of logarithms, ln y=4 ln ( 2 x−5 ) +6 ln( x+ 4)

1 dy 1 1
Differentiating y with x,
y dx
=4 [
2 x−5 ] [
(2) + 6
x +4
( 1) ]
1 dy 8 6
= +
y dx 2 x−5 x + 4

dy 8 6
dx
=y [ +
2 x−5 x + 4 ]
dy 8 6
dx
=( 2 x−5 )4 ( x+ 4 )6 [ +
2 x −5 x +4 ]
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Mathematics (T)

dy
=8 ( 2 x−5 )3 ( x +4 )6 +6 ( 2 x−5 )4 ( x+ 4 )5
dx

Therefore, A=8, B=6, p=3, q=6, r=4, s=5.

3 x +5
5. Express f ( x )= in partial fractions. If x is so small that x 3 and higher powers of x
( x +1 )( x +2 ) ( x +3 )
5 37 227 2
are ignored, show that f ( x ) ≈ − x+ x . Hence, use the quadratic approximation to
6 36 216
0.1
estimate the value of ∫ f ( x ) dx , giving your answer to 4 decimal places.
0

Solution:

3 x+5 A B C
= + +
( x+1 ) ( x+ 2 )( x +3 ) x+1 x +2 x +3

3 x+ 5= A ( x +2 )( x +3 ) + B ( x+1 ) ( x+ 3 ) +C(x +1)( x+ 2)

Letting x=−2 ,−1=−B , B=1

Letting x=−3 ,−4=2 C , C=−2

Letting x=−1 , 2=2 A , A=1

1 1 2
∴ + −
x +1 x +2 x +3

If x is so small that x 3 and greater powers of x are ignored,

( 1+ x )−1+ ( 2+ x )−1−2 (3+ x )−1

−1 −1
x x
−1
( 1+ x ) + 2 [ ( )] [ ( )]
−1
1+
2
−2 3 −1
1+
3

2
(−1 )(−2 ) 2 1 x (−1 )(−2 ) x
[ 1+ (−1 )( x ) + ] [ ()
2!
( x ) + 1+ (−1 )
2 2
+
2! 2 ( ) ]−2 ¿
x x2 x x2
[ 1−x + x 2 ]+ 1
2 [
1− + −2
2 4
1
3
1− +
3 9 ] [( )]
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Mathematics (T)

2 2
( 1−x + x 2 ) + 1 − x + x −2 1 − x + x (3 )
2 4 8 9 27

1 x x2 2 2 x 2 x2
2
1−x + x + − + − + −
2 4 8 3 9 27

5 37 227 2
f (x) ≈ − x+ x (shown)
6 36 216

0.1 0.1

∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ ∫ 56 − 37
36
x+
227 2
216
x dx
0 0
Separate the constants first for
0.1 0.1 0.1 easier integration.
5 37 227 2
≈∫ dx−∫ x dx+ ∫ x dx
0 6 0 36 0 216

0.1 0.1 0.1

5 37 227
≈ x
6 [ ] 0
− ∫ x+
36 0
∫
216 0
x2

0.1 0.1 0.1

5 37 1 2 227 1 3
≈ [ ] [ ] [ ]
6
x
0
−
36 2
x
0
+
216 3
x
0

5 5 37 1 1 227 1 1
≈ [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( ) ] [
6
0.1 − 0 −
6 36 2
0.1 2− 0 2 +
2 216 3
( 0.1 )3− ( 0 )3
3 ]
5 37
≈ ( 0.1 ) − +0.0003503
6 7200

≈ 0.0785

1 1 1 1
x+ x 2 + x 3 +…Hence by using the information given,
−1
6. Show that ( 2−x ) = +
2 4 8 16
4
(a) Expand in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term x 2.
( 2−x ) √ 1+3 x
(b) State the set values of x for which the expansion is valid.
−1
(c) By taking x= , find an estimate for √ 2, giving your answer to 4 decimal places.
27

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Mathematics (T)

Solution:
−1
( 2−x )−1 =2−1 1− x
( )
2

(−1 ) (−2 ) −x 2 (−1 ) (−2 )(−3 ) −x 3

( 2−x )−1 = 1 (1+ (−1 ) −x + ( ) + ( ) ( )
+…)
2 2 2! 2 3! 2
2
( 2−x )−1 = 1 1+ x + x + 1 x 3
( )
2 2 4 8
1 1 1 1
( 2−x )−1 = + x+ x 2 + x 3 (shown)
2 4 8 16

4 1 1
(a) =( 4 ) ( )( )
( 2−x ) √ 1+3 x 2−x √1+3 x
−1
¿ 4 ( 2−x )−1 (1+3 x) 2
−1 −1
( 2 )( 2
−1 )
1 1
2 4
1
¿ 4 ( + x + x ) 1+ (
8
−1
2 )
2
(
(3 x )+
2!
( 3 x) 2
)
1 3 27
¿( 2+ x + x 2)(1− x+ x 2 )
2 2 8
You only need to expand
27 3 1
¿ 2−3 x + x 2+ x− x 2+ x 2 until x 2 as the question
4 2 2
23 specifies you to do so.
¿ 2−2 x + x 2
4

(b) The expansion is valid for

−x
2 | |
<1 ∩|3 x|<1.

1
∴|x|<2∩ |x|<
3
From the graph below,

−1 1
-2 2
3 3

1
Therefore the set values of x are {x :|x|< , x ∈ R }
3

−1
(c) Let x= ,
27

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Mathematics (T)

2
4 −1 23 −1
≈ 2−2 ( ) ( )
27
+
4 27
( ( )) √ ( )
2−
−1
27
1+3
−1
27
81 √ 2 6071
≈
55 2916
∴ √ 2 ≈ 1.4137

7. Consider the curve y=x 3 + 4 x 2+ x−6 .

(a) Find the equation of this tangent at the point where ¿ – 1 .
(b) Find the coordinates of the point where this tangent meets the curve again.

Solution:

(a) y=x 3 + 4 x 2+ x−6

dy
=3 x2 +8 x +1
dx
dy
At point x=−1, =3 (−1 )2+ 8 (−1 )+1
dx
dy
=−4
dx
When x=−1 , y= (−1 )3 + 4 (−1 )2 + (−1 )−6 , y =−4
Therefore the coordinates is (−1 ,−4 )
The equation of the tangent, y− (−4 )=(−4)(x +1)
∴ y=−4 x−8

(b) y=x 3 + 4 x 2+ x−6(1)

y=−4 x−8 ( 2 )
Subst. (2) to (1),
−4 x−8=x3 + 4 x 2+ x −6
x 3+ 4 x 2 +5 x+2=0
Factoring, ( x +1 )2 ( x +2 )=0
x=−1(rejected) or x=−2
When x=−2 , y=(−2 )3 + 4 (−2 )2 + (−2 )−6
y=0
Therefore the point is (−2,0).

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Mathematics (T)

8. The polynomial p ( x ) =( ax +b )3 leaves a remainder of −1 when divided by ( x +1) and a remainder

of −27 when divided by ( x−2). Find the real numbers a and b.

Solution:

p (−1 )=−1

(−a+ b )3=−1

−a+ b=−1

b=a−1 ( 1 )

p ( 2 )=27

( 2 a+b )3=27

2 a+b=3(2)

Subst ( 1 ) into ( 2 ), 2 a+a−1=3

4
3 a=4 , a=
3

4
Subst a= into (1)
3

4 1
b= −1, b= .
3 3

4 1
∴ a= ,b= .
3 3

a b
9. Two complex numbers are defined as z 1= and z 2= . Find the real numbers a and b such
1+i 1−2 i
that z 1+ z2 =3.

Solution:

a
z 1=
1+i

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Mathematics (T)

a 1−i
z 1= ( )
1+i 1−i

a−ai
z 1= If there is a complex number as the
2 denominator, always multiply by its
a a conjugate.
z 1= − i
2 2

b
z 2=
1−2 i

b 1+2i
z 2= (
1−2 i 1+2i )
b+2 bi
z 2=
5

b 2b
z 2= + i
5 5

Given z 1+ z2 =3,

a a b 2b
− i+ + i=3
2 2 5 5

( a2 + b5 )+(−a2 + 25b ) i=3

Comparing real and imaginary parts,

a b
+ =3(1)
2 5

−a 2 b
+ =0
2 5

a 2b
= ( 2)
2 5

Subst. (2) to (1),

2b b
+ =3
5 5

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Mathematics (T)

3b
=3 , b=5
5

Subst b=5into (2)

a 10
= , a=4
2 5

∴ a=4 , b=5.

10. A curve is defined parametrically as x=t 2+ sin 2t , y =t+ sint ,t ∈ R .

(a) Find the gradient of the curve where t=0.
(b) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where t=0.

Solution:

(a) x=t 2+ sin 2t

dx
=2t +2 cos 2 t
dt
y=t+sin t
dy
=1+cos t
dt
dy dy dt
dx
=( )( )
dt dx
¿ ( 1+cos t ) ¿
¿¿¿
dy
When t=0 , =¿ ¿
dx
dy
=1
dx

(b) When t=0 ,

x=( 0 )2+sin 2 ( 0 ) , x=0
When t=0
y=0+sin 0 , y=0
The point is (0,0)
The equation of the tangent is y−0=1 ( x−0 )
∴ y=x .

1 4
11. Find the set values of x for which ≥
x−√ x 15

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Mathematics (T)

Solution:

1 4
≥ 1 1
x−√ x 15 If a> b , then <
a b
15
x−√ x ≤
4

2 15
( √ x ) −√ x ≤
4

2 15
Let √ x=u , u −u ≤
4

4 u2−4 u−15 ≤ 0

( 2 u+3 ) ( 2u−5 ) ≤0

x is always positive, because of

squaring a number always produces a
−3 5 positive number. The minimum value
2 2 of x 2 is zero.
−3 5
Therefore, ≤u≤
2 2
1
−3 5 Since is undefined for
≤ √x ≤ x−√ x
2 2
x ≤ 1, hence this condition
25 must be enforced.
0≤ x≤
4

However, we need to enforce the condition that x >1.

25
Therefore, the solution set is {x :1< x ≤ , x∈R}
4

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Mathematics (T)

12. Let f to be a cubic polynomial. Given that f ( 0 )=2, f ' ( 0 ) =−3, f ( 1 ) =f ' (1) and f ' ' (−1 )=6 , find the
polynomial f (x).

Solution:

Let f ( x )=a x 3 +b x 2 +cx +d

3 2
f ( 0 )=2 , a ( 0 ) +b ( 0 ) +c ( 0 ) +d=2

d=2

f ' ( x )=3 a x 2+ 2bx +c

' 2
f ( 0 ) =−3 , 3 a ( 0 ) + 2b ( 0 )+ c=−3

c=−3

f ( x )=a x 3 +b x 2−3 x +2

f ' ( x )=3 a x 2+ 2bx−3

f ( 1 ) =f ' ( 1 ) , a+ b−3+ 2=3 a+2 b−3

2 a+b=2(1)

f ' ' ( x ) =6 ax +2 b

f ' ' (−1 )=6 ,−6 a+2 b=6

−3 a+ b=3( 2)

−1
( 2 )−( 1 ) :−5 a=1 , a=
5

−1
Subst. a= into (1),
5

−2 12
+ b=2 , b=
5 5

−1 3 12 2
∴ f ( x )= x + x −3 x +2
5 5

13. Show that p=2 is a root to the equation p3 + p2−5 p−2=0. Hence find the other two solutions in
exact form.

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Mathematics (T)

An arithmetic sequence has p as its common difference. A geometric sequence has p as its common
ratio. Both sequences has 1 as the first term.

(a) Write down the first four terms of each sequence.

(b) If the sum of the third and fourth terms of the arithmetic sequence is equal to the sum of the
third and fourth terms of the geometric sequence, find the possible values of p.
(c) Hence, state the value of p for which the geometric sequence has a sum to infinity, and find the
value, expressing your answer in the form of a+ b √ 5 , where a, b are constants.
(d) For the same value stated in (c), find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic sequence,
giving your answer in the form p+q √ 5 , where p and q are constants.

Solution:

p=2 is a root, therefore,

23 +22−5 ( 2 )−2=0 (shown)

( p−2) is a factor.

( p−2 ) ( p2 +kp +1 )=0

Comparing p2,

k −2=1 , k =3.

( p−2 ) ( p2 +3 p+1 )=0

p=2∨ p2 +3 p+ 1=0

−3 ± √ 3 2−4 (1)(1)
p=
2

−3+ √ 5 −3−√ 5
∴ p=2 , p= , p=
2 2

(a) Arithmetic sequence, 1 ,1+ p , 1+2 p , 1+3 p

Geometric sequence, 1 , p , p2 , p3
(b) ( 1+2 p )+ (1+3 p ) =p 2+ p 3
p3 + p2−5 p−2=0

( p−2 ) ( p2 +3 p+1 )=0

p=2∨ p2 +3 p+ 1=0

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Mathematics (T)

−3+ √ 5 −3−√ 5
∴ p=2 , p= , p=
2 2

−3+ √5
(c) For the geometric sequence to have a sum to infinity, | p|<1 . Therefore, p= .
2
1
S∞ =
−3+ √ 5
1−
2
1
¿
2−(−3+ √ 5)
2
2
¿
5−√ 5
2 5+ √ 5
¿ (
5−√ 5 5+ √ 5 )
2(5+ √ 5) 1 1
¿ , + √5
20 2 10
20 ( ) ( −3+ √ 5
(d) Sum of first 20 terms of the arithmetic sequence ¿
2[2 1 + 20−1 )
2 ]
[ (
¿ 10 2+19
−3+ √ 5
2 )]
19
[
¿ 10 2+
2
(−3+ √5 ) ]
¿ 20+95 (−3+ √5 )
¿−265+95 √ 5

14. A curve, C is defined implicitly as 2 xy+ 6 x2 −3 y 2=6.

2 20
(a) Show that the tangent at point A(1 , ) has gradient .
3 3
2
(b) The line x=1cuts the curve at point A(1 , ) and at point B. Determine the coordinates of point
3
B.

Find, in the form of r = (ba)+ s( dc)

(i) The equation of the tangent at A.
(ii) The equation of the normal at B.
(c) Hence, find the acute angle between tangent at A and the normal at B.

Solution:

(a) 2 xy+ 6 x2 −3 y 2=6

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Mathematics (T)

( dydx )+ y ( 2) +12 x−6 y ( dydx )=0

Differentiating y with x, 2 x

2 dy 4 dy
At ( 1 , ), 2 ( ) + +12−4 ( )=0
3 dx 3 dx
dy 4
2 = + 12
dx 3
dy 20
= (shown)
dx 3

()
(b) (i) The equation of the tangent is r = 2 + s
3
3
20 ( )
(ii) Subst. x=1 into 2 xy+ 6 x2 −3 y 2=6
2 y+ 6−3 y 2 =6
3 y 2−2 y=0 This point is rejected due to
y ( 3 y−2 )=0
2
y=0∨ y =
2
3
3 ( )
1 , is point A.

2
( )
( 1,0 )∨ 1 , ( rejected )
3
∴ B(1,0)
dy dy
( )
At B, 2 ( 1 )
dx
+2 ( 0 )+ 12 ( 1 )−6 ( 0 )( )
dx
=0

dy
=−6
dx

1
¿−
Gradient of the normal dy
dx

1
Gradient of the normal at point B ¿
6

The equation of the normal at B (10 )+ s( 61)

(c) Acute angle between two lines
cos−1
(61) ∙ (203 )
2 2 2 2
√ 6 +(−1 ) √3 +20
¿ cos−1 0.3089

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Mathematics (T)

¿ 72°

∴ The acute angle between two lines is 72 °

15. By using de Moivre’s theorem, prove that cos 4 θ=8 sin4 θ−8 sin2 θ+ 1. Hence,
1
(a) Show that one of the roots of the equation 8 x 4−8 x 2 +1=0 is sin π and express the other
8
roots in trigonometric form.
1 1 11
(b) Deduce that sin π= √ 2− √2 and find an exact expression for sin π .
8 2 8

Solution:

¿¿ ¿ ¿ may be written as ( c +is )4 for

simplicity.
( c +is )4 =cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ
4 3 2 2 3 4
1 ( c ) +4 ( c ) ( is ) +6 ( c ) ( is ) + 4 ( c )( is ) +1 ( is ) =cos 4 θ+ isin 4 θ

c 4 + 4 c 3 si−6 c 2 s2−4 c s 3 i+1 s 4 =cos 4 θ+isin 4 θ Use the binomial theorem.

Comparing real parts, cos 4 θ−6 cos2 θ sin 2 θ+ 4 sin 4 θ=cos 4 θ

cos 4 θ−6 cos2 θ ¿ ¿ ¿

cos 4 θ−6 cos2 θ +6 cos 4 θ+ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

cos 4 θ−6 cos2 θ +6 cos 4 θ+ 1−2 cos2 θ+cos 4 θ=cos 4 θ

∴ cos 4 θ=8 cos 4 θ−8 cos2 θ+1 (shown)

(a) Let x=sin θ and consider cos 4 θ=0 ,

8 x 4−8 x 2 +1=0
π 3π π 3π Value of θ must be within
Solving cos 4 θ=0, 4 θ= , ,− ,− −π <θ ≤ π
2 2 2 2
π 3π π 3π
θ= , ,− ,−
8 8 8 8
π 3π −π −3 π
∴ The solutions are x=sin , sin , sin , sin
8 8 8 8
π π π π
(b) Let θ= , cos 4
8 8 ()
=8 sin4
8
−8 sin2 ()8
+1 ()

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Mathematics (T)

0=8 sin 4 ( π8 )−8 sin ( π8 )+1

2

2
π 8 ± √ (−8 ) −4(8)(1)
sin 2
8 ()
=
2 (8)
8 ± 32
¿ √ The positive root is rejected because of the
16 requirement of the question.
8 ± 4 √2
¿
16
8−4 √ 2
¿
16 π π
π 8−4 √2 sin ()
is on the first quadrant, therefore sin is()
sin
8 ()
=
√
16
8
positive.
8

4( 2−√ 2)
¿
1
√ 16
¿
2
√ 2−√ 2 (shown)
Use the identity
11 π 12 π 1
sin ( )
8
=sin(
8
− π)
8 sin ( a−b ) =sin a cos b−cos a sin b
12 π π 12 π π
¿ sin cos −cos sin
8 8 8 8
3π π 3π π
¿ sin cos −cos sin
2 8 2 8
π
¿−cos
8
Use the identity
2 π π
Since sin ()
8 ()
+cos 2
8
=1
sin2 θ+cos 2 θ ≡1
π π
cos ( ) =1−sin ( )
2 2
8 8
2
π 1
cos ( ) =1−( √2−√ 2)
2
8 2
π 1
cos ( )=1− (2−√ 2)
2
8 4
π 1 2
cos ( )=1− + √
2
8 2 4
π 1 2
cos ( ) = + √
2
8 2 4
π 2+ 2
cos ( )= √
2
8 4

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Mathematics (T)

cos( π8 )= √2+2 √2
π − 2+ 2
−cos ( )= √ √
8 2
11 π −√ 2+ √ 2
∴ sin (
8 )
=
2
16. A curve is given as 3 x 2+ 4 y 2=7 . Find the gradient of tangent of the curve at the point where x=1
and y >0.

Solution:

3 x 2+ 4 y 2=7

When x=1

3 x 2+ 4=7

x 2=1

x=1

∴ The point is (1,1)

dy
6 x +8 y ( )
dx
=0

At (1,1), 6+ 8 ( dydx )=0

dy −6
=
dx 8

dy −3
=
dx 4

1
17. Let f ( x )=
√ x2
−2. Find the set values of x for which f is real and finite.

Solution:

Let f ( x ) >0

f (x) is only defined for x >0

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Mathematics (T)

1
√ x2
−2>0

1
−2>0
x2

1−2 x2
>0
x2

1−2 x 2> 0

2 x2 −1< 0

1
x 2− <0
2

( x +√ 12 )( x−√ 12 )< 0
x 2> 0 , x >0

- + - +

1 1
−
√ 2
0
√ 2

2 2
∴ The set values of x is {x :− √ < x < √ , x ≠ 0 , x ∈ R }
2 2

18. Find, in the form of y=mx+c ,the equation of the tangent to the curve y=x 2 ln x at the point with
x-coordinate e .

Solution:

y=x 2 ln x

When x=e ,

y=e2 ln e

y=e2 Use the product rule

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Mathematics (T)

The coordinates is ( e , e2 )

dy 1
dx
=x 2
x()
+¿
d
ln x=
1
dx x
dy
=x+ 2 x ln x
dx

dy
At the x-coordinate e , =e+ 2 e ln e
dx
Use the formula y− y1 =m ( x−x 1 )
dy
=3 e
dx

Equation of tangent, y−e2=3 e(x−e)

y=3 ex−2 e2

19. The equation of a curve is x 2 y −x y 2=2.

dy y 2 −2 xy
(a) Show that =
dx x 2−2 xy
dy
(b) Show also, if =0 ,then y=2 x
dx
(c) Hence, find the coordinates of the point on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.

Solution:

(a) x 2 y −x y 2=2

x2 ( ddxy )+ y ( 2 x) −x( 2 y dydx )− y (1)=0

2

dy dy Using a combination of implicit

x ( )−2 xy ( )= y −2 xy
2 2
dx dx differentiation and product rule

( dydx ) ( x −2 xy )= y −2 xy
2 2

dy y 2 −2 xy
= (shown)
dx x 2−2 xy
dy y 2−2 xy
(b) When =0 , =0
dx x 2−2 xy dy
y 2−2 xy=0 Since is undefined for y=0 ,
dx
y ( y−2 x )=0 therefore the solution y=0 is
rejected.
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Mathematics (T)

y=0∨ y =2 x
Since y ≠ 0 ,∴ y=2 x (shown)
(c) Subst. y=2 x into x 2 y −x y 2=2
x 2 ( 2 x )−x ( 2 x )2=2
2 x3 −4 x 3=2
−2 x3 =2
x 3=−1
x=−1
Subst. x=−1 into y=2 x ,
y=−2
∴ The coordinates is (−1 ,−2 )

20. The expansion ( 2− px )6 in ascending powers of x, as far as the term in x 2 is 64+ Ax +135 x2. Given
p>0 , find the value of p and the value of A.

Solution:
6
( 2− px )6=26 1− p x
( ) p 6
2 (
Do not write it as 2 1−
2 )
x !

¿ 64 ¿

15 2 2
(
¿ 64 1−3 px+
4
p x ) ( 1+ x )n=1+
nx n ( n−1 ) x 2
+ +…
1! 2!
¿ 64−192 px +240 p 2 x 2

Comparing the coefficient of x and x 2,

135=240 p2

9
p2=
16

3
p=
4

−192 p= A

A=−192 ( 34 )
A=−144

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Mathematics (T)

3
∴ A=−144 , p=
4

3 tan θ−tan 3 θ
21. Write down an identity for tan2 θ and use this result to show that tan3 θ= .
1−3 tan 2 θ
π −1 1 13
(a) It is given that 0<θ< and θ=sin . Without using a calculator, show that tan3 θ= .
2 √10 9
(b) Hence, show that the solutions to the equation tan¿ ¿ for 0< x <2 π are

x= √
10
or ¿
√10(1+ 3 √ 3) .
10 20

Solution:

tan ( 3 θ ) =tan ( 2θ+θ)

tan 2θ+ tan θ

¿
1−tan2 θ tan θ

2 tan θ
+tan θ
1−tan2 θ
¿
2 tanθ
1−
(
1−tan2 θ
¿¿
)
2 tan θ
¿ +tan θ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
1−tan 2 θ

2 tanθ tanθ−tan 3 θ
+
1−tan 2 θ 1−tan 2 θ
¿
1−tan 2 θ−2 tan 2 θ
1−tan 2 θ

3 tanθ−tan 3 θ
1−tan 2 θ
¿
1−3 tan 2 θ
2
1−tan θ

3 tan θ−tan 3 θ
¿ (shown)
1−3 tan 2 θ

−1 1
(a) θ=sin
√10
You may draw a triangle and use
Pythagoras’ Theorem to find the value
of tanθ
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Mathematics (T)

1
sin θ=¿ ¿
√ 10
csc θ=√10
1+cot 2 θ=csc 2 θ
1+cot 2 θ=10
cot2 θ=9
cot θ=3
1
tanθ=
3
3 tanθ−tan 3 θ
From tan3 θ= ,
1−3 tan 2 θ
1 1 3
tan3 θ=
3()()
3
−
3
1 2
()
1−3
3
13
tan3 θ= (shown)
9
1
(b) Let x=
√10
∴ θ=sin−1 x
3 sin −1 x=3 θ
3 tanθ−tan 3 θ
Subst. 3 sin−1 x=3 θ into tan3 θ=
1−3 tan 2 θ
tan¿ ¿
13
It is given that tan3 θ=
9
3
3 tanθ−tan θ 13
∴ =
1−3 tan 2 θ 9
27 tanθ−9 tan 3 θ=13−39 tan 2 θ
9 tan 3 θ−39 tan 2 θ−27 tan θ+13=0
Let t=tan θ
9 t 3−39 t 2 −27 t+13=0
From part (b), it is known that tanθ=1/3
∴ t=1/3
3 t−1=0
(3 t−1) is a factor of the cubic equation.
( 3 t−1 ) ( 3t 2 +kt −13 ) =0
Comparing x 2, 3 k −3=−39
k =−12

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Mathematics (T)

( 3 t−1 ) ( 3t 2−12 t −13 ) =0

1
t= ∨3 t 2−12t−13=0
3
2
12± √ (−12 ) −4 (3 ) (−13)
t=
2(3)
12± 10 √ 3
t=
6
5 5
t=2+ √ 3 or t=2− √3
3 3

4
1 1 1 1 2
( )( )
22. Expand z +
z z ( )( )
z− . Hence or otherwise, expand z +
z
z−
z
.

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Mathematics (T)

n 1
(a) By using de Moivre’s theorem, if z=cos θ +isin θ , show that z + =2 cos nθ and find a similar
zn
1 n
expression for z − .
zn
(b) Hence, express cos 4 θ sin2 θ in the form of A cos 6 θ+ B cos 4 θ+C cos 2θ+ D , where
A , B , C , D are constants to be determined.
4 2
(c) By using the result in (b), find ∫ cos θ sin θ dθ

Solution:

( z + 1z )( z− 1z )=z − z1 2
2

4
1 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2

( )( ) ( )( )( )
z+
z
z−
z
= z+
z
z−
z
z+
z
2 2
1 1 1
[( )( )] ( )
¿ z+
z
z−
z
z+
z

2 2
1 1
( 2
¿ z− 2
z )( ) z+
z

1 1
(
¿ z 4−2+
z 4 )(
z 2 +2+ 2
z )
2 1 2 1
(
¿ z6 +2 z 4 + z 2−2 z 2−4− + + +
z 2 z2 z 4 z6 )
1 2 1
(
¿ z6 +
z 6
+2 z 4 + 4 −z 2− 2 −4
z z )
(a) z=cos θ +isin θ Using de Moivre’s Theorem
n
z =cos nθ+isin nθ (1)
−n
z =cos (−nθ ) +i sin (−nθ )
1
=cos nθ−i sin nθ (2)
zn
n 1
(1)+(2): z + n =2 cos nθ (shown)
z
n 1 cos (−θ)=cos θ
(1)-(2): z − n =2i sin nθ (shown)
z

(b) cos 4 θ sin2 θ

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Mathematics (T)

¿
¿
1 1 2 1
4 2
−64 cos θ sin θ= z +
[( ) ( ) ( ) ]
6

z6
4
+ 2 z + 4 − z + 2 −4
z z
−64 cos 4 θ sin2 θ=¿ ¿ ¿
−1
cos 4 θ sin2 θ= ¿¿¿
64
−1 1 1 1
cos 4 θ sin2 θ= cos 6 θ− cos 4 θ+ cos 2 θ+
32 16 32 16
−1 −1 1 1
∴ A= , B= , C= , D=
32 16 32 16

1 1 1 1
(c) ∫ cos4 θ sin2 θ dθ= ∫ − 32 cos 6θ− 16 cos 4 θ+ 32 cos 2θ+ 16
1 1 1 1
¿− ∫ cos 6 θ− ∫ cos 4 θ+ ∫ cos 2θ+∫
32 16 32 16
1
¿− ¿
32
1 1 1 1
¿− sin6 θ− sin 4 θ+ sin 2θ+ θ+c
192 64 64 16

1
∫ cos aθ= a sin aθ+ c

1
23. f ( x ) is defined as f ( x )= sin 2 x+ cos x
2
(a) Find f ' (x)
(b) Hence, find the possible values of sin x for which f ' ( x )=0

Solution:
d
sin 2 x =2cos 2 x
' 1 dx
(a) f ( x )= ¿
2
'
f ( x )=cos 2 x−sin x
(b) f ' ( x )=0 d
cos x=−sin x
cos 2 x−sin x=0 dx

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Mathematics (T)

1−2 sin 2 x−sin x=0

2 sin2 x +sin x−1=0
¿ You do not need to solve for x as the
1 question requires the values of sin x
sin x=−1 or sin x=
2 only.

24. A curve is defined parametrically as x=t +ln t and y=t+e t , t >0.

dx dy t ( 1+e t )
(a) Find and in terms of t. Show that dy = and hence deduce that the curve has no
dt dt dx t+ 1
turning points.
(b) Find, in exact form, the equation of the normal of the curve at the point where t=1.

Solution:

(a) x=t +ln t

dx 1
=1+
dt t
dx t +1
=
dt t
dy
=1+e t
dt
dy dy dt
= ( )
dx dt dx
t
¿ ( 1+e ) (
t +1 )
t

t ( 1+e t )
¿ (shown)
t +1
dy
To find the turning point =0
dx
t ( 1+e t )
=0
t +1
t ( 1+ et )=0
t=0 or e t =−1
∵ t>0 , ∴ The curve has no turning points.
(b) When t=1,
dy 1 ( 1+e )
=
dx 1+1
dy 1+ e
=
dx 2

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Mathematics (T)

1
¿−
Gradient of normal dy
dx
1
¿−
1+e
2
2
¿−
1+ e

When t=1 ,
x=1+ ln 1 y=1+ e1
x=1 y=1+ e
−2
Equation of the normal y− (1+ e ) = ( x−1 )
1+e
−2 2
y= x+ + 1+ e
1+e 1+ e

25. A curve C is defined as y=x sin x , x >0 .

dy
(a) Find in terms of x
dx
π
(b) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the curve C at the point where x=
2

Solution:

(a) y=x sin x

ln y=sin x ln x
1 dy 1
y dx
=sin x
x ()
+ln x ¿¿ ¿

dy
=y¿
dx
dy
=x sin x ¿
dx

π
π π sin
(b) When x= , y=
2 ()
2
2

y= ( π2 )
π π
When x= , y=
2 2

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Mathematics (T)

dy π
dx
=()
2
¿

dy π 2
=( )( )
dx 2 π
dy
=1
dx

Equation of tangent, y− ( π2 )=1( x− π2 )

∴ y=x

Newton-Raphson method
The Newton-Raphson method is used when an equation f ( x )=0 cannot be solved using simple
algebraic methods. The formula for Newton-Raphson method is given by

f ( xn )
x n+1=x n −
f ' ( xn )

Consider the graph of the function y=f ( x ) for the interval [ a , b ]

y=f ( x )
f ( x ) >0

a b
f ( x ) <0

From the graph, it is known that f ( x ) <0 for x=a and f ( x ) >0 for x=b . There is a change in sign of
f (x) for the equation. Hence, a root exists in the interval [a , b] for the equation f ( x )=0. Refer to
question 26 for an example.

26. Show that the equation x ln x −1=0 has a root between the interval [ 1,2 ]. Hence, by using
Newton-Raphson method with x 0=1.5 as the first approximation, find the root of the equation,
giving your answer to 5 decimal places.

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Mathematics (T)

Solution:

Let f ( x )=x ln x−1

f ( 1 ) =(1)¿

f ( 1 ) =−1

f ( 2 ) =2 ln 2−1

f ( 2 ) =0.38629

Since there is a change in sign, therefore a root exists between 1 and 2.

f ( xn )
Formula for Newton-Raphson method: x n+1=x n − , x 0=1.5
f ' ( xn )

f ' ( x )=x ( 1x )+ ln x
f ' ( x )=1+ln x
The full working is not required when
x 0=1.5 finding the root

x 1=1.77877

x 2=1.76327
Stop when the value starts to
x 3=1.76322 converge

x 4 =1.76322

Therefore, the root of the equation is x=1.76322

20t 3
27. A function is defined parametrically as x=5 t 2 , y=t 5 + .
3
dy
(a) Find in terms of t .
dx
dy
(b) It is given that =1. Show that t 3+ 4 t−2=0
dx
(c) Show that the equation t 3+ 4 t−2=0 has a root between 0 and 1.
(d) Hence, by using Newton-Raphson method with x 0=0 as the first approximation, find the root of
the equation t 3+ 4 t−2=0, giving your answer correct to 5 decimal places.

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Mathematics (T)

Solution:

(a) x=5 t 2
dx
=10t
dt
3
5 20t
y=t +
3
dy
=5 t 4 + 20 t 2
dt
dy dy dt
dx( )( )
=
dt dx
1
¿ 5 t +20 t (
10 t )
4 2

1
¿ 5 t (t + 4 )(
10 t )
2 2

1
¿ t ( t 2+ 4 )
2
dy
(b) =1
dx
1 3
t +2 t=1
2
t 3+ 4 t−2=0 (shown)
(c) Let f ( t )=t 3 +4 t−2
f ( 0 )=−2
f ( 1 ) =3
Since there is a change in sign, therefore there is a root between 0 and 1.

f ( xn )
(d) x n+1=x n − , x 0=0
f ' ( xn )
f ' ( x )=3 t 2+ 4
x 0=0
9
x 1=
19
2168
x 2=
4579
x 3=0.47347
x 4 =0.47347
∴ The root of the equation is x=0.47347

28. The parametric equations of curve C are x=t 2 , y=2t

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Mathematics (T)

(a) Show that the normal to C at the point with parameter p has equation
x + py =p 3 +2 p.
(b) The normal to C at the point P intersects the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. Given that O is the
origin and OA=2OB , find the value of p.

Solution:

(a) x=2 t , y=t 2

x=2 p , y =p 2
dx dy
=2 , =2 p
dp dp
dy dy dp
=
dx dp dx ( )
¿2 p ( 12 )
¿p
1 −1
¿− =
Gradient of the normal dy p
dx
1
¿−
p
At the point x=2 p , y =p 2 ,
2 −1
Equation of normal is y− p = ( x−2 p )
p
−1
y− p 2= x+2
p
1
y+ x= p2 +2
p
py+ x=p 3 +2 p (shown)

(b) The x-intercept is given by point A.

x-intercept, y=0.
x= p3 +2 p
A ( p3 +2 p , 0 )
The y-intercept is given by point B.
y-intercept, x=0
py= p3 +2 p
y= p 2+2
B ( 0 , ( p2 + 2 ) )

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Mathematics (T)

2
Distance of OA ¿ √ [ ( p +2 p )−( 0 ) ] + [0−0 ]
3 2

¿ ( p3 +2 p )
2
Distance of OB ¿ √ [ 0−0 ] +¿ ¿ ¿
¿ p2 +2
Since OA=2OB ,
∴ p 3+ 2 p=2 [ p2 +2 ]
p3 +2 p=2 p 2+ 4
p3−2 p2 +2 p−4=0
Using a calculator, we know that p=2is a root of the equation. Therefore p−2 is a factor.
( p−2 ) ( p2 +kp +2 )=0
Comparing p2 , k −2=−2
k =0
( p−2 ) ( p2 +2 ) =0
∴ p=2.

29. The function f defined on the domain 0 , ( π2 ) is given by

f ( x )=x cos x
(a) Find f ' ( x ) in terms of x.
The x-coordinate of the maximum point is denoted by α .
(b) Show that α ln α tan α =1
(c) Verify the root lies between 1.27 and 1.28.

Solution:

(a) f ( x )=x cos x

ln [ f ( x ) ] =cos x ln x
1
[ f ' ( x ) ]=cos x 1x +ln x ¿ ¿ ¿
()
f (x)
cos x
f ' ( x ) =[ f ( x ) ][ x
−ln x sin x ]
cos x
f ' ( x )=x cos x [ x
−ln x sin x ]
(b) To find the maximum point, f ' ( x )=0 when x=α .
When x=α ,
cos α
α cos α [ α ]
−ln α sin α =0

α cos α =0 (undefined)

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Mathematics (T)

cos α
−ln α sin α =0
α
cos α
=ln α sin α
α
a ln α sin α =cos α
a ln α tan α =1 (shown)
(c) Let f ( α )=α ln α tan α −1
f ( 1.27 )=( 1.27 ) ln ( 1.27 ) tan ( 1.27 ¿−1 ¿
¿−0.0215
f ( 1.28 )=( 1.28 ) ln ( 1.28 ) tan (1.28 )−1 α must be in radians.
¿ 0.0558
Since there is a change of sign of f ( α ) , therefore a root exists between 1.27 and 1.28.

3 3
30. Show that p
+ simplifies to a constant, and find the constant.
1+ x 1+ x −p

Solution:

3 3 3 ( 1+ x− p ) +3 ( 1+ x p )
+ =
1+ x p 1+ x −p ( 1+ x p ) ( 1+ x− p )

3+3 x− p+ 3+3 x p
¿
1+ x− p+ x p +1

6+3 x p+3 x− p
¿
2+ x p + x− p

3 ( 2+ x p + x− p )
¿
2+ x p + x −p

¿ 3 (shown)

31. Show that p3 +q 3−( p+q )3=−3 pq ( p+ q ) . Hence or otherwise, find, in terms of a and b, the three
values of x for which ( a−x )3+ ( b−x )3−( a+b−2 x )3=0

Solution:

LHS: p3 +q 3−[ p3 +3 p2 q+3 p q2 +q 3 ]

¿−3 p 2 q−3 p q2

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Mathematics (T)

¿−3 pq ( p+ q ) (RHS) (shown)

Given that p3 +q 3−( p+q )3=−3 pq ( p+ q ) ,

Replacing p with ( a−x ) and q with ( b−x )...,

( a−x )3+ ( b−x )3−( a−x +b−x )3=−3 ( a−x )( b−x )( a−x +b−x )

( a−x )3+ ( b−x )3−( a+b−2 x )3=−3 ( a−x ) ( b−x ) (a+ b−2 x )
3 3 3
∴ ( a−x ) + ( b−x ) =−3 ( a−x )( b−x )( a+ b−2 x ) + ( a+b−2 x )

Hence, −3 ( a−x )( b−x )( a+ b−2 x ) + ( a+b−2 x )3−( a+b−2 x )3=0

−3 ( a−x )( b−x )( a+ b−2 x )=0

a−x=0 , x=a

b−x=0 , x=b

a+b
a+ b−2 x=0 , x=
2

a+b
∴ x=a , x=b , x=
2

32. Solve the following system of linear equations without using a calculator.
3 x+ y+ z=0
x− y + z=2
2 x−3 y−z=9

Solution: Express the system of linear

3 1 1 0
( 1 −1 1 2
2 −3 −1 9 |) equations in the form of an
augmented matrix

3 1 1 0
(
R1−3 R2 → R 2= 0 4 −2 −6
2 −3 −1 9 |)
Using elementary row
operations

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Mathematics (T)

3 1 1 0
2 R1−3 R3 → R3 ¿ 0 −4 2 −6
0 11 5 −27( | )
3 1 1 0
11 R2 +4 R 3 → R3= 0 −4 2 6
0 0 −42 42 ( |)
−42 z=42 , z=−1
−4 y +2 z=6
−4 y−2=6
−4 y=8 , y=−2
3 x+ y+ z=0
3 x−2−1=0
x=1
∴ x=1 , y=−2 , z=−1

33. f ( x )=2 x +1 , x ∈ R. Show that a real number, k exists such that for all values of x,
f ( x + f ( x ) ) =kf ( x )

Solution:

f ( x )=2 x +1

x +f ( x )=3 x +1

f ( x + f ( x ) ) =f (3 x +1)

¿ 2 ( 3 x +1 ) +1

¿ 6 x+ 3

¿ 3 ( 2 x +1 )

¿3f (x)

∴ k=3

34. Solve the equation sin 5 x−cos 5 x=cos x−sin x for 0 ≤ x ≤ π , giving your answer in terms of π .

Solution:

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Mathematics (T)

sin 5 x−cos 5 x=cos x−sin x

sin 5 x+ sin x =cos 5 x+ cos x

2 sin ( 5 x+2 x ) cos ( 5 x−x

2 ) =2cos (
5 x+ x
2 ) cos (
5 x−x
2 )

2 sin 3 x cos 2 x=2 cos 3 x cos 2 x

sin 3 x cos 2 x−cos 3 x cos 2 x=0

cos 2 x ¿ ¿

cos 2 x=0 sin 3 x−cos 3 x=¿ 0 ¿

π 3π
2 x= , sin 3 x=cos 3 x
2 2

π 3π
x= , tan3 x=1
4 4

π 5π
3 x= ,
4 4

π 5π
x= ,
12 12

p 1
35. In the binomial expansion of ( 1−4 x ) ,|x|< , the coefficient of x 2 is equal to the coefficient of x 4 ,
4
and the coefficient of x 3 is positive. Find the value of p.

Solution:

( p ) ( p−1 ) p ( p−1 ) ( p−2 ) p ( p−1 ) ( p−2 ) ( p−3 )

( 1−4 x ) p=[1+ ( p ) (−4 x ) + (−4 x )2 + (−4 x )3 + (−4 x )4 +… ]
2! 3! 4!

Since the coefficient of x 2 is equal to the coefficient of x 4 ,

p ( p−1 ) p ( p−1 ) ( p−2 ) ( p−3 )

( 16 )= ( 256 )
2 24

32
8 p ( p−1 )= p ( p−1 ) ( p−2 ) ( p−3 )
3

32
8 p ( p−1 )− p ( p−1 ) ( p−2 ) ( p−3 ) =0
3

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Mathematics (T)

32
p ( p−1 ) [ 8− ( p−2 )( p−3 ) ]=0
3

32 2
[
p ( p−1 ) 8−
3 ]
( p −5 p+ 6 ) =0

32 2 160
)[
p ( p−1 8− p+ p−64 =0 ]
3 3

p ( p−1 )=0

p=0∨ p=1 (rejected)

32 2 160
8− p+ p−64=0
3 3

−32 2 160
p+ p−56=0
3 3

−32 p 2+160 p−168=0

4 p 2−20 p+21=0

( 2 p−7 ) ( 2 p−3 ) =0

7 3
p= ∨ p=
2 2

p ( p−1 )( p−2 )
Since the coefficient of x 3is given by (−64 )
6

7
When p= ,
2

7 7 7
(
3 )(
Coefficient of x is 2 2
−1 )( −2 )
2
(−64 )=−140
(rejected)
6

3
When p= ,
2

3 3 3
Coefficient of 3
x=
( 2 )( 2
−1 )( −2 )
2
(−64 )
6

¿4

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Mathematics (T)

3
∴ p=
2

36. The curve C has parametric equations

x=15 t −t 3 , y=3−2 t 2
Find the values of t at the points where the normal at C at t=1 cuts C again.

Solution:

x=15 t−t 3

dx
=15−3 t 2
dt

y=3−2 t 2

dy
=−4 t
dt

dy dy dt
=
dx dt dx ( )
1
¿−4 t
( 15−3 t 2 )
dy −4 t
=
dx 15−3 t 2

1
¿−
Normal dy
dx

15−3 t 2
¿
4t

When t=1

15−3
Gradient of normal¿
4

¿3

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Mathematics (T)

When t=1 ,

x=15 ( 1 )−( 1 )3

¿ 14

y=3−2 ( 1 )2

y=1

The point is (14,1).

The equation of normal y−1=3 ( x−14 )

y−1=3 x−42

y=3 x−41

Since the equation of the normal cuts the curve again,

3−2t 2=3 ( 15 t−t 3 )−41

Substitute the parametric
3−2t 2=45t−3 t 3−41 equations into y=3 x−41

3 t 3 −2 t 2−45 t+ 44=0

Since it is known that t=1 lies on the curve, t−1 is a factor.

Factoring gives ( t−1 ) ( t+ 4 ) ( 3 t −11 )=0

11
t=−4∨t=
3

37. Find the coordinates of the turning points of the curve x 3+ y 3−3 xy=48and determine their
nature.

Solution:

x 3+ y 3−3 xy=48

Differentiating y with x,

3 x 2+3 y 2 ( dydx )−3 x( dydx )+ y (−3 )=0

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Mathematics (T)

( 3 y 2−3 x ) dy =3 y−3 x2
( dx )
dy 3 y −3 x 2
=
dx 3 y 2−3 x

dy
To find the turning point, =0
dx

3 y−3 x2
=0
3 y 2−3 x

3 y−3 x 2=0

y=x 2

When y=x 2

3
x 3+ ( x 2) −3 x ( x 2 )=48

x 6−2 x 3−48=0

( x 3−8 )( x 3 +6 )=0

x 3=8 , x=2

x 3=−6 , x=− √3 6

When x=2 , y=4

2
When x=− 3 6 , y=6 3
√

3 x 2+3 y 2 ( dydx )−3 x( dydx )+ y (−3 )=0

Differentiating y with x,

d2 y dy dy d2 y dy dy
6 x +3 y 2 ( ) ( )(
dx 2
+
dx
6 y
dx
−3 x ) ( )( )
dx 2
+
dx
(−3 )−3 =0
dx

dy
Since =0
dx

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Mathematics (T)

d2 y d2 y
6 x +3 y 2 ( ) ( )
d x2
−3 x
d x2
=0

d2 y d2 y
6 x=−3 y
d x2
2
+3x( ) ( )
d x2

d2 y 6x
=
d x −3 y 2+ 3 x
2

d2 y 6(x)
2
=
d x 3 (− y 2 + x )

d2 y 2x
2
=
dx x− y 2

When x=2 , y=4

d2 y 2 ( 2)
=
d x 2 2−16

1
¿− <0 (maximum)
3
2
When x=− √
3
6 , y=6 3
3
d 2 y 2 (− √6 )
=
d x2 4
3
−√ 6−6 3

¿ 0.2857> 0 (min)
2
( )
∴ ( 2,4 ) is a maximum point, −√3 6 ,6 3 is a minimum point.

1
38. Find ∫ dx by using the substitutionu=√ x .
1+ √ x

Solution:

Let u=√ x

du 1
=
dx 2 √ x

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Mathematics (T)

dx=2 √ x du

dx=2u du

1
∫ 1+u ( 2 u ) du
u
¿ 2∫ du
1+u

u+1−1
¿ 2∫ du
u+1

1
¿ 2∫ 1− du
u+ 1

¿ 2 u−ln|u +1|+c

¿ 2 √ x−ln |√ x +1|+ c

Maclaurin’s Theorem
Certain functions, for example sin x , ln x and e x

can be expressed in the form of a polynomial. The Maclaurin’s Theorem (or sometimes referred as
Taylor series) is given by

f ' (0) f ' '(0) 2 f ' ' '(0) 3 f IV (0) 4

f ( x ) ≈ f (0)+ x+ x + x + x +…
1! 2! 3! 4!

The approximation becomes more accurate when more terms are included in the expansion.

The Maclaurin’s series is used for:

 Finding approximate values for an integral

 Evaluating limits
 Approximating the value of a function

Refer to question 39 and 40 for an example.

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Mathematics (T)

39. If x is so small that x 4 and higher powers of x may be ignored, expand e x as a polynomial in x .

Solution:

Using Maclaurin’s Theorem,

f ' ( 0) f ' ' (0 ) 2 f '' ' (0) 3

f ( x ) ≈ f (0)+ x+ x+ x
1! 2! 3!

Let f ( x )=e x

f ( 0 )=1

f ' ( x )=e x

f ' ( 0 ) =1

f ' ' ( x ) =e x

f ' ' ( 0 )=1

f ' ' ' ( x )=e x

f ' ' ' ( 0 )=1

1 1
∴ f ( x ) ≈ 1+ x + x2 + x 3
2 6

40. Given that f ( x )=ln ¿¿ show that f IV ( x )=2 f ' ' (x) ¿Expand ln ¿ ¿up to and include the term x 4 .
Hence, find an approximation for ln ¿ ¿ giving your answer to 4 decimal places.

Solution:

Let f ( x )=ln ¿¿

f ( 0 )=ln ¿ ¿

f ( 0 )=0

1
f ' ( x )= ¿
cos x

f ' ( 0 ) =0

f ' ' ( x ) =−sec 2 x

f ' ' ( 0 )=−1

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Mathematics (T)

f ' ' ' ( x )=−2¿

f ' ' ' ( x )=−2 sec 2 x tan x

f ' ' ' ( x )=2 f ' ' ( x ) ¿

f ' ' ' ( 0 )=0

Differentiating f (x) with respect to x,

f IV ( x )=2 f ' ' ( x ) ¿

f IV ( 0 )=2 f ' ' ( 0 ) ( sec 2 0 ) +tan 0 ( 2 f '' ' ( 0 ) )

¿ 2(−1)(1)

¿−2

Using Maclaurin’s Theorem,

f ' (0) f ' ' (0) 2 f '' ' (0) 3 f IV (0) 4

f ( x ) ≈ f (0)+ x+ x+ x+ x
1! 2! 3! 4!

0 ( x ) −1 2 0 ( x 3 ) −2 4
f ( x ) ≈ 0+ + x+ + x
1 2 6 24

1 1
f ( x ) ≈− x 2− x 4
2 12

1 1
∴ ln cos x ≈− x 2− x 4
2 12

π
When x= ,
10

1 π 2 1 π 4
π
ln cos ( )10
≈−
2 10
−
12 10 ( ) ( )
≈−0.0502

2
4 x2 +6
41. Show that ∫ 3
dx=ln k , where k is an integer to be found.
1 x +3 x

Solution:

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Mathematics (T)

4 x2 +6 A Bx+ C
Let 2
≡ + 2
x(x +3) x x +3

4 x2 +6 ≡ A ( x2 +3 ) +( x) ( Bx+C )

Let x=0 , 6=3 A

A=2

Compare x 2 , 4= A +B

4=2+ B

B=2

Compare x ,C=0
2 2
4 x2 +6
∫ x 3 +3 x dx ≡∫ 2x + x22+3
( x
dx
)
1 1

2 2
1 2x
¿ 2∫ dx +∫ 2
1 x 1 x +3
dx
( )
¿2¿¿

¿2¿

¿ 2 ln 2+ ln 7−2 ln 2

¿ ln 7

∴ k=7

42. By using a suitable substitution or otherwise, find ∫

sin x+ cos x .
¿
¿¿¿
Solution:
Let u=cos x−sin x
du
=−sin x−cos x
dx
du
dx=
−¿ ¿

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Mathematics (T)

sin x +cos x
¿∫ ¿
¿¿¿
−1
¿∫ du
u2

¿−∫ ( u−2 ) du

u−1
¿− [ ]
−1
+c

1
¿ +c
u

1
¿ +c
cos x−sin x

43. Show that ¿.

Hence, evaluate
π
12

∫ ¿¿
0

Solution:
LHS, ¿
¿¿
¿¿¿
¿¿
¿¿
¿ sin 4 θ+sin 2θ (RHS) (shown)

π
12

∫ ¿¿
0
π
12

¿∫ ¿ ¿
0

π
−1 1
¿ [ 8
cos 8 x− cos 4 x
4 ]
0
12

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Mathematics (T)

−1 2π 1 π −1 1
¿ [ 8
cos − cos −
3 4 3 ][
8
cos 0− cos 0
4 ]
−1 −1 1 1 −1 1
¿
[ ( ) ( )] [
8 2
−
4 2
− −
8 4 ]
5
¿
16

π
44. By using the substitution x=4 tan 2 θ+ 4, for 0<θ< , show that
2
16 β

∫ √ x−4 dx=k ∫ tan2 θ dθ

x
16 α
3
where k , α , β are constants to be determined. Hence evaluate
16

∫ √ x−4
x
dx
16
3
Solution:
16
When x= ,
3
16
=4 tan 2 θ+4
3
4
4 tan 2 θ=
3
1
tan 2 θ=
3
1
tanθ=
√3
π
θ=
6
When x=16 ,
16=4 tan2 θ+4
tan 2 θ=3
tanθ=√ 3
π
θ=
3

x=4 tan 2 θ+ 4
dx
=4(2)¿
dθ

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Mathematics (T)

dx
=8 tan θ sec 2 θ
dθ
dx=8 tan θ sec 2 θ dθ
π
3
4 tan 2 θ+ 4−4 (
¿∫ √ 2
8 tanθ sec 2 θ )
π 4 tan θ+ 4
6
π
3
2 tanθ
¿∫ ¿
π 4¿¿
6
π
3
2 tan θ
¿∫ ¿¿
π 4 sec 2 θ
6
π
3

¿ ∫ 4 tan 2 θ dθ
π
6
π
3

¿ 4 ∫ tan 2 θ dθ
π
6
π π
∴ k=4 , α = , β=
6 6

π π
3 3

4 ∫ tan 2 θ dθ=4 ∫ ¿ ¿
π π
6 6
¿4 ¿¿
π π π π
{[
¿ 4 tan − − tan −
3 3 6 6 ][ ]}
π √3 π
¿4 [√
3− − +
3 3 6 ]
8 3−2 π
¿ √
3

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Mathematics (T)

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