Applied Mathematics and Computation 395 (2021) 125878

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Applied Mathematics and Computation

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/amc

Application of Petryshyn’s fixed point theorem to solvability

for functional integral equations
Amar Deep a, Deepmala a, R. Ezzati b,∗
a
Mathematics Discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur 482005, India
b
Department of Mathematics, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this article, we establish the existence of solution for some functional integral equations
Received 16 June 2020 by Petryshyn’s fixed point theorem in Banach algebra. Our existence results cover several
Revised 18 November 2020
existence results obtained by numerous authors under some weaker conditions. We also
Accepted 6 December 2020
give some examples of functional integral equations to verify the application of proved
Available online 23 December 2020
results.
MSC: © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
47H10

Keywords:
Petryshyn’s fixed point theorem
Functional integral equation(FIE)
Measure of non-compactness(MNC)

1. Introduction

Integral equations describe naturally in forms of real-world problems like as, natural sciences, radiative transfer and the
kinetic theory of gases [5,13,15]. Integral equations of different types play an important role in physics, control theory and
integro-differential etc(see [6,9,22]). Here, we are concerned about the resulting functional integral equation.
  α (s )  β (s ) 
z(s ) = h s, f (s, z(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr , (1)
0 0

where s ∈ Id = [0, d].

In this article, we use the techniques of MNC and Petryshyn’s fixed point theorem[20]. The main goal is to find the
existence of a solution of Eq. (1). Many authors discussed the existence of solution of various FIEs with the help of Darbo’s
fixed point theorem, which is a very powerful tool to investigate these equations [2–4,7,8,10,16–18]. In our consideration,
we utilize the Petryshyn’s fixed point theorem (rather of Darbo’s fixed point theorem) to examine the existence of Eq. (1).
Eq. (1) is the generalization of the specific types of FIEs [2–4,14,16–18,21]. In the next section, we introduce some definitions
and preliminaries results about MNC. In the final section, we give the main result concerning the existence theorem of
Eq. (1) by using Petryshyn fixed point theorem associated with MNC.

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ezati@kiau.ac.ir (R. Ezzati).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2020.125878
0 096-30 03/© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A. Deep, Deepmala and R. Ezzati Applied Mathematics and Computation 395 (2021) 125878

2. Preliminaries

In this article, we have the following assumptions:

•  : Real Banach space;
• B(z, rˆ): closed ball having z as a center with radius rˆ;
• coZ : convex hull of a set a set Z;
• coZ̄ : closed convex hull of a set Z;
• M : set of all bounded subsets of a space ;
• N : set of all relatively compact subsets of a space .

Definition 2.1. [1] Let Z ∈ M and

 

n
α (Z ) = inf  > 0 : Z = Z j with diamZ j ≤  , j = 1, 2, . . . , n
j=1

is called the Kuratowski MNC.

Definition 2.2. [1] The Hausdroff MNC

ψ (Z ) = inf { > 0 : ∃ a finite  net for Z in  }, (2)
where, by a finite  net for Z in  it means, as a set {z1 , z2 , . . . , zn } ⊂  such that the ball B (, z1 ), B (, z2 ), . . . , B (, zn )
over Z. These MNC are mutually equivalent in the sense that
ψ ( Z ) ≤ α ( Z ) ≤ 2ψ ( Z )
for any bounded set Z ⊂ .

Theorem 2.1. Let Z, W ∈ M and λ ∈ R. Then

1. (i) ψ (Z ) = 0 if and only if Z ∈ N ;

2. (ii) Z ⊆ W ⇒ ψ (Z ) ≤ ψ (W );
3. (iii) ψ (Z ) = ψ (ConvZ ) = ψ (Z );
4. (iv) ψ (Z ∪ W ) = max{ψ (Z ), ψ (W )};
5. (v) ψ (λZ ) = |λ|ψ (Z ), where λZ = {λz : z ∈ Z };
6. (vi) ψ (Z + W ) ≤ ψ (Z ) + ψ (W ), where Z + W = {z + w : z ∈ Z, w ∈ W }.

In the result, C[0, d] consisting of all real valued continuous function defined on the [0, d] with the standard norm
||z|| = sup{|z(s )| : s ∈ [0, d]}.
The space C[0, d] is also the structure of Banach algebra. Getting into our studies, we will use regular MNC defined in [2].
Fix a set Z ∈ MC[0,d] . For z ∈ Z and for a given δ > 0, the modulus of continuity of z defined as
ω (z, δ ) = sup{|z(s ) − z(sˆ)| : s, sˆ ∈ [0, d], |s − sˆ| ≤ δ}.
Further,
ω (Z, δ ) = sup{ω (s, δ ) : s ∈ Z },

ω0 (Z ) = lim ω (Z, δ ).
δ →0

Theorem 2.2. [14] In the space C[0, d], the Hausdorff MNC is equivalent to
ψ (Z ) = lim sup ω (z, δ ) (3)
δ →0
for all bounded sets Z ⊂ C[0, d].

Theorem 2.3. [19] Let H :  →  be a continuous mapping of . H is called a k-set contraction if for all B ⊂  with B bounded,
H (B ) is bounded and α (HB ) ≤ kα (B ), k ∈ (0, 1 ). If
α (HB ) < α (B ), ∀ α (B ) > 0,
then H is called condensing or densifying map. A k-set contraction is densifying but converse is not true.

Theorem 2.4. [20] Assume that H : Brˆ →  be a densifying mapping which satisfying the boundary condition,
if H (z ) = kz, f or some z ∈ ∂ Brˆ then k ≤ 1,
then the set of fixed points of H in Brˆ is nonempty. This is known by Petryshyn’s fixed point theorem.

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A. Deep, Deepmala and R. Ezzati Applied Mathematics and Computation 395 (2021) 125878

3. Main results

In this section, we investigate the existence of the Eq. (1) under the following hypotheses;

(T1 ) h ∈ C (Id × R × R × R, R ), f ∈ C (Id × R, R ), p ∈ C (Id × [0, A] × R, R ),q ∈ C (Id × [0, A] × R, R ), and α , β : Id → R+ ,ζ , θ :

[0, A] → Id , ϕ : Id → Id , are continuous such that α (s ), β (s ) ≤ A ∀ s ∈ Id .
(T2 ) ∃ non-negative constants k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 such that
|h(s, v, w, x ) − h(s, vˆ , wˆ , xˆ| ≤ k1 |v − vˆ | + k2 |w − wˆ | + k3 |x − xˆ|;

| f (s, z ) − f (s, zˆ)| ≤ k4 |z − zˆ|;

(T3 ) ∃ a rˆ > 0 such that h satisfies the following bounded condition
sup{|h(s, v, w, x )| : s ∈ Id , v ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ], w ∈ [−AL1 , AL1 ], x ∈ [−AL2 , AL2 ]} ≤ rˆ
where,

L1 = sup{| p(s, r, z )| : ∀s ∈ Id , r ∈ [0, A] and z ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ]},

L2 = sup{|q(s, r, z )| : ∀s ∈ Id , r ∈ [0, A] and z ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ]}.

Theorem 3.1. With the hypotheses (T1 ) − (T3 ), assume that k1 k4 < 1, ∀z ∈ Id . Then Eq. (1) has at least one solution in  = C (Id ).

Proof. Define a operator H : Brˆ →  in the following form

  α (s )  β (s ) 
(Hz )(s ) = h s, f (s, z(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr .
0 0

Now, we prove that the H is continuous on the ball Brˆ . For this, consider δ > 0 and any z, y ∈ Brˆ such that ||z − y|| < δ. We
obtain
    β (s ) 
 α (s )
|(Hz )(s ) − (Hy )(s )| = h s, f (s, z(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr
0 0
  α (s )  β (s ) 

−h s, f (s, y(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, y(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, y(θ (r ))dr 
0 0
   α (s )  β (s ) 


≤ h s, f (s, z(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr
0 0
  α (s )  β (s ) 

−h s, f (s, y(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr 
0 0

   α (s )  β (s ) 

+h s, f (s, y(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr
0 0
  α (s )  β (s ) 

−h s, f (s, y(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, y(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr 
0 0
   α (s )  β (s ) 

+h s, f (s, y(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, y(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr
0 0
  α (s )  β (s ) 

−h s, f (s, y(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, y(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, y(θ (r ))dr 
0 0


≤ k1 | f (s, z(ϕ (s ))) − f (s, y(ϕ (s )))|

 α (s )
+k2 | | p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))) − p(s, r, y(ζ (r )))|ds
0
 β (s )
+k3 | |q(s, r, z(θ (r ))) − q(s, r, y(θ (r )))|ds
0
≤ k1 k4 |z(ϕ (s )) − y(ϕ (s ))| + k2 Aω ( p, δ ) + k3 Aω (q, δ )
≤ k1 k4 ||z − y|| + k2 Aω ( p, δ ) + k3 Aω (q, δ )

3
A. Deep, Deepmala and R. Ezzati Applied Mathematics and Computation 395 (2021) 125878

where for δ > 0, we denote

ω ( p, δ ) = sup{| p(s, r, z ) − p(s, r, y )| : s ∈ Id , r ∈ [0, A], z, y ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ], |z − y| ≤ δ},
and
ω (q, δ ) = sup{|q(s, r, z ) − q(s, r, y )| : s ∈ Id , r ∈ [0, A], z, y ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ], |z − y| ≤ δ}.
Now, by the uniform continuity of the functions p(s, r, z ) and q(s, r, z ) on the subset Id × [0, A] × R and Id × [0, A] × R, we
infer that ω ( p, δ ) and ω (q, δ ) as δ → 0. Thus, the above estimate shows that the operator H is continuous on Brˆ .
Next, we have to prove that the operator H satisfies the densifying condition. For this, we select a fixed arbitrary δ > 0
and take z ∈ Z, where Z is bounded subset of , s1 , s2 ∈ Id with s1 ≤ s2 such that s1 − s2 ≤ δ, we obtain
   α ( s2 )  β ( s2 ) 

|(Hz )(s2 ) − (Hz )(s1 )| = h s2 , f (s2 , z(ϕ (s2 )), p(s2 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s2 , r, z(θ (r ))dr
0 0
  α ( s1 )  β ( s1 ) 

−h s1 , f (s1 , z(ϕ (s1 )), p(s1 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s1 , r, z(θ (r ))dr 
0 0
    
 α ( s ) β ( s2 )

2
≤ h s2 , f (s2 , z(ϕ (s2 )), p(s2 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s2 , r, z(θ (r ))dr
0 0
  α ( s2 )  β ( s1 ) 

−h s2 , f (s2 , z(ϕ (s2 )), p(s2 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s1 , r, z(θ (r ))dr 
0 0

   α ( s2 )  β ( s1 ) 

+h s2 , f (s2 , z(ϕ (s2 )), p(s2 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s1 , r, z(θ (r ))dr
0 0
  α ( s1 )  β ( s1 ) 

−h s2 , f (s2 , z(ϕ (s2 )), p(s1 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s1 , r, z(θ (r ))dr 
0 0

   α ( s1 )  β ( s1 ) 

+h s2 , f (s2 , z(ϕ (s2 )), p(s1 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s1 , r, z(θ (r ))dr
0 0
  α ( s1 )  β ( s1 ) 

−h s2 , f (s1 , z(ϕ (s1 )), p(s1 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s1 , r, z(θ (r ))dr 
0 0
   α ( s1 )  β ( s1 ) 

+h s2 , f (s1 , z(ϕ (s1 )), p(s1 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s1 , r, z(θ (r ))dr
0 0
  α ( s1 )  β ( s1 ) 

−h s1 , f (s1 , z(ϕ (s1 )), p(s1 , r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s1 , r, z(θ (r ))dr 
0 0

≤ k1 | f (s2 , z(ϕ (s2 )) − f (s2 , z(ϕ (s1 ))| + k1 | f (s2 , z(ϕ (s1 )) − f (s1 , z(ϕ (s1 ))|
  α (s )  α ( s2 ) 
 
+k2  p(s2 , r, z(ζ (r )))dr 
1
( p(s2 , r, z(ζ (r )) − p(s1 , r, z(ζ (r )))dr +
0 α ( s1 )
  β (s )  β ( s2 ) 
 
+k3  q(s2 , r, z(θ (r )))dr  + ωh (Id , δ ).
1
(q(s2 , r, z(θ (r )) − q(s1 , r, z(θ (r )))dr +
0 β ( s1 )

For simplify, we have the following quantities:

ω f (Id , δ ) = sup{| f (s, z ) − f (sˆ, z )| : |s − sˆ| ≤ δ, s, sˆ ∈ Id , z ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ]},

ωh (Id , δ ) = sup{|h(s, v, w, x ) − h(sˆ, v, w, x )| : |s − sˆ| ≤ δ, s, sˆ ∈ Id , v ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ], w ∈ [−AL1 , AL1 ], x ∈ [−AL2 , AL2 }.

ω p (Id , δ ) = sup{| p(s, r, z ) − p(sˆ, r, z )| : |s − sˆ| ≤ δ, s, sˆ ∈ Id , r ∈ [0, A], z ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ]},

ωq (Id , δ ) = sup{|q(s, r, z ) − q(sˆ, r, z )| : |s − sˆ| ≤ δ, s, sˆ ∈ Id , r ∈ [0, A], z ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ]},

ω (α , δ ) = sup{|α (s ) − α (sˆ)| : s, sˆ ∈ Id and |s − sˆ| < δ}

ω (β , δ ) = sup{|β (s ) − β (sˆ)| : s, sˆ ∈ Id and |s − sˆ| < δ}

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A. Deep, Deepmala and R. Ezzati Applied Mathematics and Computation 395 (2021) 125878

Then using above relation, we get

|(Hz )(s2 ) − (Hz )(s1 )| ≤ k1 k4 |z(ϕ (s2 ) − z(ϕ (s1 )| + k1 ω f (Id , δ ) + k2 Aω p (Id , δ ) + k2 Lω (α , δ )
+k3 Aωq (Id , δ ) + k3 Lω (β , δ ) + ωh (Id , δ ).
Taking limit as δ → 0, we obtain
ω (Hz, δ ) ≤ k1 k4 ω (z, δ ),
This gives the following relation
ψ (HZ ) ≤ k1 k4 ψ (Z ).
which shows that H is a densifying map. Now, suppose z ∈ ∂ Brˆ and if Hz = kz then we obtain ||Hz|| = k||z|| = krˆ and by
assumption (T3 ), we have
   α (s )  β (s ) 
  ˆ
|Hz(s )| = h s, f (s, z(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr ≤r
0 0

∀s ∈ Id , hence ||Hz|| ≤ rˆ i.e k ≤ 1. 

Corollary 3.2. Putting h(s, v, w, x ) = 1 + vw, ϕ (s ) = α (s ) = ζ (s ) = s, f (s, z(ϕ (s )) = z(s ) and p(s, r, w ) = s+r φ (r )z.
s
Then Eq.
(1) has the following form well known Chandrasekhar integral equation in radiative transfer [5].
 s
s
z (s ) = 1 + z (s ) φ (r )z(r )dr, s ∈ Id = [0, d]. (4)
0 s+r
Example 3.1. Consider the following FIE:
√
 √s −3s s √
z(s ) = 18 se−s + ln(1 + |z( s )| ) + s2 1 2
s2
e (e + s cos(r ) + 14 z( r ))dr
2 1
2 1+s2 2(e +cos(|z(s )| )) 0 (5)
 s2 √
+ 4(es +sin1(|z(s2 )| )) 0 e−2s (es + s sin(r + 1 ) + 12 z(r 3 ))dr,
2
s ∈ [0, 1]

Eq. (5) is a special case of Eq. (1). Here h : [0, 1] × R × R × R → R, ϕ , α , β , ζ , θ : [0, 1] → [0, 1] and p, q : [0, 1] × [0, 1] ×
R → R. From (5), we obtain
√
ϕ (s ) = α (s ) = ζ (s ) = s, β (s ) = s2 , θ (s ) = s3 , ∀s ∈ [0, 1],

h(s, v, w, x ) = h1 (s, v ) + h2 (s, w, x ),

where,
1 −s2 1 s2 √
h1 (s, v ) = se + v, v = ln(1 + |z( s )| ),
8 2 1 + s2
 α (s )
w x
h2 (s, w, x ) = + ,w = p(s, r, z(η (r )))dr,
2(e + cos(|z(s2 )| )) 4(es + sin(|z(s2 )| ))
s2
0
 β (s )
1 √
x= q(s, r, z(ζ (r )))dr, p(s, r, z(η (r ))) = e−3s (es + s cos(r ) + z( r )),
0 4
and
√ 1
q(s, r, z(ζ (r ))) = e−2s (es + s sin(r + 1 ) + z(r 3 )).
2

2
Now, we examine the solution in C[0, 1]. It is obvious that all functions satisfy the (T1 ) and (T2 ). We show that (T3 ) also
satisfy. Choose rˆ = 72 + 3e then L1 ≤ 15 7e 5e 11
8 + 4 , L2 = 2 + 4 and

sup{|h(s, v, w, x )| : s ∈ [0, 1], v ∈ [−ˆr, rˆ], w ∈ [−AL1 , AL1 ]}, x ∈ [−AL2 , AL2 ]}

1 1 1 1 15 7e 15 7e 5e 11 5e 11
≤ sup{ se−s + z(s ) + w + x|; s ∈ [0, 1], −( ), − ( + )}
2
+ ≤w≤ + ≤x≤ +
8 2 2 4 8 4 8 4 2 4 2 4

7
≤ + 3e.
2
Hence, by Theorem 3.1, Eq. (5) has at least one solution in C[0, 1].

Corollary 3.3. Assume that

(D1 ) h ∈ C (Id × R × R, R ), f ∈ C (Id × R, R ), p, q ∈ C (Id × [0, A] × R, R ), and α , β : Id → R+ ,ζ , θ : [0, A] → Id , ϕ : Id → Id , are

continuous such that α (s ), β (s ) ≤ A ∀ s ∈ Id .

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A. Deep, Deepmala and R. Ezzati Applied Mathematics and Computation 395 (2021) 125878

(D2 ) ∃ non-negative constant k1 , k2 , k3 such that

|h(s, w, x ) − h(s, wˆ , xˆ| ≤ k1 |w − wˆ | + k2 |x − xˆ|;

| f (s, z ) − f (s, zˆ| ≤ k3 |z − zˆ|.

(D3 ) ∃ nonnegative constants b1 , b2 such that
| f (s, 0 )| ≤ b1 ;

|h(s, 0, 0 )| ≤ b2 .
Moreover,
| p(s, r, z )| ≤ c1 + c2 |z|;

|q(s, r, z )| ≤ c3 + c4 |z|
∀ s ∈ Id , r ∈ [0, A] and z ∈ R.
(D4 ) k3 + Ak1 c2 + Ak2 c4 < 1.
Then the equation
  α (s )  β (s ) 
z(s ) = f (s, z(ϕ (s )) + h s, p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr , s ∈ Id = [0, d] (6)
0 0

has at least one solution in .

H2
Proof. Let rˆ = 1−H1 where H1 = k3 + Ak1 c2 + Ak2 c4 , H2 = b1 + Ak1 c1 + Ak2 c3 + b2 , and

h(s, v, w, x ) = v + h(s, w, x ),
 α (s )  β (s )
where v = f (s, z(ϕ (s )), w = 0 p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr and x = 0 q(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr. It is check that (T2 ) is conducted by (D2 ).
Now, we prove that (D3 ) is also holds, we obtain
   α (s )  β (s ) 
 
|z(s )| =  f (s, z(ϕ (s )) + h s, p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr, q(s, r, z(θ (r ))dr 
0 0
  α (s )

≤ | f (s, z(ϕ (s )) − f (s, 0 )| + | f (s, 0 )| + h(s, p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr,
0
 β (s ) 

q(s, r, z(θ (r )))dr ) − h(s, 0, 0 ) + |h(s, 0, 0 )|
0
≤ k3 ||z|| + b1 + Ak1 (c1 + c2 ||z|| ) + Ak2 (c3 + c4 ||z|| ) + b2
≤ (k3 + Ak1 c2 + Ak2 c4 )||z|| + b1 + Ak1 c1 + Ak2 c3 + b2
for all s ∈ Id , consequently
H2
sup|h(s, w, x )| ≤ H1 rˆ + H2 = H1 + H2 = rˆ. 
1 − H1
Corollary 3.4. [11] Assume that

(E1 ) h ∈ C (Id × R × R, R ), f ∈ C (Id × R, R ), p ∈ C (Id × [0, A] × R, R ), and α : Id → R+ ,ζ : [0, A] → Id , ϕ : Id → Id , are contin-

uous such that α (s ) ≤ A ∀ s ∈ Id .
(E2 ) ∃ non-negative constant k1 , k2 , k3 such that
|h(s, v, w ) − h(s, vˆ , wˆ | ≤ k1 |v − vˆ | + k2 |w − wˆ |;

| f (s, z ) − f (s, zˆ| ≤ k3 |z − zˆ|.

(E3 ) ∃ nonnegative constants b1 , b2 such that
| f (s, 0 )| ≤ b1 ;

|h(s, 0, 0 )| ≤ b2 .
Moreover,
| p(s, r, z )| ≤ c1 + c2 |z|
∀ s ∈ Id , r ∈ [0, A] and z ∈ R.

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A. Deep, Deepmala and R. Ezzati Applied Mathematics and Computation 395 (2021) 125878

(E4 ) k1 k3 + Ak2 c2 < 1.

Then the equation
  α (s ) 
z(s ) = h s, f (s, z(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr , s ∈ Id = [0, d] (7)
0

has at least one solution in .

F2
Proof. Let rˆ = 1−F1 where F1 = k1 k3 + Ak2 c2 , F2 = k1 b1 + Ak2 c1 + b2 , and

h(s, v, w, x ) = h(s, v, w )
 α (s )
where v = f (s, z(ϕ (s )) and w = 0 p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr. It is check that (T2 ) is conducted by (E2 ). Now, we prove that (E3 ) is
also holds, we obtain
   α (s )

 
|z(s )| = h s, f (s, z(ϕ (s )), p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr 
0
 α (s ) 
 
≤ k1 | f (s, z(ϕ (s )) − f (s, 0 )| + k1 | f (s, 0 )| + k2  p(s, r, z(ζ (r ))dr  + |h(s, 0, 0 )|
0
≤ k1 k3 ||z|| + k1 b1 + Ak2 (c1 + c2 ||z|| ) + b2
≤ (k1 k3 + Ak2 c2 )||z|| + k1 b1 + Ak2 c1 + b2
for all s ∈ Id , consequently
F2
sup|h(s, v, w )| ≤ F1 rˆ + F2 = F1 + F2 = rˆ. 
1 − F1
Corollary 3.5. [18] Assume that

(G1 ) f ∈ C (Id × R, R ),p ∈ C (Id × Id × R, R ), and α : Id → R+ ,

(G2 ) ∃ non-negative constant k1 such that
| f (s, z ) − f (s, zˆ| ≤ k1 |z − zˆ|,
(G3 ) ∃ nonnegative constants b1 such that
| f (s, 0 )| ≤ b1 .
Moreover,
| p(s, r, z )| ≤ c1 + c2 |z|
∀ s, r ∈ Id and z ∈ R.
( G4 )
(αˆ − βˆ )2 > 2(αˆ + βˆ ) − 1
where αˆ = k1 c1 , βˆ = b1 c2 .

Then the equation

 s
z(s ) = f (s, z(ϕ (s )) p(s, r, z(r )dr, (8)
0
has at least one solution in .

Proof. Let
h(s, v, w, x ) = vw,
s
where α (s ) = s, ζ (r ) = r, v = f (s, z(ϕ (s )) and w = 0 p(s, r, z(r ))dr. It is check that (T2 ) is conducted by (G2 ). Now, we prove
that (G3 ) is also holds. Suppose that ||x|| ≤ r˜, we get
  s 
 
|z(s )| =  f (s, z(ϕ (s )) p(s, r, z(r ))dr
0

  s 

≤ | f (s, z(ϕ (s )) − f (s, 0 )| + | f (s, 0 )|  p(s, r, z(r ))dr
0
≤ (k1 |z(ϕ (s ))| + b1 )(c1 + c2 |z(ϕ (s ))| )
≤ k1 c2 ||z||2 + (k1 c1 + b1 c2 )||z|| + b1 c1
Hence, rˆ in T3 is a real number that holds

r˜ ≤ k1 c2 ||r˜||2 + (αˆ + βˆ )||r˜|| + b1 c1 . 

7
A. Deep, Deepmala and R. Ezzati Applied Mathematics and Computation 395 (2021) 125878

Corollary 3.6. [12] Assume that

(J1 ) h ∈ C (I × R × R × R, R ),p, q ∈ C (I × I × R, R ), ∀ s ∈ I = [0, 1].

(J2 ) ∃ non-negative constant k1 , k2 , k3 such that
|h(s, v, w, x ) − h(s, vˆ , wˆ , xˆ| ≤ k1 |v − vˆ | + k2 |w − wˆ | + k3 |x − xˆ|.
(J3 ) ∃ nonnegative constants b1 such that
|h(s, 0, 0 )| ≤ b1 .
Moreover,
| p(s, r, z )| ≤ c1 + c2 |z|;

|q(s, r, z )| ≤ c3 + c4 |z|
∀ s, r ∈ I and z ∈ R.
(J4 ) Q1 = k1 + k2 c2 + k3 c4 , Q2 = k2 c1 + k3 c3 + b1 .
Then the equation
  1  s

z(s ) = h s, z(s ), p(s, r, z(r )dr, q(s, r, z(r )dr , s ∈ I = [0, 1]
0 0

has at least one solution in .

Q1
Proof. Let rˆ = 1−Q2 where Q1 = k1 + k2 c2 + k3 c4 , Q2 = k2 c1 + k3 c3 + b1 and

h(s, v, w, x ) = h1 (s, v, w, x ),
1 s
where ϕ (s ) = s, α (s ) = 1, β (s ) = s, ζ (r ) = θ (r ) = r, f (s, z(ϕ (s )) = z(s ),w = 0 p(s, r, z(r ))dr and x = 0 q(s, r, z(r ))dr. It is
check that (T2 ) is conducted by (J2 ). Now, we prove that (J3 ) is also holds, we get
   1  s 
 
|z(s )| = h s, z(s ), p(s, r, z(r )dr, q(s, r, z(r )dr 
0 0
 1   s 
   
≤ k1 |z ( s )| + k2  p(s, r, z(η (r ))dr  + k3  q(s, r, z(η (r ))dr  + |h(s, 0, 0 )|
0 0
≤ k1 ||z|| + k2 (c1 + c2 ||z|| ) + k3 (c3 + c4 ||z|| ) + b1
≤ (k1 + k2 c2 + k3 c4 )||z|| + k2 c1 + k3 c3 + b1
for all s ∈ I = [0, 1], consequently
Q2
sup|h(s, v, w, x )| ≤ Q1 rˆ + Q2 = Q1 + Q2 = rˆ. 
1 − Q1
Acknowledgments

This research is supported by Government of India CSIR JRF Fellowship, Program No. 09/1174(0 0 03)/2017-EMR-1, New
Delhi.

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