A Different Approach to

ISLAMIYAT[2058]
with

UMAR KHAN

Booklet 1.1
- Quranic Passages
- History and Importance of Quran
 Booklet 1.1.1: Quranic Passages
Theme 1: Allah in Himself.
01 Passage 1. Surah Al-Baqarah (Ayat-ul-Kursi) [02:255]
02 Passage 2. Surah Al-An’aam [06:101-103]
03 Passage 3. Surah Fussilat [41:37]
04 Passage 4. Surah Shu’ara [42:4-5]
05 Passage 5. Surah Ikhlas [114]
Theme 2: Allah’s relationship with created world.
06 Passage 6. Surah Al-Fatiha [01]
07 Passage 7. Surah Al-Baqarah [02:21-22]
08 Passage 8. Surah Al-Alaq [96:1-5]
09 Passage 9. Surah Al-Zilzaal [99]
10 Passage 10. Surah Al-Nas [114]
Theme 3: Allah’s Messengers
11 Passage 11. Surah Al-Baqarah [02:30-37]
12 Passage 12. Surah Al-An’aam [06:75-79]
13 Passage 13. Surah Al-Maidah [05:110]
14 Passage 14. Surah Al-Duha [93]
15 Passage 15. Surah Al-Kauthar [108]
Booklet 1.1.2: History and Importance of Quran
Major Themes of Quran
01 Theme 1: Allah in Himself.
02 Theme 2: Allah’s relationship with created world.
03 Theme 3: Allah’s Messengers.
Revelation Background of Passages (Shan-e-Nuzool)
Passage 05. Surah Al-Ikhlas [114]
Passage 15. Surah Al-Kauthar [108]
Passage 14. Surah Al-Duha [93]
Passage 10. Surah Al-Nas [114]
Passage 08. Surah Al-Alaq [96]
The History and Importance of Quran
Revelation of Quran (610-632 AD)
Compilation of Quran
Tafseer of Quran
Nasikh and Mansukh (Abrogation)
Muhkam and Mutashabeh
Sources of Islamic Law
Quran as Main Source of Islamic law
Joint working of Quran and Hadith
Ijma and its collaboration with Quran
Qiyas and its collaboration with Quran
 CAIE Question:
(a) Briefly explain the main theme(s) in each passage. [04]
Candidates are expected to:
 Identify the main theme(s) of passages.
 Link those theme(s) with the content of passages and elaborate the teachings.
(b) Briefly explain the importance of these themes in a Muslim’s life today. [04]
Candidates are expected to:
 Link the teachings (mentioned in part a) with practical life.
 Elaborate that how and why Muslims should implement those teachings.
 Write any specific significance of the passage (if there is any).

Theme 1: Allah in Himself

 This theme includes Quranic Passages No 1-5.
 All passages of this theme are about introduction of Allah.
 As the topic is same, a lot of points will be repeated in both part (a) and Part (b) of Passages 1-5.
 Passage No 1. Surah Al-Baqarah (2:225)
ِِ ِ ِ ِ ‫اْلي الْ َقيُّوم ۚ َّل تَأْخذه ِسنَة وَّل نَوم ۚ لَه ما ِِف ال َسماو‬ َٰ
َ ْ َ‫ض ۚ َم ْن َذا الَذي يَ ْش َفع عْن َده إَِّل بِِإ ْذنه ۚ يَ ْعلَم َما ب‬
‫ي‬ ِ ‫ات َوَما ِِف ْاْل َْر‬ ََ َ ْ َ ُّ َْ ‫اللَه َّل إِلَهَ إَِّل ه َو‬
‫ض ۚ َوَّل يَئوده ِح ْفظه َما ۚ َوه َو الْ َعلِ ُّي الْ َع ِظيم‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
َ ‫أَيْدي ِه ْم َوَما َخ ْل َفه ْم ۚ َوَّل ُييطو َن بِ َش ْيء م ْن ع ْلمه إَِّل ِبَا َشاءَ ۚ َوس َع ك ْرسيُّه ال َس َم َاوات َو ْاْل َْر‬
Allah. There is no god but He, the living, the self-subsisting, eternal. No slumber can seize Him nor sleep. His are all things in the
heavens and on earth. Who is there can intercede in His presence except as He permits? He knows what is before or after or
behind them. Nor shall they compass any of His knowledge except as He wills. His Throne extends over the heavens and the
earth, and He feels no fatigue in guarding and preserving them for He is the Highest, the Supreme.
[N/2012] [J/2013] [J/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main teaching of this Hadith to Muslims is that they should follow the teachings of Islam by strongly believing in the
oneness and supremacy of God and the finality of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and also by following the Qur’an and sincerely
practising the pillars of Islam. Another important teaching of this Hadith is that Muslims must also be sensitive to the needs of
others and be loyal members of their community and work towards its betterment as a whole.
(b) The importance of these themes is that these verses allow Muslims to learn and understand something about God in a way
relevant to them. The theme of God’s self-subsistence shows how certain attributes that affect humans do not affect Him, e.g.
sleep. He has the knowledge and power over all things and this passage is used as a prayer for protection. It was said by the
Prophet to be one of the best passages of the Qur’an, so Muslims might recite it daily for protection. Candidates could say how
they use Ayat ul Kursi in their lives.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah in Himself.  Muslims should avoid shirk (polytheism)
 Emphasis on Oneness of Allah.  As this verse proves God’s oneness.
 [02:163]  Muslims should be cautious about their deeds.
 Allah’s unique attributes such as: being free from Human  As Allah knows everything and watching over all the time.
weaknesses, unlimited power and unchallengeable  [11:123]
authority, limitless knowledge etc.  Muslims should never lose hope seek His help.
 His throne represents His power.  As Allah controls and disposes all events independently.
 Verse of Protection. (Mention benefits of recitation)
Answer
(a) Theme:
 This passage is taken from surah Al-Baqarah which is a Madani surah. Main theme of this passage is Allah in Himself.
 This passage elaborates Allah’s oneness and elaborates that Allah is One in His existence and attributes. As described in
another verse of Quran:
 “And your god is one God. There is no deity [worthy of worship] except Him…” [02:163]
 This passage further discusses Allah’s uniqueness by mentioning His unique attributes e.g. He is free from human weaknesses
such as need for sleep or food, His power unlimited and no one can challenge His authority nor can interfere in His
management of affairs, His knowledge is limitless as He knows what is visible and what beyond our comprehension and He is
observing us all the time.
 Furthermore, this passage also mentions Allah’s throne as symbol of His matchless power and control over the universe.
Because of this special mention this verse is called ‘The Verse of Throne’.
(b) Importance:
 Themes described in this passage have great importance in Muslims’ life today. Special emphasis on Oneness of Allah inspires
Muslims to stay away from shirk and declares that associating partners with Allah is forbidden in Islam.
 The fact that Allah has knowledge of everything inspires Muslims to be very cautious about their deeds and before doing
anything they should recall that someone’s watching. As this passage describes:
 “And to Allah belong the unseen [aspects] of the heavens and the earth and to Him will be returned the matter, all of
it…” [11:123]
 Passage mentions that Allah has great control over His creations and He disposes all events independently with no
interference. This inspires Muslims not to lose hope in any circumstances and must have faith that there is someone who is
will help them cope with problems of life.
 Among other great virtues of this Surah, it is called ‘Verse of Protection’ as recitation of this verse brings the reciter under the
protection of Allah.
 Passage No 2. Surah Al-An’aam (6:101-103)
َٰ ِ ِ ِ ‫ََّن يكون لَه ولَد وََل تَكن لَه‬ ِ ‫ب ِديع ال َسماو‬
َ‫ َٰذَلكم اللَه َربُّك ْم ۚ َّل إِلَه‬.‫صاحبَة ۚ َو َخلَ َق ك َل َش ْيء ۚ َوه َو بِك ِّل َش ْيء َعليم‬ َ ْ َْ َ َ ََٰ ‫ض ۚ أ‬ ِ ‫ات َو ْاْل َْر‬ ََ َ
ِ ِ ِ
‫اْلَبِي‬
ْ ‫ص َار ۚ َوه َو اللَطيف‬ َ ْ‫صار َوه َو ي ْد ِرك ْاْلَب‬ ْ َ‫إَِّل ه َو ۚ َخالق ك ِّل َش ْيء ف‬
َ ْ‫ َّل ت ْد ِركه ْاْلَب‬.‫اعبدوه ۚ َوه َو َعلَ َٰى ك ِّل َش ْيء َوكيل‬
101. To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth: how can He have a son when He has no consort? He created
all things, and He has full knowledge of all things. 102. That is Allah, your Lord! there is no god but He, the Creator of all things:
then worship Him: and He has power to dispose of all affairs. 103. No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision: He is
above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things.
[J/2010] [J/2013] [N/2015]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are God’s power; His knowledge of everything; that people should turn to God and worship Him.
Candidates will develop these themes in their own way, e.g., He is the only one to control the heavens and the earth. Everything
originates with Him. Although humans cannot understand Him, He understands everything in creation. He is the one who has the
power to help humans, and He hears and sees all that they do, therefore they should worship Him and pray to Him to reward
their actions.
(b) These teachings emphasize the importance of tawhid for Muslims. The only relationship He has is with His creation; he has no
partners or offspring. Mankind is asked to worship Him as it says in this passage that only He can fulfil their needs, so Muslims
should be careful to pray and fast, etc. to fulfil their obligation to Him. He also sees and hears all that humankind does, so
Muslims should keep this in mind in all that they do and say. In a world where there are lots of distractions, this surah could
remind Muslims that they should always remember their Creator as He is the ultimate authority over their affairs.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah in Himself.  Muslims should reinforce that Allah is Originator and Controller of
 Allah is the originator of everything. universe.
 [06:01]  Muslims should avoid Shirk.
 Allah’s limitless knowledge and control over  As this proves that He has no consort.
universe.  [47:19]
 Counter logic for polytheists.  Muslims should be very cautious about their deeds.
 Allah’s uniqueness as He is beyond our  Allah’s attribute ‘Al-Khabeer’ (All knowing) demands so.
comprehension.  Muslims should never lose hope and stay motivated.
 Allah’s attribute ‘Al-Wakeel’ (Disposer of all events) demands so.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 This passage is taken from surah Al-An’aam which is a Makki surah. Main theme of this passage is Allah in Himself.
 This passage reinforces the fact that Allah is the Originator of everything who created this universe out of nothing. As Allah
describes in this verse:
 “Praise is [due] to Allah, who created the heavens and the earth and made the darkness and the light…” [06:01]
 This passage further reinforces the fact that Allah’s knowledge has no limits as He knows everything visible or invisible. His
control over each and every single thing of this universe is matchless. Perfect functioning of this universe is another evidence
of God’s power.
 This passage gives food for thought to polytheists that how could God have son when He has no consort. This highlights the
importance of debate and discussion with logic in order to invite people to the message of Allah.
 Passage further elaborates that Allah is above all comprehensions as He cannot be understood by these 5 senses that
humans have, which makes Him unique and different from His creations.
(b) Importance:
 Themes described in this passage have great importance in Muslims’ life today. Muslims should reinforce the fact that Allah is
the One who created this universe and is controlling it.
 This passage reinforces Muslims’ belief in Oneness of Allah. This passage invites polytheists to rethink their beliefs and should
abandon the illogical belief of Oneness of Allah.
 “So know, that there is no God except Allah…” [47:19]
 Allah’s attribute ‘The All Knowing’ inspires Muslims to be very vigilant about their actions and keep in mind the fact that God
 is closely observing their every single deed and will hold them accountable on judgement day.
 Allah’s attribute ‘The Disposer of events’ inspires Muslims to stay motivated and never lose hope Allah is there to help them
in every circumstances and can make things upside down in order to support His people.
 Passage No 3. Surah Fussilat (41:37)
‫اسجدوا لِلَ ِه الَ ِذي َخلَ َقه َن إِ ْن كْنت ْم إِيَاه تَ ْعبدو َن‬ ِ ِ ‫وِمن آياتِِه اللَيل والنَهار والشَمس والْ َقمر ۚ َّل تَسجدوا لِلشَم‬
ْ ‫س َوَّل ل ْل َق َم ِر َو‬ ْ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ
Among His signs are the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. Adore not the sun and the moon, but adore Allah, who
created them, if it is Him you wish to serve.
[J/2010] [N/2011] [J/2013] [N/2014] [N/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) God as Creator: God creates and controls everything. God's signs: order of the sun and the moon are God's signs for
humankind. They are signs of His power. Tawhid/Lord of mankind: Only He should be worshipped; no-one is equal to Him. A
negation of paganism; the sun and moon are not to be worshipped.
(b) The importance is that it creates a strong link with God so Muslims do not look up to anything/anyone else, famous people,
money, etc., and they worship only Him. Stops them from committing shirk. God's signs invite Muslims to observe their
environment. Creates awe and wonder to help get closer to Him. Reminds humankind that He is the creator of all things.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah in Himself.  Muslims should reinforce that Allah is creator of
 Allah is the Creator of everything. everything.
 [39:62]  Muslims should ponder over the creation of Allah.
 Signs of Allah’s existence and His creation.  This will lead them to their creator.
 Importance of Oneness.  Muslims should avoid shirk and worship only one God.
 As Allah demands in this verse.
 [04:36]
Answer
(a) Theme:
 This passage is taken from surah Fussilat which is a Makki surah. Main theme of this passage is Allah in Himself.
 This passage reinforces the fact that Allah is the Creator of everything who created this universe out of nothing. As Allah
describes in this verse:
 “Allah is the Creator of all things, and He is, over all things, Disposer of affairs.” [39:62]
 This passage further elaborates a different way of finding God and that is through signs in His creation. Allah specifically
mentions the circulation of night and day which is connected with sun and moon. This verse highlights that observing the
mastery of God’s perfect creation will lead them to believe in one God.
 Lastly, this passage demands believers not to worship the signs and creations of God and forbids them from associating any
partners with Allah as it is considered shirk which is one of the biggest sins that ignites Allah’s wrath. This prohibition includes
praising, worshiping and considering anyone/thing equal to God in His attributes.
(b) Importance:
 Themes described in this passage have great importance in Muslims’ life today. Muslims should refresh their faith in Allah
and reinforce Allah’s image in their set of beliefs that He is only creator of everything.
 This passage further inspires Muslims to ponder over the creations of God that are signs of His existence and His matchless
power. Muslims should study nature and pay attention to signs that compel us to believe in One and Only God. This pattern
will not only broaden their vision about everything but will strengthen their faith.
 After invitation to think and find God, Allah instructs believers not to worship these signs/creations of Allah but to be
attached with the One who created them. This inspires Muslims to stay away from all types of shirk be it in existence of Allah,
worship of Allah or uniqueness of His attributes.
 “Worship Allah and associate nothing with Him…” [04:36]
 Passage No 4. Surah Shura (42:4-5)
‫ تَ َكاد ال َس َم َاوات يَتَ َفطَْر َن ِم ْن فَ ْوقِ ِه َن ۚ َوالْ َم ََلئِ َكة ي َسبِّحو َن ِِبَ ْم ِد َرِِّّبِ ْم َويَ ْستَ ْغ ِفرو َن لِ َم ْن ِِف‬.‫ض ۚ َوه َو الْ َعلِ ُّي الْ َع ِظيم‬ ِ ‫لَه ما ِِف ال َسماو‬
ِ ‫ات َوَما ِِف ْاْل َْر‬ ََ َ
ِ َ َ ِ
‫ْاْل َْرض ۚ أََّل إن اللهَ ه َو الْغَفور الَرحيم‬ ِ
To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth: and He is most high, most great. The heavens are almost rent asunder
from above them, and the angels celebrate the praises of their Lord, and pray for forgiveness for beings on earth: Behold! Verily
Allah is He, the oft-forgiving, the most merciful.
[J/2012] [J/2013] [J/2016]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are that His Majesty and greatness is being confirmed; God is the Creator; forgiveness and guidance are
given from God to humanity. Candidates will develop these themes in their own way, e.g. saying the heavens are almost torn
apart due to His greatness above them; He is the owner of everything because He created it; the angels pray for the guidance of
humans on earth, as it is God who is the forgiving, the merciful.
(b) The importance here is that God tells humankind of His power and control over all things, so they should remember that they
do not have any power in comparison. God is Merciful, even when Muslims have committed wrong actions, so Muslims have
someone to turn to in times of need. As God is merciful to humankind, they in turn should be grateful and also try to be forgiving
of others, even if they have been hurt or injured.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah in Himself.  Belief in Allah’s ownership and control will have great
 Allah is the Owner of everything, the Highest and impact on Muslims’ lives.
Greatest.  Muslims should not commit those sins that ignite Allah’s
 [23:116] wrath.
 Allah’s wrath and Glory.  Because Allah’s wrath is horrible.
 Allah’s matchless mercy.  [32:22]
 Muslims should never hesitate to repent even after
committing uncountable sins.
 Because Allah’s mercy overcomes his wrath.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 This passage is taken from surah Shura which is a Makki surah. Main theme of this passage is Allah in Himself.
 This passage reinforces the fact that Allah is the Owner of everything who controls everything He owns. He is the Highest and
Greatest being most powerful, different, independent and eternal. As Allah describes in this verse:
 “So exalted is Allah, the True King…” [23:116]
 Furthermore, this passage talks about Allah’s wrath and His glory. Verse mentions that heavens could be torn apart due to
Allah’s glory and greatness and that is Allah’s another blessing that He is not letting it happen as He wants us to survive.
 Lastly, this passage highlights the greatest attribute of Allah that is His matchless and unlimited forgiveness as it is described
in a Hadith Qudsi that Allah’s mercy overcomes His wrath. Allah never closes the doors of forgiveness and He even asks
Angels to pray and ask forgiveness for believers.
(b) Importance:
 Themes described in this passage have great importance in Muslims’ life today. Reinforcement of faith in Allah’s ownership of
everything will make Muslims be patient over the losses and faith in His total control will motivate Muslims not to lose hope.
 Passage mentions Allah’s wrath and glory that inspires Muslims not to commit sins that ignite Allah’s wrath as His wrath is so
horrible that could make heavens burst. For instance shirk, injustice, mistreatment with poor and downtrodden are sins that
ignite Allah’s wrath.
 “…Indeed We, from the criminals, will take retribution.” [32:22]
 In order to maintain balance, Allah mentions His blessings and mercy right after His wrath and glory. This inspires Muslims in
2 ways; firstly, Muslims should also lead a balanced life not very harsh and not very lenient. Secondly, they should never lose
hope even after committing uncountable sins as Allah waits for a believer that when he is going to repent. Muslims should
repent and seek forgiveness whenever they get the chance.
 Passage No 5. Surah Ikhlas (112)
‫َحد‬
َ ‫َوََلْ يَك ْن لَه كف ًوا أ‬ ‫ََلْ يَلِ ْد َوََلْ يولَ ْد‬ َ ‫اللَه ال‬
‫ص َمد‬ َ ‫ق ْل ه َو اللَه أ‬
‫َحد‬
Say: He is Allah, the one and only; Allah, the eternal, absolute; He does not beget, nor is He begotten; And there is none like Him.
[J/2010] [N/2012] [J/2013] [J/2014] [N/2016] [J/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are: God as one: tawhid; God being eternal; God being unique. Candidates will develop these themes in
their own way, e.g., by saying this is the main surah specifically revealed to describe tawhid; it describes how God is the only one
deity and that He does not have a beginning nor end; God is unlike anyone or anything in creation. He has no partners or family,
does not have anyone to share His authority nor any children; it forms one of the Surahs of protection.
(b) The importance of stressing the Oneness of God is so that people do not take other people or created things as their Lord, so
they should not replace God with things like famous people/saints, or place anyone or anything alongside Him. It ensures they
know that God does not have family, so they will avoid making the mistake of believing in God having children or a partner, or
anyone to share in His authority. Gives them clarity and allows them to develop a relationship with God.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah in Himself.  Muslims should avoid shirk.
 Was revealed to describe Oneness.  Muslims should understand unique, absolute and
 Belief in Allah’s Oneness. independent existence of Allah.
 [59:23]  Impact of rejection of God’s family.
 Allah’s absolute and independent existence.  [2:163]
 Other aspects of oneness: Allah being matchless and free  Significance: Equal to 1/3 of Quran.
from family or associates.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 Surah Ikhlas is one the shortest yet most meaningful Surahs of Holy Quran with emphasis on Allah in Himself.
 When Polytheists and Christians asked questions about God’s description, this Surah was revealed to answer them and nullify
all false beliefs about God.
 This Surah not only approves Oneness but elaborates its fundamental aspects. Firstly, it declares that Allah is One in His
Person, in status of being worshiped and in His attributes and qualities.
 “He is Allah, other than whom there is no God…” [59:23]
 The word ‘Samad’ elaborates Allah’s absolute existence independent on time and space as He has no beginning or end.
 Passage further elaborates Allah’s unity as He is matchless in above mentioned three aspects of Oneness. All false beliefs
about God having wife, son or any other family members have been eradicated by this passage and possibility of God having
associated get abolished.
(b) Importance:
 This passage is very important in practical lives of Muslims as it clarify their faith in foundation of Islam that is belief in
Oneness of Allah. Passage inspires Muslims to avoid shirk and consider Allah unique in His person, His status of being only
One liable to be worshiped and His attributes and qualities. Passage inspires Muslims not to consider Angels, Prophets, Saints
or anyone/thing equal to God in any sense.
 It further strengthens Muslims’ belief in Allah by describing His personality and some unique attributes. Upon knowing that
He is independent, matchless and absolute, Muslims purify their faith and denounce all other false beliefs regarding God.
 Rejection of different claims by different religions that try to prove God’s wife, son or family inspires Muslims keep their faith
safe from all such false claims.
 “And your Allah is One Allah. There is no god but He…” [2:163]
 This Surah is so important and virtuous that Prophet (PBUH) declared its recition equal to 1/3 of Holy Quran.
_____________
 Theme 2:
Allah’s relationship with created world
 This theme includes Quranic Passages No 6-10.
 All passages of this theme are about relationship of Allah with his creations mainly humans.
 As the topic is same, a lot of points will be repeated in both part (a) and Part (b) of Passages 6-10.
 Passage No 6. Surah Fatiha (01)
‫يم ِصَرا َط‬ ِ ِّ ‫اك نَ ْستَعِي ْاه ِدنَا‬
َ ‫الصَرا َط الْم ْستَق‬ َ َ‫ك يَ ْوِم الدِّي ِن إِي‬
َ َ‫اك نَ ْعبد َوإِي‬ ِ ِ‫حَ ِن الَرِحي ِم مال‬
َ َٰ ْ ‫ي الَر‬ ِ ِّ ‫اْلمد لِلَ ِه ر‬
َ ‫ب الْ َعالَم‬َ
ِ َٰ ْ ‫بِس ِم اللَ ِه الَر‬
ْ َْ ‫حَ ِن الَرحي ِم‬ ْ
ِ ‫ت َعلَْي ِهم َغ ِْي الْم ْغض‬ ِ
َ ِّ‫وب َعلَْي ِه ْم َوَّل الضَال‬
.‫ي‬ َ ْ َ ‫ين أَنْ َع ْم‬ َ
َ ‫الذ‬
In the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful. Praise be to Allah, the cherisher and sustainer of the
worlds; Most gracious, most merciful; Master of the day of judgment. You we worship, and your aid we
seek. Show us the straightway, The way of those to whom You have given your grace, not those who earn
your anger, nor those who go astray.
[J/2009] [J/2012] [N/2014] [N/2016] [N/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are that God is the Lord of creation; He gives guidance to humans; He is the Merciful; He is One.
Candidates will develop these themes in their own way, e.g., it is God who presides over judgement and controls the worlds. God
gives guidance to those who ask. This surah is used as a prayer. He is the one to ask for forgiveness, and it is He who can grant
forgiveness for anything. He is Master of all creation so only He is deserving of worship.
(b) This is recited in every prayer. 'No prayer is accepted without Fatiha.'
It is a conversation with God and He is the Creator, and God is replying to each verse. Through it, humans communicate with
God. Muslims use this to ask for guidance (given in the Qur'an and sunna), for mercy and help, even outside the prayer.
Submitting to God brings humbleness into lives, and because Muslims are accountable to God they pray to be guided on the
straight path.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah’s relationship with  Muslims should be Thankful to Allah in return of his uncountable
created world. blessings.
 Allah being Originator, Sustainer and Lord  Muslims should be Cautious about their deeds. (Righteousness) Because
of the Universe. Allah will do a transparent scrutiny of our deeds on the day of judgement.
 Allah’s Mercy for humans is matchless.  Ref: Surah Zilzaal [99:7-8]
 Ref: Surah Az-Zumar [39:53]  Muslims should always ask for Allah’s help and Divine Guidance. So, they
 Only Allah is to be worshiped and asked for shouldn’t go astray.
help.  Significance: This Surah is called “Ummul-Quran” (The Mother of Quran)
 Importance of divine guidance. No Prayer is accepted without recitation of Surah Fatiha as per Hadith.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 Surah Fatiha was the first complete Surah revealed in Makkah with main theme of Allah’s relationship with created world.
 This passage declares that Allah is the one who originated this universe out of nothing, He alone is the sustainer who let His
creations survive and flourish by providing them with bounties and He is the only Lord and owner of everything which
indicates that only rules that are applicable are rules prescribed by Allah.
 This passage further highlights Allah’s matchless mercy towards His creation. It is narrated that God loves His creation equal
to love of 70 mothers. Allah Himself describes it:
 “…Indeed, Allah forgives all sins. Indeed, it is He who is the Forgiving, the Merciful.” [39:53]
 After mentioning Allah’s creation, power, favors and blessings, this passage declares that worship is exclusive for Allah and
only power that can help them is also Allah no one else.
 This passage teaches Muslims that they should keep asking for Allah’s divine guidance in order stay on right path.
(b) Importance:
 This passage is very important in practical lives of Muslims as it inspires them to be thankful to Allah in recognition of His
blessings as He created everything and gave humans special status among all creations, He lets us survive by giving us
sustainable environment and protection etc.
 This passage alarms believers to be cautious about their deeds and should think twice before doing anything as record of
every single deed is maintained and will decide our fate in hereafter.
 “So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it, And whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it.” [99:7-8]
 This passage further inspires Muslims to seek Allah’s help as He is the only power that can help them in all circumstances and
 also seek his guidance in order not to go astray.
 This Surah is so important and virtuous that according to a Hadith no prayer is accepted without recitation of Fatiha. This
Surah is called Umm-ul-Kitab (The Mother of Book) as it contains essence of Quranic teachings.

Passage No 7. Surah Al-Baqarah (2:21-22)

ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫يا أَيُّها النَاس اعبدوا ربَكم الَ ِذي خلَ َقكم والَ ِذين ِمن قَبلِكم لَعلَكم تَتَقو َن الَ ِذي جعل لَكم ْاْلَر‬
ً‫اشا َوال َس َماءَ بنَاءً َوأَنْ َزَل م َن ال َس َماء َماء‬
ً ‫ض فَر‬ َ ْ َ ََ ْ َ ْ ْ ْ َ َْ َ َ ْ َ َ
ِ َِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
‫َخَر َج به م َن الث ََمَرات رْزقًا لَك ْم ۚ فَ ََل ََْت َعلوا لله أَنْ َد ًادا َوأَنْت ْم تَ ْعلَمو َن‬
ْ ‫فَأ‬
O people! Adore your Guardian-Lord, who created you and those who came before you, so that you may
have the chance to learn righteousness; Who has made the earth your couch, and the heavens your
canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens; and by it brought forth fruits for your sustenance; then do
not set up rivals to Allah, when you know.
[J/2009] [J/2011] [N/2011] [N/2015] [J/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) This passage talks about tawhid and emphasizes that God is the Creator of everything. Candidates could talk about what God
has created for the benefit of mankind (guidance, fertile earth, shade and water from sky), so they should be grateful to God,
and use the environment with respect. It also suggests that mankind should not commit the greatest sin of associating
partners/rivals with God, for He is the only Creator and Sustainer.
(b) This passage represents the themes of God and His creation, and His oneness, through the natural world. Candidates could
talk about the words used to show how the natural world is a comfort for mankind, and so they should look after it. They could
reflect upon the natural world and the benefits it holds for them. Humans should acknowledge who their sustenance has come
from as He is the only creator of everything. Candidates could also talk about ways in which Muslims can be grateful to God.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah’s relationship with created world.  Form of address ‘O people’ inspires Muslims to broaden
 Emphasis on Allah’s creations (Heavens, Earth, Rain and their minds and put humanity first.
Fruits)  Muslims should ponder over the creation of Allah.
 Ref: Surah Al-Baqarah [2:243]  This will lead them to their creator.
 Allah lets us survive and gives chance to be righteous.  Ref: Surah Ar-Ra’ad [13:3]
 These creations are the biggest evidence of Allah’s  Muslims should avoid shirk.
existence.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 These verses are part of Surah Al-Baqarah which is a Madani Surah. Main theme of this passage is Allah’s relationship with
created world.
 This passage presents Allah as the only Creator of everything who created it all out of nothing. His creations are limitless and
beyond our reach and imagination but here Allah discusses four of them. Allah mentions creation of Heavens that stand
without pillars, fertile earth out of which anything can be grown, and rain to irrigate this earth and then fruits and other
eatables.
 Ref: “Indeed, God is the possessor of bounty for all people” [2:243]
 By providing all these bounties, Allah lets us survive and support us in fighting the challenges of life. He also gives us chance
to adopt righteous lifestyle and follow the right path.
 The main idea of this passage is to introduce Allah as sole Creator of everything and then declare that His mastery in creating
and managing makes Him only true Creator and Owner of this universe.
(b) Importance:
 This passage is very important in practical lives of Muslims as it starts with a great message that Quran is guidance for whole
humanity beyond any boundary of religion, region or nation. Form of address ‘O people’ used in this passage inspires
Muslims to put humanity first.
 It further inspires Muslims to ponder over the creation of God. Actually not only this passage but numerous Quranic verses
invite believers to think in creation of themselves, different animals, stars, sun and moon etc. as this whole thinking process
 will lead them to have stronger and more logical belief in Allah’s existence and His matchless powers.
 Ref: “Indeed! There are signs for people who give thought” [13:4]
 Lastly, after giving a glimpse of Allah’s powers and mastery of creation, this passage inspires Muslims that after knowing all
these facts one should avoid shirk and should not set up rivals to Allah. Shirk is considered one of the most horrible sins that
ignite Allah’s wrath, Muslims should avoid it.
 Passage No 8. Surah Al-Alaq (96:1-5)
ِْ ‫ك ْاْلَ ْكرم الَ ِذي َعلَم بِالْ َقلَ ِم َعلَم‬ ِ ِ ِ َ ِّ‫اقْ رأْ بِاس ِم رب‬
‫اْلنْ َسا َن َما ََلْ يَ ْعلَ ْم‬ َ َ َ َ ُّ‫ك الذي َخلَ َق َخلَ َق ْاْلنْ َسا َن م ْن َعلَق اقْ َرأْ َوَرب‬
َ َ ْ َ
Read! in the name of your Lord, who created, Created man out of a clot of congealed blood: Proclaim! And
your Lord is most bountiful, He who taught by the pen, Taught man what he did not know.
[J/2009] [N/2011] [N/2016] [J/2017] [N/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are: God as Creator; God as the Most Generous; the first revelation/knowledge. Candidates will develop
these themes in their own way, e.g., God as Creator is shown in this sura through the way humans were created from a clot; He
gives creation what they need, in this case, knowledge of God; importance of the first revelation is that it was the beginning of
Islam and prophet hood, and there’s an emphasis on seeking knowledge to learn about faith and God.
(b) Importance of this Surah is that it allows humans to understand how God created them, and how He bestows knowledge
upon them. Seeking knowledge is encouraged and so humankind should try their best to learn throughout their lives, especially
religious knowledge so they can get to know their Lord. Each subject, RE, science, etc. has a value to it and can help humans get
closer to God. It also helps Muslims understand how prophet hood and Islam started and they should reflect upon what God has
sent down for them to help them live their lives. So they should be grateful to God.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah’s relationship with created world.  Muslims should believe in Allah as only Creator, Sustainer
 Allah as The Creator, Sustainer and Teacher. and Provider of knowledge.
 Ref: Surah Al-Zumar [39:62]  Surah At-Tin [95:04]
 Allah’s bounties and blessings.  Inspiration to be thankful to Allah for His blessings.
 Origin of Mankind.  Humans should never forget their true status and origin.
 Importance of Knowledge.  Inspiration for seeking and imparting knowledge.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 These 5 verses were the first revelation of Quran and are part of Surah Alaq. Main theme that is emphasized in this passage is
Allah’s relationship with created world.
 This passage starts with an idea that Allah is the only Creator of everything and only Sustainer who lets everything survive.
 Ref: “Allah is the creator of all things” [39:62]
Allah is the only source of Knowledge and His knowledge is limitless.
 Allah is the provider of bounties that include environment, food and water, security and guidance.
 This passage further elaborates the origin of Human creation as it mentions that Allah created men out clot of congealed
blood.
 Allah started His final and the most important book with the word ‘Read’ this reflects the important and significant status of
knowledge. Knowledge was the thing that made Angels prostrate in front of humans, Knowledge earned them title of
‘Supreme Being’.
(b) Importance:
 This passage has great impact on Muslims’ lives today. Firstly, this passage inspires Muslims to rectify their belief in God as
only Creator and sustainer. This passage further inspires Muslims to believe that Allah is the only provider of knowledge.
 Ref: “We have certainly created man in the best of stature” [95:4]
 This passage further inspires Muslims to be thankful to Allah in return of His uncountable blessings. He created them,
provided them with different blessings, guides and helps them whenever they need, all this inspires them to be thankful to
Him not only by words but through actions.
 This passage gives Muslims another great lesson that they should never forget their origin. As He used to be a filthy drop of
sperm and transformed into clot of blood which is a major impurity. This approach will make them avoid pride and arrogance.
 Highlight of importance of knowledge motivates Muslims to seek knowledge of religion and science and try to make the most
out of it by spreading it to everyone. As it is declared that seeking knowledge is mandatory for every Muslim.
 Passage No 9. Surah Az-Zilzaal (99)
‫َخبَ َارَها‬ ِ ِْ ‫ال‬ ِ ‫ت ْاْلَرض ِزلْزا ََلا وأَخرج‬ ِ َ‫إِذَا زلْ ِزل‬
ْ ‫اْلنْ َسان َما ََلَا يَ ْوَمئذ ُتَدِّث أ‬ َ َ‫ت ْاْل َْرض أَثْ َقا ََلَا َوق‬ َ َْ َ َ َ ْ
‫ال ذَ َرة َشًّرا يََره‬ َ ‫صدر النَاس أَ ْشتَاتًا لِي َرْوا أ َْع َما ََل ْم فَ َم ْن يَ ْع َم ْل ِمثْ َق‬
َ ‫ال َذ َرة َخْي ًرا يََره َوَم ْن يَ ْع َم ْل ِمثْ َق‬ ِ َ َ‫بِأَ َن َرب‬
ْ َ‫ك أ َْو َح َٰى ََلَا يَ ْوَمئذ ي‬
When the earth is shaken to her utmost convulsion, And the earth throws up her burdens, And man, cries
out: ‘What is the matter with her?’, On that day, will it declare its tidings: For that your Lord will have given
her inspiration. On that day, will men proceed in companies sorted out, to be shown their deeds. Then shall
anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good see it! And anyone who has done an atom’s weight of evil
shall see it.
[J/2011] [N/2012] [J/2013] [N/2014] [N/2016]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are: God's Power; the Last Day; responsibility for actions; justice for all. Candidates will develop these
themes in their own way, e.g., saying the earth is shaken, destroying what He created; He has the power to give life/death;
everything will be destroyed. God gives the earth a voice to say what has been done on her, from environmental abuse to
neglect of resources; people will be responsible for their actions on earth and given their accounts; God will give people their
accounts, which will take them to Heaven/Hell.
(b) The last day creates a fear of accountability, reminding Muslims to stay on the straight path. Good deeds will be rewarded
encouraging Muslims to do good at all times, e.g. praying, being honest and helping others. It keeps them away from
displeasurable things like lying, cheating, gossiping, not fasting etc. It helps Muslims understand the temporary nature of the
world which stops them being distracted by worldly things, fashion or money, etc. Muslims feel comforted by God's justice that
no good deed will go unnoticed or bad deed unpunished.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah’s relationship with created world.  Muslims should believe in Judgement Day.
 Allah as The Lord of Judgement day and equitable  Because it’s fundamental belief of Islam.
Judge.  Muslims should prepare for strict and fair scrutiny of our
 Ref: Al-Mutaffifin [83:4-5] deeds.
 Horrors of Judgement Day:  Because everything is being recorded.
 Horrific earthquake.  Lastly, it inspires them not to indulge in temporary world and
 Earth leaking out all its secrets. keep faith in God that He will catch every criminal today or in
 Accountability and Decision. herafter.
 No favors or leniency.  Ref: Al-Ghashiyah [88:26]
Answer
(a) Theme:
 Surah Zilzaal is a Madani Surah with main theme of Allah’s relationship with created world.
 Allah presents Himself as the Lord of judgement day who will be the in charge of Judgement and He will complete the process
with justice and equality. No one can hide or get away with it and no one will be eligible to get any favor.
 Ref: “Do they not think that they will be resurrected, for a tremendous Day” [83:4-5]
 This passage further elaborates the horrors and intensity of Judgement day. Firstly, it mentions the earthquake that will
shake this earth to maximum convulsion and will destroy everything. Earth along with other objects will be given power to
testify against those who will deny their sins. Strict accountability will be carried out and no one will be able to use any source
or wealth or power to dodge this process. People will get the record of their deeds maintained by Angels that will have every
minor detail of their life and finally people will be given eternal home in Paradise or Hell according to their deeds.
(b) Importance:
 This passage has great impact on Muslims’ lives today. Firstly, this passage lays emphasis on a very important Article of Faith
that is to believe in Judgement day. This belief is the first step towards righteousness and obedience of Allah.
 By highlighting horrors of judgement day, this passage instills the fear of judgement and accountability in hearts of people
and motivates them to be cautious about their deeds and rethink before doing anything, keeping mind the fact that
everything is being recorded and preserved.
 Lastly, it inspires them to be focused on their true mission that is preparation of hereafter. Muslims should not lose their
 focus by indulging in temporary luxuries of this world and forgetting the reason behind their existence. Also Muslims should
not lose hope when being persecuted or being targeted of cruelty by anyone and have faith that there is a day when all
criminals will be caught and tiniest of the deeds will not be missed out.
 Ref: “Then indeed, upon Us is their account.” [88:26]
Here Allah motivated Muslims that I will hold everyone accountable for everything they are doing.
Passage No 10. Surah Al-Naas (114)
ِ ‫اْلِن َِة َوالن‬
‫َاس‬ ِ ‫َاس الَ ِذي ي َو ْس ِوس ِِف صدوِر الن‬
ْ ‫َاس ِم َن‬ ِ ‫اْلَن‬
ْ ‫اس‬ِ ‫َاس ِم ْن َشِّر الْ َو ْس َو‬
ِ ‫َاس إَِٰلَِه الن‬ ِ ِ‫َاس مل‬
ِ ‫ك الن‬ ِّ ‫ق ْل أَعوذ بَِر‬
َ ِ ‫ب الن‬
Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of mankind, The King of mankind, The God of Mankind, From the mischief of the
whisperer who withdraws, Who whispers into the hearts of mankind, Among jinn and among mankind.
[J/2011] [N/2013] [N/2014] [N/2016] [J/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are: God as refuge; God as Lord; God as Protector. Candidates will develop these themes in their own way,
e.g., saying that only He can help in times of need, in this case from jinn and men. Seek help only from Him; He created
everything so controls everything, even mischief makers. It’s a warning of those who whisper evil/bad ideas to humans, and then
disappear and leave them on their own; God is a protector from these things; it is one of the suras of protection.
(b) Through these verses Muslims get to know the kind of evils/mischief they have to be wary of. This means they should be
aware of what’s happening to them so they can recognise the signs of mischief. Praying and doing good deeds strengthens
reliance on God. Reciting this sura with the other ‘qul’s’ is a source of protection. God is the King so it is Him who people should
seek refuge with.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme is Allah’s relationship with created world.  Muslims should develop relation with Allah against satan and
 Allah as only protector and refuge. evil forces. (Can be attained through prayer and good deeds)
 Ref: Surah Saba [34:21]  Muslims should seek Allah’s refuge from visible and invisible
 Allah as only Lord and Liable to be worshiped. evil.
 Negative actions of evil forces.  Ref: Surah Al-Falaq [113:1]
 Allah is the only protection from all such forces.  Muslims should fight against evil thoughts. (Jihad-Bil-Nafs)
 Significance: Protection (along with Surah Falaq)
Answer
(a) Theme:
 Surah Al-Nas is a Makki Surah with main theme of Allah’s relationship with created world.
 This Passage declares that Allah is the only Protector who protects His creation from evil. Allah says:
 “…And your Lord, over all things, is Guardian.” [34:21]
 Furthermore, it lays emphasis on the importance of belief in Oneness of Allah and declares that Allah is the only lord and all
worships are rightfully dedicated to Him. In other words, this passage highlights all three aspects of Oneness that Allah is free
from any associate in His lordship, in His status of being Liable to be worshiped and in His qualities and attributes.
 Surah Al-Nas also mentions that there evil forces which can be possibly from humans and jinn that spread mischief,
confusion, evil thoughts and negative emotions in hearts and minds of people.
 Passage declares that Allah is the only power that can save us from mischief and evil thoughts of all such forces.
(b) Importance:
 This passage has great impact on Muslims’ lives today. Firstly, this recalls Muslims that Satan is putting great effort to
misguide humanity in order to fulfil his challenge to Allah that he would misguide humankind. So, Muslims should develop
strong relationship with Allah in order to defeat Satan.
 Muslims should realize that Allah is the only possible refuge from all types of negative and evil forces and they should seek
His refuge in order to stay protected from the evil forces that can be magic, negative vibes, demotivating thoughts and or
people who say negative stuff.
 “Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak.” [113:01]
 This passage impacts Muslims’ lives in a very strong way by making them realize the importance of evil within which is called
Jihad bil-Nafs (Fight against evil within) only this way they can purify their faith and character.
 Surah Al-Nas and Surah Al-Falaq are called Muawwadatain and recited to attain protection of Allah from magic, evil eye and
other invisible evil forces.

_____________
 Theme 3: Allah’s Messengers
 This theme includes Quranic Passages No 11-15.
 All passages of this theme are about relationship of Allah with his Messengers.
 4 Prophets are discussed in this theme. Prophet Adam (AS), Ibrahim (AS), Jesus (AS) and Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH).
 Passage No 11. Surah Al-Baqarah (02:30-37)
‫َْسَ ِاء‬
ْ ‫ضه ْم َعلَى ال َْم ََلئِ َك ِة فَ َق َال أَنْبِئوِِّن بِأ‬
َ ‫َْسَاءَ كلَ َها ُثَ َعَر‬ َ ‫ َو َعلَ َم‬.‫ك ۚ قَ َال إِ ِِّّن أ َْعلَم َما َّل تَ ْعلَمو َن‬
ْ ‫آد َم ْاْل‬ ِ
َ َ‫اء َوََْنن ن َسبِّح ِِبَ ْمد َك َون َقدِّس ل‬
َ ‫ِّم‬
ِ ِ ِ ِ َ ‫ض خلِي َفةً ۚ قَالوا أ‬
َ ‫ََت َعل ف َيها َم ْن ي ْفسد ف َيها َويَ ْسفك الد‬ ْ ِ ِ ِ ِ َ ُّ‫وإِ ْذ قَ َال رب‬
َ ِ ‫ك لْل َم ََلئ َكة إِ ِِّّن َجاعل ِِف ْاْل َْر‬ َ َ
ِ ‫َْسائِ ِهم قَ َال أَ ََل أَقل لَكم إِ ِِّّن أ َْعلَم َغيب ال َسماو‬ ِ ِ ِ ْ ‫آدم أَنْبِْئ هم بِأ‬ ِ ْ ‫َك أَنْت الْعلِيم‬ ِ َ َ‫ قَالوا سبحان‬.‫َٰهؤَّل ِء إِ ْن كْنتم ص ِادقِي‬
‫ض َوأ َْعلَم َما ت ْبدو َن َوَما كْنت ْم تَكْتمو َن‬ ِ ‫ات َو ْاْل َْر‬ ََ َ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ َْ ‫َْسَائه ْم ۚ فَلَ َما أَنْبَأَه ْم بأ‬ ْ َ ‫ قَ َال يَا‬.‫اْلَكيم‬ َ َ َ ‫ك َّل عْل َم لَنَا إَِّل َما َعلَ ْمتَ نَا ۚ إِن‬ َْ َ َ ْ َ
‫َخَر َجه َما ِِمَا‬
ْ ‫ فَأََزََل َما الشَْيطَان َعْن َها فَأ‬.‫ي‬
ِِ ِ ِِ ِ ِ
َ ‫اْلَنَةَ َوك ََل مْن َها َر َغ ًدا َحْيث شْئت َما َوَّل تَ ْقَربَا ََٰهذه ال َش َجَرةَ فَتَكونَا م َن الظَالم‬
ْ ‫ك‬ َ ‫ت َوَزْوج‬ َ ْ‫اسك ْن أَن‬
ْ ‫آدم‬
ِ ِ
َ ‫استَكْبَ َر َوَكا َن م َن الْ َكاف ِر‬
َ ‫ َوق ْلنَا يَا‬.‫ين‬ ْ ‫ََب َو‬
َٰ َ ‫يس أ‬ِ ِ َِ ِ
َ ‫اسجدوا ِل َد َم فَ َس َجدوا إّل إبْل‬
ِ ِ ِ
ْ ‫ َوإِ ْذ ق ْلنَا لْل َم ََلئ َكة‬.
‫اب َعلَْي ِه ۚ إِنَه ه َو التَ َواب الَرِحيم‬ ِ ِ ِ ‫ فَت لَقَى‬.‫ض مست َقر ومتاع إِ َ َٰل ِحي‬ ِ ِِ
َ َ‫آدم م ْن َربِّه َكل َمات فَت‬ َ َٰ َ َ َ َ َ ْ ِ ‫َكانَا فيه ۚ َوق ْلنَا ْاهبِطوا بَ ْعضك ْم لبَ ْعض َعدو ۚ َولَك ْم ِِف ْاْل َْر‬

Behold, your Lord said to the angels: ‘I will create a vicegerent on earth.’ They said: ‘Will You place there one who will make mischief there and shed blood? - whilst
we celebrate your praises and glorify your holy (name)?’ He said: ‘I know what you do not know.’ And He taught Adam the names of all things; then He placed them
before the angels, and said: ‘Tell me the names of these if you are right.’ They said: ‘Glory to You, of knowledge we have none, save what You have taught us: In
truth it is You who are perfect in knowledge and wisdom.’ He said: ‘Adam! Tell them their names.’ When he had told them, Allah said: ‘Did I not tell you that I know
the secrets of heaven and earth, and I know what you reveal and what you conceal?’. And behold, we said to the angels: ‘Bow down to Adam’. And they bowed
down. Not so Iblis: he refused and was haughty: he was of those who reject faith. We said: ‘Adam! You and your wife dwell in the Garden; and eat of the bountiful
things in it as You wish. But do not approach this tree, or you will run into harm and transgression.’ Then Satan made them slip from there, and got them out of
what they had been in. We said: ‘Go down, with enmity between yourselves. On earth will be your dwelling-place and your means of livelihood, for a time.’ Then
Adam learnt from his Lord words of inspiration, and his Lord turned towards him; for He is often-returning, most merciful.
[N/2009] [N/2013] [J/2017] [N/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are: God as Creator; his relationship and care of His prophets; God giving knowledge and status to whom He wishes.
Candidates will develop these themes in their own way, e.g., saying God created Adam, as well as everything else(angels, etc), and granted him a
high position – there is a stature of humans in relation to God; God gives knowledge to who he wants and he gives the special status of prophet
hood to whom he wishes. When Satan misled Adam, God did not leave him or allow any obstacle to prevent him from making Adam his
representative on earth, in other words God looks after His prophets.
(b) The importance is that Adam was the first prophet of God, who was made his representative on earth. This gives Muslims a sense of their
connection to God as Adam is called the father of humankind and everyone is descended from him. God showed Adam’s importance by making
the angels bow to him, and forgiving him when he disobeyed. This should make humankind understand their status, they should seek forgiveness
from God and worship Him. It also shows God’s care and direct relationship with every individual.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme: Allah’s  Muslims should behave according to their level and title.
Messengers.  As they’re declared Supreme Being and representatives of Allah so their deeds
 Allah’s status as Creator. should match their designated level.
 Allah’s care and support for His  Muslims should realize the importance of knowledge.
Prophets.  As Allah made Angels prostrate Adam by using his knowledge.
 Ref: Surah Aa’raaf [07:12]  Muslims should never hesitate to ask forgiveness from Allah.
 Allah’s forgiveness.  Allah is oft-forgiving as he forgave Adam and Eve.
 Ref: Surah Fatiha [01:03]
Answer
(a) Theme:
 These verses are taken from Surah Al-Baqarah which is a Madani Surah and main theme that is emphasized in this passage is
Allah’s relationship with His Messengers.
 Allah (SWT) narrates the story of Adam’s (AS) creation and teaches some of the very important lessons to humans. Passage
declares that Allah is the only creator who created Adam and then Eve, Angels and Jinns before humans and everything else.
 This passage continues the story that how Allah gave Adam knowledge of things and presented him in front of Angels who
acknowledged his superiority and prostrated for him on orders of Allah. Except satan who refused to so by giving this logic:
 “[Satan] said, "I am better than him. You created me from fire and created him from clay." [7:12]
Adam and Eve were given chance to live in paradise and were permitted to avail all luxuries. All these blessings Allah reflect
His favors and support for His people and Messengers specially.
 When they made mistake, Allah did not leave them but responded to their repentance and forgave them and gave them
great status of Allah’s vicegerent (representative) on earth. All this reflects His mercy and love for His people.
(b) Importance:
 This passage has great impact on Muslims’ lives today. Firstly, this passage highlights Adam (AS) as father of humanity who
was given great importance by Allah as Angels prostrated for him, got the designation of Allah’s representative and title of
Supreme Being. All this inspires Muslims not to forget their great status and act the way it is necessary to earn all given titles.
 Angels prostrated for Adam (AS) just because of his knowledge that was given by Allah. This inspires Muslims to realize the
 importance of knowledge and keep seeking religious and scientific knowledge in order to meet the expectations of their Lord.
 Lastly, it inspires them not to lose hope after attempting mistakes and rely on Allah’s mercy and forgiveness. Same as Adam
(AS) repented after His mistake and God forgave him. As Allah Himself describes His attributes of mercy and forgiveness:
 “The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful” [01:03]
Prophet (PBUH) also instructs to repent even after committing sins enough to fill the space between heavens and earth.
Passage No 12. Surah Al-An’aam (6:75-79)
‫ فَلَ َما‬.‫ي‬ ِِ ُّ ‫ال َّل أ ِح‬ َ َ‫ال ََٰه َذا َرِّّب ۚ فَلَ َما أَفَ َل ق‬ َٰ ‫ فَلَ َما َج َن َعلَْي ِه اللَْيل َرأ‬.‫ي‬ ِِ ِ ِ ِ ‫ات و ْاْلَر‬ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ‫وَك ََٰذل‬
َ ‫ب ْاِلفل‬ َ َ‫َى َك ْوَكبًا ۚ ق‬ َ ‫ض َوليَكو َن م َن الْموقن‬ ْ َ ‫وت ال َس َم َاو‬ َ ‫يم َملَك‬ َ ‫ك نري إبْ َراه‬ َ َ
َ َ‫س بَا ِز َغةً ق‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ َ َ‫ال َٰه َذا رِّّب ۚ فَلَ َما أَفَل ق‬
‫ال‬
َ َ‫ت ق‬ْ َ‫ال ََٰه َذا َرِّّب ََٰه َذا أَ ْكبَ ر ۚ فَلَ َما أَفَل‬ َ ‫َم‬
ْ ‫ فَلَ َما َرأَى الش‬.‫ي‬ َ ِّ‫ال لَئ ْن ََلْ يَ ْهدِِّن َرِّّب َْلَكونَ َن م َن الْ َق ْوم الضَال‬ َ
ِ
َ َ َ َ‫َرأَى الْ َق َمَر بَاز ًغا ق‬
ِ ِ ِ ‫ات و ْاْلَر‬ ِ ِِ ِ ِ
.‫ي‬َ ‫ض َحني ًفا ۚ َوَما أَنَا م َن الْم ْش ِرك‬ َ ْ َ ‫ إِ ِِّّن َو َج ْهت َو ْج ِه َي للَذي فَطََر ال َس َم َاو‬.‫يَا قَ ْوم إِ ِِّّن بَِريء ِمَا ت ْش ِركو َن‬
So also, did We show Abraham the power and the laws of the heavens and the earth, so that he might have certainty.
When the night covered him over, he saw a star: He said: ‘This is my Lord.’ But when it set, he said: ‘I do not love things
that set.’ When he saw, the moon rising in splendor, he said: ‘This is my Lord.’ But when the moon set, he said: ‘Unless
my Lord guides me, I will surely be among those who go astray.’ When he saw, the sun rising in splendor, he said: ‘This
is my Lord; this is the greatest.’ But when the sun set, he said: ‘O my people! I am indeed free from your giving partners
to Allah.’ ‘For me, I have set my face firmly and truly towards Him who created the heavens and the earth, and never
shall I give partners to Allah.’
[N/2010] [N/2013] [J/2014] [N/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are: God’s power, His signs in creation, and His Oneness. Candidates will develop these themes in their own
way, e.g., saying His power is shown through His ability to control the sun and the moon, and that the sign of His power is that He
does not fade or die away, whilst things in creation do. The passage also shows His relationship with His prophets and that He uses
these signs to guide them. Therefore these verses tell Muslims to worship God alone. They strengthen belief in His Oneness.
(b) The importance of these verses is to strengthen belief by showing that created things are not permanent. The prophets have
asked God for guidance and so Muslims should take this guidance too. They should realize that they need to look to one God for
their answers, rather than looking to created things for guidance.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme: Allah’s Messengers.  Muslims should adopt logical approach and lenient method to
 Ibrahim’s (AS) way of proving Allah’s Oneness and preach Allah’s message.
power.  Ref: Surah Taha [20:44]
 Allah’s signs in creation.  Muslims should reinforce their faith by thinking critically and
 Ref: Surah Fussilat [41:37] seeking signs in Allah’s creation.
 Allah’s Oneness.  Because Allah (SWT) demotivates blind faith.
 Muslims should stay away from Shirk.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 These verses are taken from Surah Al-An’aam which is a Makki Surah. Main theme of this passage is Allah’s Messengers and it
also reinforces belief in Allah through his signs in creation.
 This passage narrates the story of Ibrahim (AS) when he debated polytheists and rejected their ideology based upon shirk. He
highlighted the weaknesses of their prescribed Gods and proved that anything that is temporarily created cannot be God.
 This Passage further presents the idea that this universe is full of signs of Allah’s existence, His power to create and manage
everything. This highlights a new way of finding God through His creations.
 As Allah says: “…Adore not the sun and the moon, but adore Allah, who created them…” [41:37]
This passage teaches not to believe in something without understanding and critical analysis. It also teaches that belief in
Allah should be supported with strong logical evidences.
 Lastly, this passage demands Muslims to worship only One God and strengthen their faith in Oneness of Allah.
(b) Importance:
 This passage is very important in Muslims’ life. It inspires them to adopt logical approach and learn to support their message
with logical evidences in order to make people come closer to Islam. Same thought was conveyed when Allah ordered Moses
to go and talk to pharaoh:
 “And speak to him (Pharaoh) with gentle speech…” [20:44]
 Muslims should reinforce their own faith in Allah by thinking critically and learning about Islam thoroughly. Because Allah
never asks believers to have blind faith. Actually, He motivates people to ponder and research in signs of Allah’s creation and
then accept him as God. Faith attained after research, seeking knowledge and based upon logical evidences will be much
better and long lasting than the blind faith that has no logical base.
 This passage brain storms the believers and motivates them to question ideologies and myths surrounding around. This leads
to a stronger faith.
 Muslims should stay away from Shirk the way Ibrahim (AS) concluded his debate and pledged not to do Shirk. Muslims should
also cleanse their faith from all types of shirk and believe in Allah as only God unique in His attributes and qualities.
Passage No 13. Surah Al-Maidah (05:110)
‫ي َك َهيْئَ ِة‬ِ ِّ‫اْل ِْْنيل ۚ وإِ ْذ ََتْلق ِمن الط‬ ِ ِ َ ‫وح الْقد ِس ت َكلِّم النَاس ِِف الْمه ِد وَكه ًَل ۚ وإِ ْذ علَمت‬ ِ ‫ك بِر‬ ِ
َ ِ‫ك َو َعلَ َٰى َوال َدت‬
َ ‫ك إِ ْذ أَيَ ْدت‬ َ ْ‫يسى ابْ َن َم ْرََيَ اذْك ْر نِ ْع َم ِِت َعلَي‬ ِ َ َ َ‫إِ ْذ ق‬
َ َ َ ِْ ‫ْمةَ َوالت َْوَراةَ َو‬ َ ‫اب َوا ْْلك‬
َ َ‫ك الْكت‬ َْ َ ْ َ َْ َ َ ‫ال الله يَا ع‬
‫ين َك َفروا ِمنْ ه ْم إِ ْن ََٰه َذا إَِّل‬ ِ َ َ ‫ات فَ َق‬
ِ َ‫ك إِ ْذ ِجئْتَهم بِالْب يِّ ن‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِِ َ ‫الطَِْي بِِإ ْذِِّن فَتَ نْ فخ فِ َيها فَتَكون طَيْ را بِِإ ْذِِّن ۚ وت ِْْبئ ْاْلَ ْكمهَ و ْاْلَبْر‬
َ ‫ال الذ‬ َ ْ َ ‫ص بإ ْذِّن ۚ َوإ ْذ َتْرِج ال َْم ْوتَ َٰى بإ ْذِّن ۚ َوإ ْذ َك َف ْفت بَِن إ ْسَرائ‬
َ ْ‫يل َعن‬ َ َ َ َ ً
.‫ِس ْحر مبِي‬

Then will Allah say: ‘Jesus son of Mary! Recount my favors to you and to your mother. Behold! I strengthened you with
the holy spirit, so that you spoke to the people in childhood and in maturity. Behold! I taught you the Book and
Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel. And behold! You make out of clay, as it were, the figure of a bird, by my leave, and
you breathe into it and it becomes a bird by my leave, and you heal those born blind, and the lepers, by my leave. And
behold! You bring forth the dead by my leave. And behold! I restrained the Children of Israel from you when you
showed them the clear signs, and the unbelievers among them said: ‘This is nothing but evident magic.’
[N/2009] [N/2010] [N/2013] [J/2016]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are God and His prophets; that humans need God; that God gives signs to humankind. Candidates will develop these themes
in their own way, e.g. saying that God gives to His prophets to help them, in this case Jesus got the holy spirit, the Book and the wisdom, the Law
and the Gospel; humans can do great things but only with God’s permission, ‘by my leave’; God gives humankind signs through prophets of His
existence, which separates those who believe and those who don’t.
(b) These teachings reaffirm for Muslims the Prophethood of Jesus and the power of God. Humans are capable of great feats but it is God who
gives permission for these; moon landings, space travel, etc. Muslims should use these as signs of God’s grace, and believe in His power to control
everything and allow things to happen. They should therefore remember Him often, by praying, supplicating or doing good deeds, etc., to ensure
they are counted as believers.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme: Allah’s Messengers.  Muslims should believe in Prophets’ miracles.
 Allah’s support for Jesus (AS) through miracles:  Ref: Surah Aal-e-Imran [03:49]
 Knowledge of Gospel and wisdom.  Muslims can find Allah through His signs.
 Spoke and defended his mother in cradle.  That’s the best way of finding God.
 Healing blind, lepers and bringing dead back to life.  Muslims should never lose hope upon being rejected or
 Giving life to clay figures. defeated.
 Ref: Surah Maryam [19:30]  As everything happens according to will of Allah.
 People’s response.
 Power of Allah’s plan.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 These verses are taken from Surah Al-Maidah which is a Madani Surah. Main theme of this passage is Allah’s Messengers.
 This passage narrates the story of Jesus (AS) by mentioning Allah’s support given to him through miracles. When people
assassinated his mother’s (Marry) character, He spoke in her cradle and defended her, He was given the knowledge of
Gospel, law and wisdom to understand and spread it. He would cure lepers and blind, bring dead back to life and turn clay
figures into real birds. Allah strengthened Prophet Jesus through all these miracles and helped him throughout his mission.
 As Allah says: “[Jesus] said, "Indeed, I am the servant of Allah. He has given me the Scripture and made me a prophet” [19:30]
 This passage further clarifies that some people still rejected Jesus and the whole idea of worshiping One God and avoiding
shirk and some even attempted to crucify him. This elaborates that Prophets/people are only entitled to put efforts, results
depend on Allah and we are not bound by Allah to produce results.
 Lastly, repetition of ‘by my leave’ clarifies that everything happens by permission and will of Allah and Allah’s plan is
always there behind everything that happens anywhere.
(b) Importance:
 This passage is very important in Muslims’ life. Firstly, it inspires Muslims to understand God’s philosophy of supporting His
Messengers by giving them miracles and asks Muslims to believe in miracles of Prophets.
 Secondly, Muslims learn to find a new way of finding God which is pondering over His creation, signs and miracles. Allah says:
 “thus does God make clear to you His signs in order that you consider” [02:219]
 Furthermore, the way despite all the miracles Jesus was rejected by wicked people, Muslims learn not to complain/mourn
over losses and defeats and should keep in mind that every incident occurs according to Allah’s will and consent. This will
make them steadfast and patient and will give them required strength to face any type of circumstances.
 Muslims learn that it is really important to believe in previous Prophets and their miracles in order to attain complete faith.
 Lastly, This Passage inspires readers to utilize their potential because Humans are capable of doing wonders with the help
and support of Allah.
Passage No 14. Surah Al-Zuha (93)
ِ ِ
‫ض ًّاّل‬
َ ‫ َوَو َج َد َك‬.‫آو َٰى‬ ً ‫أَ ََلْ ََي ْد َك يَت‬. ‫ض َٰى‬
َ َ‫يما ف‬ َ ‫ك فَتَ ْر‬ َ ‫ف ي ْع ِط‬
َ ُّ‫يك َرب‬ َ ‫ َولَ َس ْو‬.‫ول‬ َٰ َ ‫ك ِم َن ْاْل‬ َ َ‫َولَ ْْل ِخَرة َخْي ر ل‬ .‫ك َوَما قَلَ َٰى‬ َ ‫ َما َوَد َع‬.‫ َواللَْي ِل إِ َذا َس َج َٰى‬.‫ُّح َٰى‬
َ ُّ‫ك َرب‬ َ ‫َوالض‬
َ ِّ‫ َوأََما بِنِ ْع َم ِة َرب‬.‫ َوأََما ال َسائِ َل فَ ََل تَْن َه ْر‬. ‫يم فَ ََل تَ ْق َه ْر‬
ِ .‫ َوَو َج َد َك َعائًَِل فَأَ ْغ َ َٰن‬. ‫فَ َه َد َٰى‬
.‫ِّث‬
ْ ‫ك فَ َحد‬ َ ‫فَأََما الْيَت‬
By the glorious morning light, And by the night when it is still, Your Lord has not forsaken you, nor is he displeased. And truly the
Hereafter will be better for you than the present. And soon your Lord will give you so that you will be pleased. Did He not find you
an orphan and give you shelter? And He found you wandering, and He gave you guidance. And He found you in need, and made
you independent. Therefore, do not treat the orphan with harshness, Nor drive the beggar away; But tell about the bounty of your
Lord!
[N/2010] [J/2014] [N/2015] [J/2016] [N/2017]
Marking Scheme
(a) The main themes are: God as companion; He helps His prophets, in this case the Prophet Muhammad; teaches being grateful to God.
Candidates will develop these themes in their own way, e.g., it is God who helps in need so when distressed, Muslims should turn to Him; this
surah is directed to the Prophet (PBUH) himself showing how God helped him, in this case with shelter, guidance and independence; gives
message of being kind and helpful to others in need, like orphans and beggars, and realizing that a person’s benefits all come from thanking God.
(b) These themes tell Muslims to be steadfast and strong when others mock them; God gave blessings to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH),
despite people saying that he had been forgotten by God. Muslims should look at their own lives to see their blessings and not think they have
been given nothing; they should not constantly want more than what they have. They should be grateful to God through prayers, giving charity
and helping those less fortunate than themselves and they should make people aware of the ways in which God helps them.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme: Allah’s Messengers.  Muslims should always ignore the propaganda of enemies
 Interval of revelation and Quraysh’s propaganda. and focus on the mission.
 Allah’s consolation and promise of success in future.  Muslims should never lose hope because best is yet to come.
 Surah Shu’ara [26:03]  Surah Inshirah [94:05]
 Signifies the importance of hope.  Muslims should never forget Allah’s blessings and be grateful
 Reminder of previous blessings and Importance of to Allah.
remembering Allah’s blessings and gratitude.  Muslims should never persecute any human being and
 Order to serve orphans and downtrodden. always serve humanity.
 Importance of social welfare and service of humanity.  That’s the best way to make Allah happy.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 Surah Duha is a Makki Surah and the main theme that is emphasized in the passage is Allah’s relationship with His
Messengers.
 Surah Duha was revealed when Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was mocked during interval of revelation when revelation was
 halted for a short time period and Makkans started mocking and teasing Prophet (PBUH) that his God has left him. This
campaign was so strong that it disturbed Prophet (PBUH) and he got anxious.
 Allah consoled Prophet (PBUH) and reassured His support by saying that ‘Your God has not left you.’ and also gave glad
tidings of success in his mission in near future. Allah taught Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) not be depressed and anxious over
their rejection:
 “Perhaps, [O Muhammad], you would kill yourself with grief that they will not be believers.” [26:03]
This signifies the importance of hope and clarifies that commitment and hard work will bring success sooner or later.
 Allah reminded Prophet (PBUH) His 3 blessing, shelter while he was orphan, guidance when he was in wandering in search of
truth and solution of his financial problems. This highlights the importance of remembering Allah’s blessings and gratitude.
 Lastly, Allah ordered Prophet (PBUH) to be good with orphans and poor and serve humanity. This indicates that being good
with downtrodden people is given utmost importance in Islam and serving humanity the noblest cause.
(b) Importance:
 This passage inspires Muslims to be focused and committed to their cause and ignoring the propaganda and lies of enemies.
Muslims learn that allowing someone to tease you by their actions or words is injustice to your own self.
 Secondly, Muslims learn to put their maximum and honest efforts and keep fighting circumstances. It further inspires
Muslims not to worry about results as Allah never wastes someone’s hard work and will bring success and ease eventually.
 Allah says: “For indeed, with hardship [will be] ease.” [94:05]
 Furthermore, Muslims learn another lesson that most people remember Allah in problems and forget Him in happiness. This
passage inspires Muslims not to forget Allah’s blessings and always being grateful for His uncountable blessings.
 Lastly, Muslims learn the fact that it is prohibited in Islam to tease or harm any creature specially who are already
downtrodden such as poor and orphans. Muslims are supposed to serve humanity and utilize their maximum potential to
share the ease and happiness with creation of Allah.
Passage No 15. Surah Al-Kausar (108)
ِ َ‫اك الْ َكوثَر ف‬
َ َ‫ك َو ْاَنَْر إِ َن َشانِئ‬
‫ك ه َو ْاْلَبْتَ ر‬ َ َ ْ َ َ‫إِنَا أ َْعطَْي ن‬
َ ِّ‫ص ِّل لَرب‬
To you We have granted abundance. So pray to your Lord and sacrifice. For he who hates you, he will be cut off.
[N/2009] [J/2012] [N/2013]
Marking Scheme
(a) Good answers for this passage will talk about God’s mercy/generosity and his relationship with the Prophet Muhammad.
Answers may talk about how God has granted the Prophet success, and because of this the Prophet and all Muslims should
continue to show loyalty to God even in times of difficulty. God remains near to His prophets. It was also revealed as a consolation
to the Prophet and foretold the destruction of his opponents.
(b) Answers could give an insight into how the relationship between God and the Prophet has lessons for Muslims. Muslims today
are that future generation of followers that was given to the Prophet, and so this surah gives hope to people in times of need. God
always intervenes in times of difficulty so Muslims should always remember to look to Him for help and support, and not feel
disheartened in times of difficulty, e.g. during illness or oppression.
Structure of Answer
(a) Theme: (b) Importance:
 Main Theme: Allah’s  Muslims should ignore mocking of enemies.
Messengers.  Because all prophets were mocked, misbehaved, persecuted and even killed
 Death of Prophet’s (PBUH) by enemies.
sons, mocking of Makkans and  Muslims should keep in mind that Truth always wins and falsehood always
Allah’s consolation.
loses.
 Surah Al-An’aam [06:34]
 A lesson of steadfastness and
 As Prophet (PBUH) despite facing all challenges finally fulfilled his mission
hope. successfully.
 Importance of Prayer and  Ref: Surah Israa [17:81]
Sacrifice.  Muslims should be regular for prayer and develop sense of sacrifice.
 Promise of Abundance.  As it is considered the best way to show gratitude.
Answer
(a) Theme:
 Surah Kauthar is a Makki Surah and the main theme that is emphasized in the passage is Allah’s Messengers.
 Surah Kauthar was revealed when Prophet’s (PBUH) sons Qasim and Abdullah died in infancy Quraysh started mocking and
named him Abtar which means ‘Nameless’ or ‘Cutoff’. They propagated that message/name of a person is carried forward by
his offspring and as Prophet (PBUH) does not have any male descendant, so his religion and message will also die with his
death. This made Prophet anxious and depressed but Allah consoled him and reassured his support and promised that his
message will be spread in every corner of the world. Allah reminds similar case of previous Prophets in Quran.
 “And certainly were messengers denied before you, but they were patient over [the effects of] denial, and they were
harmed until Our support came to them…” [06:34]
 Furthermore, this passage is a great lesson of steadfastness and hope. This passage teaches that wicked people and their bad
intentions cannot do any harm to those who are supported by Allah as they succeed eventually. As Allah fulfilled His promise
Prophet (PBUH) himself saw spread of his message across the Arab.
 Special mention of Prayer and Sacrifice highlights the importance of these two and indicates their significance.
 Lastly, Allah promised Abundance (Al-Kauthar) a package of bounties and glad tidings about every aspect of this life and
hereafter. According to some traditions it’s a fountain of Paradise exclusive for followers of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
 Prophet (PBUH) says: “This is a Fountain at which my Ummah will assemble on the Resurrection Day.” [Muslim]
(b) Importance:
 Muslims should not get depressed upon being mocked and persecuted by enemies. As this is a universal rule that the tree
that bears the sweetest fruits gets the maximum number of stones. Same as life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was full of
hardships and tests.
 Muslims should keep in mind that truth always wins and falsehood is meant to be perished. It can be delayed but it is the
final fate of falsehood. As Allah describes it:
 And say, "Truth has come, and falsehood has departed. Indeed is falsehood, [by nature], ever bound to depart." [17:81]
 As a gesture of gratitude Muslims should be regular for prayer and develop the sense of sacrificing for others.
 As a complete passage, these verses have magical impact on readers’ mind. Story of Prophet (PBUH) facing hardships,
burying his 6 children in his lifetime, financial crisis, persecution, being driven out city of Allah, losing loved ones, still
managing to succeed in the mission given by Allah and having billions of followers as promised by Allah, all this inspire
Muslims to keep fighting for their cause, success will follow them.
 Major Themes of Quran
 CAIE Syllabus title for this chapter:
 The major themes of the Qur’an as contained both in the passages set for special study and in other similar
passages.
 Introduction:
 Questions are set mainly covering anyone of 3 themes of Quranic passages:
1. Allah in Himself. [Passages 1-5]
2. Allah’s relationship with created world. [Passages 6-10]
3. Allah’s Messengers. [Passages 11-15]
 Facts:
 There will be lot repetitions from Q1, Part (a) and in some questions Part (b) as well.
 This means that good command on 15 passages means that candidates can ace this chapter easily.
 Candidates can refer to other similar passages of Quran with same theme asked in the question.

Theme 1: Allah in Himself

Q (a) Using passages you have studied, write about Quranic teachings about God in Quran. [10]
[November/2013]

CAIE Marking Scheme

The passages in the syllabus relating to God in Himself are: 2.555; 6.101–103; 41.37; 42.4– 5; 112. These are not the only
passages the candidates can use. Candidates can use any number of passages to write about but they should write with some
detail about the suras and not merely give general comments/themes about them. Candidates may say that God tells
humankind about his oneness, e.g. but they should elaborate on this by writing things like, He uses the word Ahad to tell
humans about His oneness but it is not just that He is one, he does not have any partners or any children to share in His
power/authority and so humans should not think of Him as like themselves. This is further emphasized by the line, there is no
one like Him, meaning that no one can compare to what he looks like or what He is capable of doing. Another example could be
that God tells humans about His knowledge, which is seen in passages 2.255 and 6.101–103. They could quote what these
passages say about God’s Knowledge and elaborate on what this means. There may be some repetition from Q1a, but this
answer should be more focused and more detailed, and the passages should be linked in some way.
Structure of Answer

Para 1 (Description of God) Para 2 (God’s Powers) Para 3 (Eradication of Shirk)

 Starting intro.
 Oneness of Allah.
 Allah’s eternal and absolute
existence and Independent status.
 Allah doesn’t have any family or
associates.
 Allah is non comparable nor is He
perceivable or visible to eyes. He is
free from human weaknesses.
 Allah originated the Universe and he  Allah alone worthy of worship and
is the only owner of it. Shirk is a horrible sin.
 Allah has full authority and control  Shirk ignites Allah’s wrath.
over universe.
 Perfection of Universe is the biggest
 Allah’s knowledge is limitless.
evidence of Oneness.
 Allah as Giver of life and death.
 Allah’s throne; symbol of His
unmatchable power.

Answer

 Prophet (PBUH) was asked about Allah’s description by Makkans, Christians of Najran and Jews of Khyber, all of
them asked similar questions about God and discussed possibility of God having family or associates. Allah
revealed Surah Ikhlas along with other verses to answer their questions and clarify the confusions about God. All
these verses are part of the theme Allah in Himself that is one of the most important themes of Holy Quran as it
 introduces Allah and inspires us to believe in Allah as only One God.
 Word ‘Allah’ itself emphasize on the importance of Oneness. Although there are numerous other names but
Quran mostly uses word ‘Allah’ because there is no plural form of word Allah in Arabic language. Belief in
Oneness of Allah is the most important Article of Faith and building of Islamic beliefs is standing on the
foundation of Oneness.
 Allah’s existence is absolute and eternal. As he describes in Surah Ikhlas:
 “Allah the Independent, Care free.” [112:2]
This verse clarifies that Allah does not need supporters or worshippers to sustain his existence and power, but
worshippers need him to sustain their existence.
 This verse also answers the question about creation of God and proves that no one created God. He does not
have any starting and He is never going to die or vanish.
 Allah does not have any family or other type of associates. This concept answers all false beliefs about God
having wife, son, daughters and other associates. As Allah mentions in Surah Jinn:
 “…He has not taken a wife or a son” [72:03]
 And He is non comparable and unique because He does not have physical appearance. Therefore he is not visible
or perceivable to eyes. Allah says:
 “No vision can grasp him but his grasp is over all vision” [6:103]
Proves that Allah is free from any physical structure or body. He is free from all human weaknesses such as urge
to eat, drink, sleep, breath and other physical needs.
 Allah is the Creator of everything be it this universe or creations like Angels, Jinns and Humans. He alone
originated the universe as He says in Holy Quran:
 “Indeed, your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and earth in six days…” [7:54]
He also talks about creation of humankind:
 “And certainly did We create man from an extract of clay.” [23:12]
 Being the only creator and caretaker of the universe Allah has full command and authority over everything. All
these planets, different seasons, air, water, different types of food and execution of all other affairs are perfectly
done only by Allah. He is the lone and independent king of this world and hereafter. And all of it is just result of
Allah’s single order, as it is described in Holy Quran. Allah says:
 “Whenever We will anything to be, We but say unto it Our word “BE” - and it is.” [16:40].
 Allah further elaborates He is different from everyone as His knowledge is limitless and He knows what is visible
to us and what is beyond our reach. Allah mentions His two attributes ‘The all Knowing’ (Al-Aleem) and The
Acquainted (Al-Khabeer) to demonstrate His matchless, limitless and comprehensive knowledge of everything.
 Allah also mentions His attributes of ‘The Giver of Life’ (Al-Muh’yi) and ‘The Giver of Death’ (Al-Mumeet) and
declares that no one else has power to create something and then taking back their lives and then resurrecting
them once again. All these unique and matchless powers belong to Allah only.
 Throne of Allah is a symbol of His matchless power. Allah talks about it often in Quran:
 “It is Allah who created the heavens and the earth and whatever is between them in six days; then He
established Himself above the Throne” [32:4]
 Allah loves His creatures as described by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH):
 “ALLAH is more merciful to His believing servants than that mother could ever be to her child." [Bukhari]
 But He does not like shirk. As it is described in Holy Quran:
 “Indeed, Allah does not forgive association with Him, but He forgives what is less than that for whom He
wills…” [4:48]
 Shirk is a horrible sin that ignites Allah’s wrath and His anger is so horrible that heavens could burst asunder by
the might, Glory and fear of Allah. Allah says:
 “If there were in them gods besides Allah, they would both have been in disorder. So glory be to Allah, the
Lord of the Throne, being above what they describe” [21:22]
This verse proves that systematic execution of all affairs and perfection of universe is the biggest evidence of
Oneness of Allah.
 Allah introduces Himself to be approachable through wonders and artistry of His creation and beauty of His
master plan.

Q (b) How might these teachings affect a Muslims’ life today? [04] [November/2013]

Choose any 4
Teachings Effect on Muslims’ life
Allah is The Disposer of all events (Al-Wakeel) and he can Inspires Muslims not to lose hope and keep asking for
change any scenario. God’s help.
Allah’s matchless and unlimited knowledge. Warns Muslims to be cautious about their deeds as
Allah knows everything we are doing openly or hidden.
Allah is Giver of life and death. Inspires Muslims to be thankful to Allah for His great
blessing of life and not to be scared of anyone else
except Allah as no one can take back their lives.
Perfection of universe is the biggest evidence of Oneness Inspires Muslims to ponder over God’s artistry in
of Allah. creation and gives them a new dimension to find God.
Shirk is a horrific sin and Allah does not have family or Inspires Muslims to rectify their beliefs and avoid
associates. associating partners with Allah in any capacity.

Theme 2: Allah’s relationship with created world

Q (a) From passages you have studied from the Qur’an, write about God’s relationship with humankind.
[10][J/2012]

Q (a) Using Qur’an passages from the syllabus, describe what the Qur’an teaches about God’s responsibility
to His creatures and their duties towards Him. [10][J/2013]

Para 1 (Short Intro)
 Allah is:
 Most Merciful.
 The Cherisher and
Sustainer.
 Lord of the universe and
Judgement day.
 Allah is Just and
equitable Judge.
Structure of Answer
Para 2 (God’s favors)
 Allah created us.
 Bestowed us with knowledge.
 Gave us a very high status of His
‘Vicegerent’ (Representative) and
‘Supreme Being’.
 Provided us with suitable environment,
rain, food and water.
 He guides us and forgives our sins.
 Protects us from evil forces.
Answer
Para 3 (Humans’ duties)
 Allah expects us to:
 Worship him alone and stay away from
shirk.
 Be thankful, obedient and abide by the
rules given by Him.
 Prepare for accountability on Judgement
Day.
 Ponder over signs of Allah in universe.
 Seek refuge of Allah.

 Allah’s relationship with creation is one of the most important themes of Quran as it describes the ways in
which Allah is connected with His creations, the ways in which He bestows them with His blessings and
favors and what He expects them to do in return.
 Allah is connected with His creation in different ways as His mercy encompasses everything; He cherishes
 them and sustains them. He is the only Lord of universe who owns everything and will be the only authority
on judgement day. Allah is just and equitable Judge who will judge them without any injustice or favoritism.
 The first and most important link between God and creation is that He created everything. The biggest blessing
of Allah is that he created humans despite he had uncountable angels who were enough to worship him and to
obey his commands but still he created us. He did not only create us but made sure that we are in best possible
stature. As he says:
 “We have certainly created man in the best of stature” [95:04]
 Furthermore, Allah presents Himself as Teacher and Provider of knowledge to all humans. He says:
 “Taught man that which he knew not.” [96:05]
 There can be other creatures that are physically strong and more capable as compared to human beings but
what makes us unique and superior is our knowledge and thinking and deciding capacity.
 After blessing humans with knowledge, Allah got us approved and acknowledged by His Angels as they all
prostrated in front of Adam and recognized His superiority. This way Allah declared humans His vicegerents on
earth as He describes:
 “Behold, your Lord said to the Angels: ‘I will create a vicegerent on earth’...” [02:30]
 Allah also blessed us with another title of ‘Supreme Being’.
 Allah is the possessor of all bounties and provides humans with resources that they need. As He mentions:
 “And He has completed and perfected His Graces upon you, both apparent and hidden” [31:20]
 He sends down rains, allows food to grow, blessed us with breathable air, drinkable water, minerals that our
survival depends upon and over all environments that has everything creations need in order to survive.
 Allah has blessed with intellect and reason so we can find the reason of our existence and solution to our
problems. But human intellect has a limit and it is unable to push some boundaries set by the Creator. To push
those boundaries and to know what is beyond it, humans need divine guidance of God that is revealed to
Prophets and conveyed to humankind. Furthermore, Allah highlights His mercy and forgiveness and states His
unique attribute of love and extreme mercy. According to a narration Allah distributed mercy into 100 parts and
kept 99 with him and distributed remaining one part among all creatures. Allah describes it:
 “Say, ‘O my servants who have transgressed against themselves [by sinning], do not despair of the mercy of
Allah. Indeed, Allah forgives all sins. Indeed, it is He who is the Forgiving, the Merciful." [39:53]
 He also declares that only Allah has the power to protect humans from all types of visible and invisible evil
forces and motivates His creation to seek His refuge in order to stay protected.
 Allah expects humans to worship Him alone and not associate any family members or partners with Allah (SWT).
Shirk has been declared a horrible sin that ignites Allah’s wrath which is why it is expected from humans to
believe in Allah’s oneness in existence, worship and His attributes.
 He further asks us to be thankful to Him for His uncountable blessings. As he mentioned:
 “…Be grateful to Allah. And whoever is grateful is grateful for [the benefit of] himself…” [31:12]
 He also expects recognition and obedience and wants people to follow the set of principles given by Him. Allah
clarifies a simple logic that creation should lead a life based upon the instructions given by the creator. They
should consider Halal/Haram as per commandments of God.
 Allah expects us to be mindful of the fact that this world is just a test phase which will determine our eternal
life. So, all deeds should be done keeping in mind that Allah is watching over us and a comprehensive record of
our good and bad deeds is being recorded that will be presented in front of us and we will be judged according
to it.
 “So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it, And whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see
it.” [99:7-8]
 Allah inspires people to ponder over the creation of God. He instructs us to find in our own selves, in the
environment around us, in circumstances of past, present and future. He says:
 “…Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought.” [13:03]
 Lastly, He instructs us to seek His refuge of Allah in order to stay protected from visible and invisible evil powers.
 Q (b) ‘The Qur’an teaches that humans should be responsible towards the environment.’ Give
reasons to agree or disagree with this statement. [04][J/2015]

CAIE Marking Scheme

 Candidates can choose to agree or disagree but they have to give a reason for their choice.
 If they agree they could, for example, say that God has given humankind everything it needs for its survival and
comfort, and they should not abuse this privilege by being ungrateful or wasteful.
 If they disagree they could say, e.g., that everything has been provided by God and it is there to use for humans’
benefit therefore there is no sin in using it how they please, or that everything is known by God therefore
humans do not need to worry about how they act, as God can restore whatever is depleted.

Theme 3: Allah’s Messengers

Q (a) From the Qur’an passages set for special study in the syllabus, describe the ways in which God gave
knowledge of Himself to His Messengers. [10] [J/2017]

Para 1 (Allah & Prophet Adam)
 Ways (steps of story):
 Allah created Adam.
 Blessed Him with knowledge.
 Made Angels prostrate for
Him.
 Blessed Him with titles of
‘Vicegerent’ (Representative).
 Gave Him chance to live in
Paradise.
 Forgave Him when he
repented after making
mistake.
 Lessons/Knowledge
taught:
 Allah is the Creator.
 Allah is the possessor and
Provider of knowledge.
 Allah is the Possessor of all
bounties.
 Allah is Oft-Forgiving and
Merciful.
Structure of Answer
Para 2 (Prophet Ibrahim and Jesus) Para 3 (Allah and Prophet
Muhammad PBUH)
Prophet Ibrahim (AS)  Ways (steps of story):
 Ways (steps of story):  Tests and Hardships.
 Ibrahim’s (AS) debate with polytheists.  Support and consolation.
 His understanding of law and order of  Promise of success and
universe. abundance.
 Lessons/Knowledge taught:  Lessons/Knowledge
 Allah’s Oneness. taught:
 Allah’s control over creation.  Allah’s guidance, mercy and
Prophet Jesus (AS) generosity.
 Ways (steps of story):
 Miracles of Jesus:
 Knowledge of Gospel and wisdom.
 Spoke and defended his mother in
cradle.
 Healing blind, lepers and bringing dead
back to life.
 Giving life to clay figures.
 Lessons/Knowledge taught:
 Allah’s existence and support for His
Messengers.
Answer

 Allah (SWT) maintains a very strong relationship with His Messengers and teaches them about His existence
 using different and unique ways. Allah Created Adad (AS) out of clay despite already having a wonderful creation
Angels who were obedient and lawful. Angels even raised the concern and indicated potential bloodshed and
mischief that will be done by humans. But Allah bestowed Adam with knowledge of names and presented Him in
front of angels and made them prostrate for Adam out respect and recognition. Later on, blessed Adam with the
greatest status and said:
 “Behold, your Lord said to the Angels: ‘I will create a vicegerent on earth’...” [02:30]
 Iblis refused to bow for Adam, because of Which Allah banished him and snatched the great status that was
given to him by Allah. Satan planned to manipulate and misguide humankind in return and challenged Allah that
he will make humankind forget the path designated by Allah. Adam and Eve then given chance to live in Paradise
with one condition that they would not go nearby a specific tree. Satan manipulated Adam and tricked him to
believe that it is the tree of eternity and made them eat out of it. Allah exiled Adam and Eve from Paradise and
banished them to earth. But when they repented and asked for forgiveness, Allah forgave them and allowed
them to be together.
 Through all these above mentioned incidents and ways, Allah taught Adam that He is the only powerful creator
of everything who can create anything out of nothing. Allah is the only possessor of true and unlimited
knowledge and He is the sole provider of knowledge to all beings as He provided to Adam. Allah is The Possessor
of all bounties as He blessed Adam with Life in Paradise, great status and recognition by Angels. Lastly, Allah
taught Adam about His matchless mercy when He forgave his mistake.
 Verses of Surah Al-An’aam describe Ibrahim’s (AS) debate with polytheists who used to worship sun, moon and
stars. Ibrahim (AS) was given understanding of law and order of universe; he knew the systematic working of day
and night and Allah’s artistry in creation and management of sun, moon and stars. God inspired him to realize
that the things in creation that do not last cannot be the things to be worshipped as God does not change.
Through these events he turned himself to believe in God and did not associate partners with Him. Through all
these events and incidents, Allah taught Ibrahim lesson of His Oneness and His control over everything in this
universe and he testified it by saying:
 “Indeed, I have turned my face toward He who created the heavens and the earth, inclining toward truth,
and I am not of those who associate others with Allah." [06:79]
 God taught Jesus (AS) about Himself by support given to him through miracles. When people assassinated his
mother’s (Marry) character, He spoke in her cradle and defended her, He was given the knowledge of Gospel,
law and wisdom to understand and spread it. He would cure lepers and blind, bring dead back to life and blow
into clay figures and they turn into real birds. Allah strengthened Prophet Jesus through all these miracles and
helped him throughout his mission. As Allah says:
 “[Jesus] said, "Indeed, I am the servant of Allah. He has given me the Scripture and made me a prophet”
[19:30]
 Through all this Jesus (AS) learned about God and that He helps His messengers in mysterious ways.
 Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was given knowledge of God through events and circumstances he faced in his life.
Prophet (PBUH) faced hardships and tests as he was born orphan, he saw his loved ones die in early age, he
faced financial crisis and started working as shepherd while he was so young. He faced opposition and torture
but he succeeded in all tests because of Allah’s constant support and consolation. Allah helped him in every step
of life, He consoled him when Quraysh mocked him during interval of revelation and revealed Surah Duha and
reassured His support:
 “Your Lord has neither forsaken you, nor is He displeased.” [93:03]
 Similarly, when they teased him and called him ‘Abtar’ (Cutoff), Allah defended him and consoled him by saying:
 “Surely your enemy is the one cutoff.” [108:03]
 Allah gave him glad tidings of success in future and promised the gift of Abundance that is a complete package
of rewards including a river/stream in paradise.
 Through all these events, Allah taught Prophet (PBUH) about His guidance as He guides His people especially
Messengers and does not let them go astray, God’s mercy and His generosity by blessing him with uncountable
rewards.
____________________________
 Revelation Background of Quranic Passages
(Shan-e-Nuzool)
Q (a) Describe what the following suras tell Muslims about the circumstances in which they were revealed:
112 (Al-Ikhlas) and 108 (Al-Kauthar). [10] [J/2013]

CAIE Marking Scheme

 Candidates should have studied both these surahs as part of the syllabus, and should be able to give more than just the
themes in them, which is required for Q1.
 Surah Ikhlas [112]: This surah was revealed when the Quraysh asked the Prophet about his God’s ancestry. The content of
the surah clearly established God’s Oneness, and that He had no beginning or end, unlike the idols that were worshipped by
the pagans at the time. It also negated the idea of the trinity which the Christians believed in, as well as negating that God
had any physical or human characteristics. As the Prophet was preaching his message, many people would ask about his
God, and this surah would be recited as an answer, giving a short and comprehensive insight into Islam’s belief in God.
 Surah Al-Kauthar [108]: This was revealed when the Prophet was going through a period of difficulty with the Quraysh. Both
his sons had died and the Quraysh used this as an opportunity to mock and tease the Prophet. They said that he was “cut
off from his root” (Abtar), meaning that he had no male decedents to carry his name, and they thought that his message
would die when the Prophet passed away. God revealed these verses to console and give hope to the Prophet that it would
not be him, but his enemies that would be cut off, and that he would be given abundant blessings in this life and the next.

Structure of Answer
Para 1 Para 2
 Original Revelation in response to Makkans’ question.  Death of Prophet’s sons.
 Question of Jews of Khyber.  Makkans’ mocking and propaganda.
 Question of Christians of Najran.  Allah’s consolation.
 Content.  Content: Abundance and promise of success.

Answer
 Some believe that this Surah was revealed more than once whenever Prophet (PBUH) was asked about the
description of God but that is not the case.
 This Surah was originally revealed in early Makki days when there were no detailed verses explaining Allah in
person and attributes. It is reported that once some pagans of Makkah asked: “Give us the genealogy of your
Lord” in response to their query, Allah revealed verses of Surah Ikhlas that answer their question.
 Later on when Prophet (PBUH) migrated to Madinah, he was approached by Jews who tried to take Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) under pressure through their knowledge and asked questions regarding element from
which Allah is made of. Although, their answer was not to gain knowledge to get their confusions cleared, but
still Allah inspired Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to recite the verses of Surah Ikhlas and tell them that He was
never created and no one can perceive Him or understand His origin.
 Furthermore, Christians of Najran also asked the same question from Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) asking about
the detailed description of God and inquiring about the element God is created of. Their question was also not
to gain knowledge or improve their understanding of God, they just simply wanted to pressurize Prophet
(PBUH) and take advantage of their more than 500 old religious knowledge. Prophet (PBUH) was once again
inspired to recite the verses of Surah Ikhlas.
 Firstly, Surah Ikhlas was revealed when God’s description was not yet revealed. Even Muslims had the same
question in their minds about God’s reality as they needed a clear and precise answer to all false beliefs and
propaganda about God. Surah Ikhlas fulfilled this need and equipped Muslims with excellent understanding of
foundation of their faith.
 Secondly, this Surah also rejects all false beliefs about God as it rejects the possibility of any family or associates
as Makkan polytheists used to believe. It also demolished the possibility of God having any offspring as Jews
and Christians believed that God has son. This Surah clarifies that God is Single with no possibility of sons,
daughters, wife or any other family or associates.
 This Surah was revealed when Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was mocked and mentally tortured by Quraysh
upon death of his 2 sons. According to Narration Prophet’s (PBUH) sons Qasim and Abdullah died in infancy and
this gave Quraysh a chance to torture him mentally and mock him.
 Ikrimah, Aas bin Wa’il and Abu Lahab started mocking Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) by calling him ‘Abtar’ (Cut-
off) they said:
“His line has come to an end: now he is Abtar”
This trend was followed by Uqba bin Abi Muit, Abu Jahal and other wicked Makkans and they started
propagating that Prophet (PBUH) had no more male descendants which is why he is cutoff and there will be no
one who would carry his message and religion. His death will mean the death of his message and end of story
of Islam.
 This propaganda was so strong and powerful that despite trying his level best to ignore, Prophet (PBUH) got
anxious and depressed. Poisonous words of Makkans mixed with the pain of losing 2 sons in a very short time
span was not an easy experience. They even started showing pity and mercy as Aas bin Wa’il used to say:
“Let this childless man be alone. When he dies there will be no one to carry his name.”
 Allah revealed Surah Al-Kauthar to console Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and promised him that his enemy will
be cut off and there will be uncountable followers and message bearers of Islam. As Allah is the best Planner
and Disposer of events, same thing happened as we can see millions of people who proudly associate
themselves with Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) but no one who would remember wicked Makkans.
 As a perk, Allah blessed Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) with Abundance which is a complete package of gifts that
include guidance, support, success in this world and in hereafter, matchless designation and a stream of
paradicse.

Revelation Background of other Passages

Surah Al-Duha [99]

 This Surah was revealed in Makkah when there was an interval in revelation and Prophet (PBUH) stopped
receiving revelation for as long as 6 months (there are other opinions as well)
 This event of interval had 2 effects on Prophet’s (PBUH) life. Firstly, Prophet (PBUH) himself started feeling that
he might have made some error because of which Allah has stopped sending him revelations which made
Prophet (PBUH) anxious.
 Secondly, when Prophet (PBUH) stopped reciting revelations in front of Makkans, they sensed it and finally
started mocking Prophet (PBUH) that his Prophethood has expired and his God has left him. This propaganda
was so strong that Allah (SWT) revealed these verses to console Prophet (PBUH) and uplift his morale by giving
him glad tidings of success in future.
 This Surah replies to wicked Makkans in their own language:
 “You Lord has not forsaken you, nor is He displeased.” [99:03]
 After reaffirmation of His support Allah promised success in future reminded His previous blessings such as
providing guardian in shape of Abu Talib when he lost his mother and grandfather. And financial ease when he
got married with Khadija that made him free from financial worries and allowed him to seclude.
 Then in return Allah demands that do the same with other downtrodden people and serve humanity with
maximum potential.
Surah Al-Nas [114]
 There are 2 narrations regarding the revelation background of this Surah.
 First one says that this Surah was revealed in Makkah when Prophet (PBUH) started open preaching with
declaration at Mount Safa and started opposing the idea of worshiping stone carved idols, Quraysh got furious
and responded with aggressive and inhuman torture. When they could not shake Prophet’s (PBUH) from his
stance and he refused to give in to their illogical demands, Abu Jahal planned to assassinate or at least harm
Prophet (PBUH) through magic. He hired a magician who casted black magic on Prophet (PBUH) he also spread
evil forces from humans and Jinns who would spread false propaganda against Prophet’s (PBUH) message and
Quran. Allah revealed these verses and inspired Prophet (PBUH) to seek Allah’s refuge from all types of visible
and invisible evil forces.
 According to second narration it was revealed when a Jew from Khyber named Labid bin Aa’sam attacked
Prophet (PBUH) with his evil forces and black magic. A Jewish boy, who used to work at Prophet’s (PBUH) place
as attendant, provided him with Prophet’s (PBUH) comb and hair on it. He casted blew his satanic verses on it
and buried it in the bottom of dried well of Banu Zuraiq. Prophet (PBUH) was affected by this for approximately
40 days, Prophet (PBUH) would think that he has done something which he had not done in reality. Allah
informed him about it and revealed Surah Nas and Falaq which are called ‘Muawwadatain’. Ali (RA) was sent to
take out the material used by Labid and Prophet (RA) would recite one verse and lose one knot, as soon as 11th
know was loosened, Prophet (PBUH) got better. Later on, Prophet (PBUH) forgave Labid.
Surah Alaq [96]
 Verses no 1-5 are the first revelation of Quran that were revealed in cave Hira when Prophet (PBUH) was 40.
During a night of Ramadan in 610 AD when he was 40 years old, his meditation was interrupted by a figure that
suddenly appeared in Cave of Hira and ordered him to ‘Read’. He replied that he can’t read as he is not learned.
In response to that, figure hugged him tightly and repeated the same instruction again. This happened 3 times
and third hug was so powerful that Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) felt his bones to be squeezed. Then figure
recited these verses:
 Ref: “Read (Proclaim!) In the Name of your Lord Who created. Created man, out of a clot (of congealed
blood). Read (Proclaim), and your Lord is the Most Generous, Who taught by the Pen, Taught man that
which he knew not.” [96:1-5]
 Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) felt like the words of revelation were imprinted on his heart. When he came out
of the cave, He saw Angel Gabriel on the horizon in his true gigantic form. He had covered all visible area from
top till bottom and from east to west. Prophet (PBUH) got scared and reached home shivering and trembling
from fear.
 Verses no 6-19 were revealed when Prophet (PBUH) started offering prayer openly and Abu Jahal got infuriated
and decided to tease and humiliate Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) while he would be offering Prayer. Abu Lahab
swore: “By Lat and Uzza, if I ever catch him in that act of worship, I would set my foot on his neck and rub his
face in the dust.”
Soon he saw Prophet (PBUH) offering prayer. He started walking towards him while all wicked community
observed the scene. As soon as he reached nearby Prophet (PBUH) he stopped and ran backwards frightened
and shocked. Upon asking he said that he saw a ditch full of fire between him and Prophet (PBUH) and he also
mentioned a horrific winged creature floating on that ditch.
Prophet later explained that was an angel guarding me and if he had stepped one more inch, he would have
been torn into pieces.
________________________
 The History and Importance of Quran
Revelation of Quran between 610-632 AD

Q (a) Write an account of the ways in which the Qur’an was revealed to the Prophet between the years 610
and 632. [10][N/2009]

CAIE Marking Scheme

This part of the answer requires a descriptive account of the revelations, from the first one to the last ones. Answers should
indicate (and describe) that revelations came in both Makkah and Madinah. An account of the first experience should be
given; when the prophet was meditating in Cave Hira, the Angel Gabriel came to him and commanded him to read. They
could also add references to other revelations coming at other times without warning, that they induced bodily changes in the
prophet, that they provided answers to situations happening in his life at that time. Examples and details should be given.
Excellent answers will be able to provide a confident narrative of the modes in which revelation came down and give a
coherent account of the history of the prophet’s experiences.

Para 1
 Introduction of Wahi.
st
 Incident of 1 Revelation.
 Continuous process of
Revelation.
 Interval of Revelation.
Structure of Answer
Para 2 Para 3
 Random topics of Revelation.  Methods of Revelation.
 Content of Makki Revelations.  Bodily Changes during
 Content of Madani Revelations. Revelation.
 Revelations provided timely guidance for
different events as they happened.
 Last revelation.

Answer
 The literal meaning Arabic word “Wahi” is to indicate or to signal. As Allah says:
 “So, he came out to his people from the prayer chamber and signaled to them to exalt [Allah] in the
morning and afternoon” [19:11]
In Islamic terminology it refers to “the word of God revealed to His Prophets.”
 Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) would spend long hours meditating and pondering over the situation of Arabia. In
the ending days of Ramadan a figure appeared and asked him to read. Prophet (PBUH) replied that he cannot
as he was not a learned person. The figure hugged him and asked him to read again. This was repeated twice
and third time that figure recited starting verses of Surah Alaq:
 “Read in the name of your Lord who created, created man from a clot of congealed blood, Recite, and your
Lord is the most Generous, Who taught by the pen, Taught man that which he knew not” [96:1-5]
Prophet came home shivering and asked Hazrat Khadija to cover him with blankets. Khadija consoled him with
good words about him. Later she took him to her cousin Waraqah bin Naufil, a rightful Christian who approved
his Prophethood.
 Then the series of revelation was started and remained continue during 13 years of Makkah and 10 years of
Madinah. According to a narration there was an interval of revelation (Fatra-tul-Wahi) for some months when
no revelations were given to Holy Prophet (PBUH) and he was so depressed. But then Surah Fatiha or Verses of
Surah Mudathir were revealed to console Holy Prophet (PBUH).
 “And [it is] a Qur'an which We have separated [by intervals] that you might recite it to the people over a
 prolonged period. And We have sent it down progressively.” [17:106]
 Revelation kept coming for 23 consecutive years with varying range of content.
 The main content of revelation during life in Makkah was Oneness of Allah, Prophethood, affirmation of the
Hereafter, the panorama of the Resurrection, words of comfort for the Holy Prophet and events relating to the
past communities. Such when Prophet (PBUH) was mocked by Quraysh after death of his sons and they called
him ‘Abtar’ (Nameless) Allah consoled him and revealed Surah Kauthar:
 “Surely We have given you abundance (Al-Kauthar) Therefore, to your Lord turn in Prayer and Sacrifice.
Surely your enemy is the one cut-off.” [108]
 Madani Revelations contain Social and Family Laws, the injunctions of jihad and expositions of limits and duties.
Such as when there was dispute about spoils of war after battle of Badr, Allah revealed the verses of Surah Al-
Anfaal:
 “They ask you about the spoils (of war). Say, "The [decision concerning] spoils is for Allah and the
Messenger." [08:01]
 Revelation provided immediate guidance about issues/problems faced by Muslim community. When Makkans’
persecution crossed limits, revelation allowed them to migrate.
 “…For those who do good in this world is good, and the earth of Allah is spacious. Indeed…” [39:10]
A revelation permitted Jihad then guided about prisoners and spoils of war. There were revelations about
different worships and articles of faith. When Ayesha (RA) lost her necklace, a revelation came about
Tayammum (Dry Ablution).
 “…and find no water, then seek clean earth and wipe over your faces and your hands.” [04:43]
 There are numerous opinions of different scholars about which was the last verse revealed to Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) but most of them consider Verse No 3 of Surah Maedah as the last Quranic verse revealed
to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
 “This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for
you Islam as religion. But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin - then indeed, Allah
is Forgiving and Merciful” [05:03]
 There were 5 major methods of revelation which were usually used to deliver Allah’s message to Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH). Revelation started with True dreams as Prophet would see some incident and later those
things happened as he saw earlier like shining sun. Another method was ringing of bells in which Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) would listen to loud sound of ringing bells constantly. In between that sound, He would
listen to the message of Allah. This method used to be the most difficult to Him as compared to other methods.
 Ayesha (RA) says about this: “I saw Him receiving revelation, despite cold weather his forehead would
sweat” [Bukhari]
Angel visiting in Real form: although this happened rarely but Gabriel visited Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in
his original form and delivered the message of Allah. Angel’s Visit in Human form in which Gabriel would
mostly disguise as Hazrat Dahya (R.A) a companion of Prophet (PBUH) and delivered the message of Allah.
Prophet Says about this method:
 “This used to be easiest way for me” [Al-Itqaan]
The most special but rarest was direct communication with Allah: Allah would directly communicate with
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) but this would happen rarely.
 Prophet (PBUH) would observe bodily changes during revelation because of power and awe of this Holy Book.
 It is narrated by Ayesha (RA): “The Prophet's face was red and he kept on breathing heavily for a while and
then he was relieved” [Bukhari]
 Once Prophet (PBUH) was riding an animal and suddenly revelation began. That poor animal could not bear the
load of revelation and sat down. Once a companion was sitting beside Prophet (PBUH) suddenly revelation
started while his knee was under the knee of Holy Prophet (PBUH). He felt that someone placed a mountain on
his knee.
 Q (b) What does the Prophet’s first experience of revelation tell us about the nature of Prophethood in
Islam? [4][N/2009]

CAIE Marking Scheme

Candidates should try to give some insight into the revelations and their significance, rather than providing another descriptive
account. Good answers could talk about the prophet’s surprise and confusion. They could also explain how the unannounced
experience shows that God chose prophets, often without warning, and caused miraculous events at the time of calling. They
could also draw parallels between the specific experiences of the prophet Muhammad and other prophets, and make general
observations on the basis of these.

Answer
 Prophethood or the revelation is totally unexpected thing. Prophets are not aware of them being selected as
messengers.
 Unbelievable and beyond the logic miracles happen at the time or revelation. Like occurrence of Gabriel and
hugging Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) so tightly. Or Allah talking to Moses and his stick turning into a snake.
 Prophets get shocked and confused because of sudden and unbelievable events of revelation. Like Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) when came back home from cave asked Hazrat Khadija to cover him with blanket. She
counseled him and took him to his uncle Waraqah bin Naufil (A Rightful Christian Scholar) who approved his
prophet hood.
 Waraqah said that’s the same angel who used to bring revelation to Jesus Christ. So, the same message bearer
and sender means that all prophets carry the same message of Oneness and goodwill towards humanity.

Q (b) Explain the significance of Quran being revealed over a period of time. [04]

Answer
 To strengthen the heart of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) by addressing him time to time.
 “And those who disbelieve say, "Why was the Qur'an not revealed to him all at once?" Thus that we may
strengthen thereby your heart. And we have spaced it distinctly.” [Quran 25:32]
 To make it easy to be memorized/preserved.
 “Move not your tongue with it, to hasten with recitation of the Qur'an. Indeed, upon Us is its collection
and its recitation.” [Quran 75:16-17]
 To ease the burden of revelation upon Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
 To make the guidance of Quran appropriate and relevant with problems and scenarios of Prophet’s era.
 To make teachings of Quran easy for gradual understanding implementation in practical life.

Q (b) What are the features of Makki and Madani Surahs? [04]

Answer
Makki Surahs:
 Revealed between 610 and 622 AD before migration regardless of place. All those Surahs revealed in Arafat,
Mina, during the journeys of Mairaj and Migration all will be considered Makki Surahs.
 The Makki Surahs mostly consist of subjects such as, the Oneness of Allah, Prophethood, affirmation of the
Hereafter, the panorama of the Resurrection, words of comfort for the Holy Prophet and events relating to the
past communities.
 In Makki Surahs, generally, the form of address used is “O people”
 The Makki Ayat (Verses) and Surahs are generally short and brief.
Madani Surahs:
 Revealed between 622 and 632 AD after migration regardless of place. All those Surahs revealed in different
 battles journeys at different places will be considered Madani Surahs.
 In Madani Surahs, generally, the form of address used is “O believers”
 Madani verses and chapters are long and detailed.
 Madani Surahs contain Social and Family Laws, the injunctions of jihad and expositions of limits and duties
appear frequently.

Q (b) Explain why Allah sends His revelations through His Messengers. [04] [J/2011]

CAIE Marking Scheme

Candidates should be able to talk about the revelations given to all messengers not just the Prophet Muhammad. They should
talk about mankind’s need for guidance and inspiration, and why messengers/humans were the best way to send that
guidance, e.g. it was sent to different nations in different languages so it would be universal and the messengers convinced
through strength of character and moral example.

Answer
 Allah sent approximately 1 lac 24 thousand Prophets from Adam (AS) to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) they all
were given the message of Allah which they communicated very well to humanity. Allah did it for various
reasons:
 Although, Allah has blessed humans with knowledge and wisdom but it is limited and humans need divine guidance and
inspiration.
 Allah sent human message bearers and made sure that they speak same language as their recipients, so their message is
conceived perfectly.
 Sent them to different languages and different regions so it becomes universal and reaches every corner of the world.
 As Allah says: “And We did not send any messenger except [speaking] in the language of his people to state clearly for
them” [14:04]
 As it is said ‘action speaks louder than words’ Messengers were sent so they could teach through actions and inspire
people through power of their character and moral. Like numerous people accepted Islam just because of merciful
behavior and honest dealing of Prophet (PBUH).

Compilation of Quran
Q (a) Give and account of How the Quran was compiled in the years following the Prophet’s death? [10]
[N/2006] [[J/2010] [N/2014] [N/2015]

Structure of Answer

Para 1
 Background
 Battle of Yamamah and Martyrdom
of Huffaz
 Umar Farooq’s (RA) realization and
suggestion & Abu Bakr’s (RA)
response.
 Consensus of Companions.
Structure of Answer
Para 2
 Role of Zaid bin Sabit (RA) along
with other committee members.
 Method of Zaid bin Sabit.
 Mus’haf-e-Hafsa (RA)
Para 3
 Expansion of Islamic Empire and
Dialect Problems.
 Hazrat Usman (RA) The Compiler of
Quran.
 Zaid bin Sabit once again.

Answer
 No Complete Copy of Quran Existed at the time of Prophet’s demise in 632 AD. Because the revelations were
continued till 3 months prior to Prophet’s (PBUH) demise because of which, compiling Quran was difficult and
complicated. Therefore, people used to access different parts of Quran through scattered verses written on
bones, parchments, rock and leaf etc. and major source of Quran were memorizers of Quran (Huffaz.
 In the caliphate of Abu Bakr, battle of Yamamah was fought against a false Prophet named Musailmah the Liar.
70 memorizers of Quran (Huffaz) got martyred in this battle which led to events that became the reason of
compilation.
 Umar bin Khattab (RA) was a visionary man who could foresee events through his wisdom. He predicted that
one day some parts of Quran will be vanished if memorizers keep dying at same rate and demanded that
Quran should be compiled in book form.
 “How could I do something which was never done by Holy Prophet (PBUH)” Abu Bakr (RA) responded
 Umar (RA) kept pursuing him and convinced him to consult senior companions for consultation and it was
decided with mutual consensus of companions that Quran should be compiled in book form.
 The most suitable and eligible man to do this honor was Zaid bin Sabit (RA) the chief Scribe of Prophet (PBUH)
who recorded most number of verses of Quran and he himself was Hafiz of Quran. But Zaid’s initial response
was:
 “If I was ordered to move a mountain from its place, that would have been easier than this task”
But he agreed eventually upon convincing of Umar bin Khattab (RA) and started working on this immense task.
 He describes it himself:
 “I started collecting verses of Holy Quran from branches of palm, sills of rock and hearts of people” Says
Zaid bin Thabit (RA) [Bukhari]
 He devised a proper mechanism to check the authenticity of Verses. He set 4 layers of scrutiny for this purpose:
1. He himself would check its authenticity based upon his memorization of Quran.
2. He would get it checked by other Hafiz companions Specially Umar (RA) and Abu Bakr (RA).
3. He would ask for two witnesses who could confirm that this verse is written in front of Holy Prophet
(PBUH) and later checked/approved by him.
4. He would check authenticity of memory on the bases of available written texts which were there
scattered among companions.
 The booklet compiled by Zaid bin Thabit (RA) remained with Abu Bakr (RA), after his demise it remained in the
custody of 2nd caliph Umar bin Khattab (RA). Upon his death it was handed over to his daughter and Prophet’s
(PBUH) widow Hazrat Hafsa and remained with her. That why it was called “Mus’haf-e-Hafsa”
 When Islamic caliphate expanded to Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Persia and other parts of Byzantine Empire. Recitation of
Quran was started in different dialects and caused some verbal conflicts.
 Hazrat Anas in Syria and Hazrat Huzaifah in Armenia observed that people are reciting Quran in different
dialects and labeling each other as wrong. They immediately informed the 3rd Caliph Uthman bin Affan (RA)
 Uthman (RA) took this matter seriously and left no stone unturned in making sure that this problem gets solved
forever. He asked for Mus’haf-e-Hafsa and formed a committee led by Zaid bin Sabit (RA) and the members
were Abdullah bin Zubair (RA), Saeed bin Aas (RA) and Abdul Rehman bin Harith (RA) and 8 other companions
assisted them.
 Committee compiled authentic copies of Mus’haf-e-Hafsa after further scrutiny. 7 copies were made and were
sent to Makkah, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Kufa and Basrah. 1 was kept in Madinah.
 Usman (RA) declared that from now onwards a minor change of recitation will not be tolerated and burnt all
other copies of Quran after collecting from different parts of caliphate. He ended the possibility of huge
mischief and differences. Was given the title of ‘Compiler of Quran’.
 Q (b) Explain why the first Muslim community/caliphs thought it was necessary to compile Quran?
[04][N/2006][J/2010]

Answer
 Quran is not for any particular region or time span but it’s a universal book that is revealed as the code of
conduct for humanity till the day of judgement. Therefore, it was necessary to make a written compilation of
Quran as it would have been disastrous if Quran had faced the same fate as previous books that altered.
 Major source of Quran was memory of Huffaz who were drying one after another and 70 of them died in battle
of Yamamah which alarmed companions and they sensed the possibility of some parts of Quran being wasted.
They took immediate action and compiled Quran after unanimous consensus.
 Companions realized that it’s not only the need of hour, but it was their religious duty to compile Quran and
preserve it for future generations. Companions being the people who were trained by Prophet (PBUH), who
observed revelation of Quran, who learned Quran directly from Prophet (PBUH). All of above mentioned
reasons made them the most eligible people to do this task or it would have been nearly impossible for future
generations.

Tafseer of Quran
Q (a) Define Tafseer and outline the authentic sources of Tafseer with examples. [10]

Structure of Answer
Para 1 Para 2 Para 3
 Introduction.  Tafseer of Quran by Quran.  Tafseer of Quran by opinions of
 Tafseer of Quran by Hadith. companions.
 Tafseer of Quran by opinions of
Successors.

Answer
 The origin of Arabic word ‘Tafseer’ is ‘Fasr’ which means ‘to open’
 ‘Tafseer’ is refers to explanation of Quran.
 Tafseer deals with pronunciation and patterns of recitation of Quran, literal meaning of words of Quran and
grammatical analysis and explanation of commandments mentioned in the verse of Holy Quran.
 Scholars that are eligible to explain Quran have to fulfil certain requirements and must have command over 15
different types of skills/branches of knowledge.
 There are basic sources of Tafseer.
Tafseer of Quran by Quran:
 The best and most reliable source of Tafseer of Quranic verses is other Quranic verses. As Allah says:
 “Guide us to the straight path - The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have
evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray.” [01:6-7]
Here Allah (SWT) did not explain the details of ‘whom you have bestowed favor’. Tafseer of this part can be
found in Surah Nisa:
 And whoever obeys Allah and the Messenger - those will be with the ones upon whom Allah has bestowed
favor of the prophets, the steadfast affirmers of truth, the martyrs and the righteous. And excellent are those
as companions.” [04:69]
Tafseer of Quran by Hadith:
 2nd reliable source of Tafseer of Quran is Hadith of Holy Prophet (PBUH) Allah (SWT) himself says:
 “…And We revealed to you the message that you may make clear to the people what was sent down to them
and that they might give thought.” [16:44]
 For instance Quran briefly mentions a command to establish prayer and pay Zakaat.
 “And establish prayer and give zakah…” [02:43]
Then Prophet (PBUH) explained the details about pattern of Prayer and details of Zakat. As he said:
 “Pray as you have seen me offering prayer”
Tafseer of Quran by Companions of Prophet (PBUH):
 Companions were the people who learnt Quran directly from Holy Prophet (PBUH) and observed the revelation
process and gradual development of Islam. They left no stone unturned in understanding of Holy Quran.
Famous successor of companion Abu Abdul Rehman says:
 “We were taught by Uthman bin Affan and Abdullah bin Masud and others. They told us that after learning 10
verses we would never go further until we were done with learning all the meanings and practical
implementation of those verses”
 It is written in Muwatta Imam Malik that Abdullah bin Umar (RA) spent 8 years learning Surah Baqarah. All this
hard work and commitment made companions a reliable source of Tafseer of Quran.
Tafseer of Quran by Successors of Companions:
 This group is also an authentic source of understanding of Quran. But if their opinion contradicts Quran, Hadith
or opinion of companions, it will not be acceptable. But if their opinion is synced with Quran, Hadith and
opinions of companions, it will be acceptable as a source of Tafseer of Quran.

Q (b) Describe the eligibility criteria for Mufassir? [04]

Answer
 In order to be eligible to write Tafseer of Quran scholars have agreed on different conditions that are criteria to
be a Mufassir. Renowned scholar Jalal-ud-Din Suyuti believes that Mufassir has to possess 19 qualities 4 of
them are inherited and 15 can acquired:
 Inherent qualities:
 Muslim with strong and correct faith.
 Good intention.
 Being free from believing and practicing innovations in Islam.
 Righteousness.
 External qualities (Abilities):
 Understanding of Fundamentals of Islam.
 Knowledge of proper methodology and approach of Tafseer of Quran.
 Knowledge of Arabic language and vocabulary.
 Knowledge of Arabic Grammar. (Nahw)
 Knowledge of Arabic syntax and morphology. (Sarf)
 Knowledge of Arabic Lexicography, different word structures. (Ishtiqaq)
 Knowledge of Arabic rhetoric, eloquence and manners of oratory.
 Knowledge of Recitation of Quran. (Qiraat)
 Knowledge of Hadiths related to Tafseer of Quran.
 Knowledge of Islamic Fiqh. (Islamic Jurisprudence)
 Knowledge of rules of Fiqh. (Rules of Islamic Jurisprudence)
 Knowledge of Background and reasons of revelation of Quran.
 Knowledge of Nasikh and Mansukh.
 Knowledge of Muhkamat/Mutashabehat and related sciences.
 A divine aptitude (which is gifted by Allah)
 Nasikh and Mansukh
Q (a) Write a detailed account defining Nasikh and Mansukh, followed by examples and importance. [10]

Structure of Answer
Para 1 Para 2 Para 3
 Introduction.  Types.  Examples.
 Importance.

Answer
 The literal meaning of Arabic word ‘Nasakh’ is ‘to cancel’ or ‘to compensate’
 Detailed definition of ‘Nasakh’ is ‘to cancel an order and compensate is with a new one’
 Allah (SWT) allows one order according to the need of certain times and situations and later replaces it with
new command that cancels the previous ruling.
 Old order which get cancelled is called ‘Mansukh’ (Abrogated) and the new order is called ‘Nasikh’ (Abrogating)
 This happens because inculcating Islamic commandments and values was a gradual process which required
allowing somethings for a certain period of time so the believers get used to new lifestyle with the passage of
time. And once above mentioned target is achieved, new ruling cancelled the previous one.
 Allah (SWT) says: “We do not abrogate a verse or cause it to be forgotten except that We bring forth [one]
better than it or similar to it. Do you not know that Allah is over all things competent?” [02:106]
 Total number of abrogated verses in holy Quran is 19 according to famous scholar Jalal-ud-din Suyooti (RA).
However, Shah Waliullah (RA) says that abrogated verses are only 5.
 There are 3 major types of Nasakh:
 Nasakh-ul-Hukm: When a new order cancels the previous one but cancelled verse still remains in Quran
and recited.
 Nasakh-ul-Tilawat: Only recitation of the verse was cancelled and verse was removed from Holy Quran.
 Nasakh-ul-Hukm Wat-Tilawat: The ruling and recitation both were cancelled so the verse was removed
from Holy Quran according to instructions of Prophet (PBUH) and order of Allah.
 Some people believe that there is no such thing as Nasakh as Allah can never change His words. But this
approach is not rational as verses are not revealed according to mindset of Allah but their revelation is deeply
linked and synchronized with need of hour, human mindset and psychology and their emotional, regional and
social needs. Actually, Nasakh is great supportive evidence that Holy Books are revealed by God as they are
well versed and connected with human psychology. Allowing something for a certain period of time and
abandoning it later after training and coaching them. This strengthens the faith in holy scriptures and indicates
God’s close connection with creation.
 Examples 1:
 In the beginning of Islam when detailed rules of inheritance were not revealed, it was necessary for every
Muslim to make proper will mentioning the distribution of inheritance among parents and other relatives. The
verse that mentioned this was:
 “Prescribed for you when death approaches [any] one of you if he leaves wealth [is that he should make] a
bequest for the parents and near relatives according to what is acceptable - a duty upon the righteous.”
[02:180]
 But when the detailed rules of inheritance were revealed, above mentioned verse was abrogated.
 “Allah instructs you concerning your children….” [04:11]
 Examples 2:
 As people were addicted to alcohol during the period of illiteracy so Allah (SWT) allowed consumption of
alcohol in the beginning of Islam as it was impossible to give it up immediately. Allah said:
  “They ask you about wine and gambling. Say, "In them is great sin and [yet, some] benefit for people. But
their sin is greater than their benefit." And they ask you what they should spend. Say, "The excess [beyond
needs]." Thus Allah makes clear to you the verses [of revelation] that you might give thought.” [02:219]
 But with the passage of time alcohol was declared Haram and this verse abrogated the above mentioned verse:
 “O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, [sacrificing on] stone alters [to other than Allah ],
and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful.
[05:90]

Muhkam and Mutashabeh

Q (b) Define Muhkam and Mutashabeh verses in Quran. [04]

Answer
 Quranic verses can be divided into two types according to their understanding level. There are Muhkam and
Mutashabeh.
 Allah says: “It is He who has sent down to you, [O Muhammad], the Book; in it are verses [that are] precise
- they are the foundation of the Book - and others unspecific…” [03:07]
 Muhkam/Muhkamat:
 Verses that are clear in meaning and that can be easily understood by anyone having command over Arabic
language. For instance:
 Allah says: “And establish prayer and give zakah…” [02:43]
This verse is clear and can easily be understood by anyone who has command over Arabic language.
 Mutashabeh/Mutashabehat:
 Verses that are not specific and clear like Muhkamat and require in depth study of other verses of Quran,
Hadith, opinions of companions and successors. And still there will be possibility of two or more opinions about
interpretations of these verses. Mutashabehat can be divided into two types:
1. This category cannot be understood by anyone except Allah and his Messenger as they are code words
classified between Allah and Messenger. For instance unconnected alphabets in the beginning of some Surahs
like:
 ‘Yaseen’ ‘Taahaa’ ‘Qaaf’ etc.
2. This category can be understood by deep study of other verses of Quran, Hadiths of Holy Prophet (PBUH),
opinions of companions and successors. For instance:
 "Allah is the light of the heavens and the Earth." [24:35]
 “…and into whom We breathed of Our Spirit…” [66:12]
These verses cannot be understood by common sense and mere knowledge of Arabic language but it requires
deep and in depth study.

___________________________
 Sources of Islamic Law
Quran as Source of Islamic Law
Q (a) Briefly describe the four main sources of legal thinking in Islam. [10][N/2005][J/2008]

Q (a) The Qur’an is the main source of Islamic Law. Write an account of how it is used with each of
the other three sources. [10] [J/2016]

CAIE Marking Scheme

Candidates should write about the primary sources, Qur’an and hadith, and secondary sources, ijma’ and qiyas, and how they
are used with the Qur’an.
The Qur’an is an authority in Islamic law; it is the word of God; it is not questioned or contradicted by the other sources; it is
the basis of legal rulings in Islamic Law; the sunna is the Prophet’s example and is recorded in the hadith; these emphasise and
expand on versesin the Qur’an, e.g. salat and zakat; they are also used when the Qur’an is silent on a matter, e.g. inheritance
given to grandmother; hadith are important because the Prophet was the final and perfect messenger to follow; hadith of
Mu’adh ibn Jabal gives a guide of what to follow; they are interlinked, so are the two main (primary) sources, the hadith never
contradicting the Qur’an.
Today ijma’ and qiyas are used mainly for issues that did not arise at the time of the Prophet; ijma’ is the consensus of opinion
of scholars; ‘my community will never agree upon an error’; some issues they have had to deal with have been, at the time of
the caliphs, the compiling of the Qur’an and more recently, the permissibility of IVF; those knowledgeable about Islamic Law
decide on new matters such as IVF based on what they know already from the Qur’an and hadith, and then agree on a ruling.
The rulings are based on existing Qur’anic rulings, so there is no contradiction or disagreement with the Qur’an. Qiyas is
analogy, when one Islamic ruling is compared with another to derive a new ruling for a new issue. Examples of this could be
the use of cocaine being prohibited on the basis that intoxicants are prohibited.
Candidates could mention the elements of qiyas, asl (original case on which a ruling has been given), far’ (new case on which
ruling is required), ‘illa (the cause, which is common in both) and hukm (the ruling). The original case will have a ruling based
on the Qur’an, and therefore the ruling on the new case will have its basis in Qur’anic sources.
Structure of Answer
Para 1 (Quran) Para 2 (Quran & Hadith) Para 3 (Quran & Ijma) Para 4 (Quran & Qiyas)
 Definition.  Definition.  Definition.  Definition.
 Authority in Islamic Law.  Functions.  Ref: Hadith.  Elements.
 Ref: [04:59]  Ref: [04:80]  2 Examples.  Examples.
 Examples.

Answer
 Quran is word of God revealed to Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
 It is authority in Islamic law as it can establish laws independently without any assistance from other 3 sources
and other sources can never question or contradict Holy Quran.
 Quran lays the foundation of legal rulings and other 3 sources build structure on that building. This highlights
that how important Quran’s role is in legal structure of Islam. This example explains one more thing that laws
established by Quran only, will be very few. Same as foundation remains hidden but plays vital role in
sustainability of building.
 It inspires and works jointly with other 3 sources to form legal structure of Islam.
  Ref: “O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you.
And if you disagree over anything, refer it to Allah and the Messenger…” [04:59]
 This verse proves that Quran (word of Allah) is first and final authority in legal thinking.
 Hadith are quotations, actions and silent approvals of Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). As he was sent as the
living example of Quranic teachings and inspiration for humanity, therefore, his words, actions and silent
approvals play vital role in establishing Islamic laws.
 Hadith is the second primary source of law and authority after Holy Quran.
 Ref: “He who obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah…” [04:80]
 It never contradicts Quran but it gives description of what Quran states in brief. Allah did this to make Quran
precise and short to be understood and memorized, which is why Quran has just 6666 verses and detailed
elaboration and explanation is found in Hadith.
 Examples: Quran Just states a brief order about Prayer:
 “And establish prayer…” [02:43]
 Then Hadith describes the number of Prayers, Number of Rak’ats, Conditions and other pattern. Prophet
(PBUH) says:
 “Offer Prayer as you see me offering it”
 Another example is of Almsgiving (Zakat):
 “…and give Zakat…” [02:43]
 Quran states a brief order and just mentions recipients while Hadith clarifies other things such as duration,
ratio and Nisab (eligibility criteria).
 Hadith is taken as final authority when Quran is silent about any matter.
 Example: can be given from daily lives of Muslims where hundreds of issues are not addressed directly in Quran
so the guidance provided by the Hadith becomes major and final authority.
 Ijma (Consensus) is third source of Islamic law and it refers to “Consensus of Companions, successors and
scholars about issues where primary sources are silent or unclear”
 Ref: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: “My community will never agree upon an error”
 As it is clear from the definition that it is applicable after the demise of Holy Prophet (PBUH).
 It also works under the supervision and inspiration of Quran to answer those questions that are unanswered is
primary sources.
 Example: When issue of compilation of Quran in a single booklet arose, there were no clear instructions about
compiling it or not in Quran or Hadith; even Abu Bakr (RA) opposed this idea at first as it was not done/ordered
by Prophet (PBUH). But later when being persuaded by Umar (RA) and other companions he asked for
companions’ opinion and it was decided by a major consensus that Quran should be compiled in booklet form.
 Another example: Quran states that father will get his share from inheritance if son dies. This is proved by this
verse:
 “Prescribed for you when death approaches [any] one of you if he leaves wealth [is that he shouldmake] a
bequest for the parents and near relatives…” [02:180]
 But this verse was silent about grandfather so scholars made a consensus that if father is also not there,
inheritance will be transferred to grandfather.
 Consensus should never contradict the basic teachings of Quran and Hadith.
 Qiyas (Analogy) is application of a clear ruling to a new issue about which Quran and Hadith are silent or
unclear. Qiyas does not require consensus which is why there is no need of a group or collective opinion,
individual opinions of Jurists (Legal Scholars) will be acknowledged.
 When Maaz bin Jabal was appointed the governor of Yemen, Prophet (PBUH) asked some questions to
check his vision regarding solution of legal matters and other problems. He mentioned Quran and Hadith,
Prophet (PBUH) then asked: “What if you do not find it there?” Maaz replied: “I will then use my own
logic”. Prophet (PBUH) got so happy and approved his stance.
 But Qiyas does not mean uncontrolled and free use of own logic and human intellect but it needs to be
supervised by primary sources. Therefore, it has some elements that are used in the process of Ijtihad.
 Asl (Original Issue) The verse of Quran or Sunnah/Hadith of Prophet (PBUH) from where original ruling is taken.
 Far’a (New Issue) The new problem which is not clearly mentioned in Quran and Sunnah.
 Illah (Reason) The Common reason between Asl and Far’a.
After using all these 3 elements the result that is produced in shape of new ruling is called:
 Hukm (New order).
 Example:
 Asl: Alcohol is Haram according to Quran.
 Far’a: What would be the status of Cocaine and other new drugs?
 Illah: Being intoxicant.
 Hukm: Cocaine and other new drugs will also be Haram.
 Another Example:
 Asl: Selling something is not permissible after Friday Azan according to verse 62:09 of Holy Quran.
 Far’a: what would be the ruling about buying stuff in the same period of time?
 Illah: remaining busy in trade (buying and selling both) may lead to missing Friday Prayer.
 Hukm: Buying transactions will also be prohibited.
 Ruling given by Analogy (Qiyas) has to be synced with the basic teachings of Quran and Hadith.
Q (b) To what extent Holy Quran is the basis of legal thinking in Islam? [04] [J/2013]
CAIE Marking Scheme
Candidates could mention that being divinely revealed, the Qur’an is the primary source of legal thinking. They could mention
that other sources are also used. Some candidates may say that the main rulings of Islamic Law are all based upon the Qur’an,
even if the details come from other sources, therefore it is essential for legal scholars to understand it. Even in modern times,
new rulings are always checked with the Qur’an to ensure there is no conflict, before being accepted. Candidates need to
address the “to what extent” part of the question as this is an evaluative question not a descriptive one
Answer
 Quran is Divine, Unchangeable and Unchallengeable Book revealed by Allah (SWT) to guide humanity till the day of
Judgement.
 It is the Primary Source of Legal thinking in Islam and extent can be understood by the example of structure of a building.
Quran is foundation which is vital and most important but not much visible, same goes for legal structure in Islam Quran
provides very laws directly and details are provided by other 3 sources.
 Example: Quran says “Offer Prayer” Hadith elaborates the pattern and other details, Ijma solved the issue of Tarawih
Prayer and Qiyas is used regarding new issues related to Prayer such as What will be the Kaabah if someone offers Prayer
in space.
 It is necessary for scholars to have sound knowledge of Quran. Abdullah bin Masood says:
 “Learn Quran as it has knowledge of past and Future”

Joint working of Quran and Hadith

Q (a) (a) How are the Qur’an and Hadiths used together in Islamic legal thinking? [J/2009]

CAIE Marking Scheme

This question is about the basis of legal thinking, in particular the primary sources. Answers could talk about how the two are
used together, with the Qur’an being the most important as it’s God’s word. Candidates should also be able to mention that the
Hadiths expand on the Qur’an, that they never disagree, but rather complement each other. Where the Qur’an gives a brief
teaching the Hadiths are referred to for fuller details; similarly where the Qur’an is silent on a point the Hadiths are referred to.
Used together they identify the main principles of morality and action. This is why they are the authority for the foundation of
legal matters. Excellent answers will give a detailed account of the link between the two sources, as well as any differences,
how they are used and their importance to the Islamic legal system.
Structure of Answer
 Para 1 (Introduction) Para 2 (How they work together) Para 3 (Examples)
 Definitions.  Hadith elaborates Quran.  Examples.
 Reference.  Hadith becomes main source when
Quran is silent.

Answer
 Quran is word of God revealed to Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
 It is authority in Islamic law as it can establish laws independently without any assistance from other 3 sources
and other sources can never question or contradict Holy Quran.
 Quran lays the foundation of legal rulings and other 3 sources build structure on that building. This highlights
that how important Quran’s role is in legal structure of Islam. This example explains one more thing that laws
established by Quran only, will be very few. Same as foundation remains hidden but plays vital role in
sustainability of building.
 It inspires and works jointly with other 3 sources to form legal structure of Islam.
 Ref: “O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. And
if you disagree over anything, refer it to Allah and the Messenger…” [04:59]
This verse proves that Quran (word of Allah) is first and final authority in legal thinking.
 Hadith are quotations, actions and silent approvals of Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). As he was sent as the
living example of Quranic teachings and inspiration for humanity, therefore, his words, actions and silent
approvals play vital role in establishing Islamic laws.
 Hadith is the second primary source of law and authority after Holy Quran.
 Ref: “He who obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah…” [04:80]
 Quran and Hadith are closely linked with each other in working out Islamic legal structure. As mentioned above,
Quran was supposed to be brief and precise so it can be preserved and memorized easily. But Prophet (PBUH)
words elaborate the verses of Quran and his actions (Sunnah) visualize the implementation of the concepts
discussed in Quran. Therefore, Hadith elaborates what Quran states in brief.
 Hadith fills the gaps left by Quran and become main source of law when Quran is silent about something. Such
as punishment for adultery or daily habits, routines and morals.
 Hadith is the most authentic source of understanding of Mutashabeh verses of Holy Quran which ultimately
affect the legal thinking. It would have been nearly impossible to understand difficult verses of Quran without
Hadith and it would have dented the legal structure of Islam.
 As Quran just mentions the beginning part of Isra and does not talk about Mairaj. Hadith then elaborated
the details about Mairaj.
 As mentioned above, that source of Quran and Hadith is same as Quran is direct word of God and Hadith is word
of Prophet (PBUH) but inspired and approved by God. This eradicates the possibility of any contradiction
between them and they always agree to each other.
 Example 1: Quran Just states a brief order about Prayer:
 “And establish prayer…” [02:43]
 Then Hadith describes the number of Prayers, Number of Rak’ats, Conditions and other pattern. Prophet (PBUH)
says:
 “Offer Prayer as you see me offering it”
 Example 2: Quran just states a brief order about Almsgiving (Zakat):
 “…and give Zakat…” [02:43]
 And in another verse Quran mentions recipients of Zakaat. Then Hadith clarifies other things such as duration,
ratio and Nisab (eligibility criteria).
 Example 3: Allah says about rules of interest:
 “…Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest…” [02:275]
 Then Hadith describes the meaning of interest in details. Prophet (PBUH) said:
  “Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, hand to hand and equal in amount.
Whoever demands more or receives more, indulges interest.”
 Example 4: Allah says about Hajj:
 “…And [due] to Allah from the people is a pilgrimage to the House - for whoever is able to find thereto a
way…” [03:97]
 Then Hadith explains its further details as Prophet (PBUH) said:
 “Hajj is halting at Arafat.

Ijma and its collaboration with Quran

Q (a) Define Ijma, mention its kinds and describe How and in what circumstances is it used in Islamic legal
thinking alongside Quran. [10] [J/2001][N/2007]

CAIE Marking Scheme

This is the agreement of the community on a legal matter. • It is recognized as the third source of Islamic law. • Some regard it
as the agreement of the Companions, others of the community of Madinah, others of legal experts (1 mark for one or two of
these, 2 marks for all three)
The Qur’an is the primary source of law. • Its teachings are extended by the Prophet’s Sunna. • In some circumstances the
Qur’an and Sunna do not offer guidance. • Here consensus is allowed. • Agreement on a matter by all relevant authorities (see
point 3 in (a) above) is looked for. • They will be guided by their knowledge of the other sources of law. (Allow 1 mark for
supporting quotations from the Qur’an or Hadith.)

Structure of Answer
Para 1 (Introduction and kinds) Para 2 (Working in legal structure)
 Definitions.  Quran and Hadith are primary sources.
 Ref: [04:59]  Ijma is used when they are silent or unclear.
 Kinds of Ijma.  Examples.

Answer
 The literal meaning of Ijma is ‘unanimity’ ‘collecting’ and ‘gathering’.
 Ijma (Consensus) is third source of Islamic law and it refers to “Consensus of Companions, successors and
Islamic scholars about issues where primary sources are silent”
 “O you, who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you…”
[04:59]
 Prophet (PBUH) also highlighted the importance and significance of Ijma and said:
 “My community will never agree upon an error”
 As it is clear from the definition that it is applicable after the demise of Holy Prophet (PBUH).
 Ijma can be divided into 2 kinds. ‘General Consensus’ and ‘Legal Consensus’.
 General Consensus refers to consensus of Muslims regarding beliefs such as Quran is Book of Allah, guarded by
Allah, the Booklet of Quran we have is same as 1400 year old one.
 2nd kind of Ijma is ‘Legal Consensus’ which is related to legal matters and used when Primary sources Quran and
Hadith are silent or unclear about something.
 ‘Legal Consensus’ can further can be further divided into 2 types: ‘Explicit Consensus’ and ‘Silent Consensus’
 ‘Explicit Consensus’ is one in which the legal opinions of all the jurists of one period is same, and each of them
states his opinion explicitly.
 Silent Ijma takes place when some mujtahid issue a verdict on a legal issue and the rest of the mujtahids come
to know of it during the same period, but they keep silent, neither acknowledge it nor refuse it expressly.
 Quran and Hadith are primary sources of Islamic law. Quran being the word of God and Hadith being the
 word/actions of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) inspired by God are the basis of legal thinking in Islam.
 But Quran was meant to be kept short and precise and same way Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) being a human
being who lived for 63 years could not give solution of every minor problem of every era. Therefore, sometimes
primary sources do not give clear and direct instructions about some issues and this is the time when Ijma is
consulted.
 This does not mean that some companions or a group of jurists can makeup laws on the basis of their own
logics. Firstly, they have to be well acquainted with basis of religion and in depth knowledge of all components
of Islam. Secondly, they are bound to take inspiration from primary sources so the consensus they make will be
upon the principles described in Quran.
 Example 1: When issue of compilation of Quran in a single booklet arose, there were no clear instructions about
compiling it or not in Quran or Hadith; even Abu Bakr (RA) opposed this idea at first as it was not done or
ordered by Prophet (PBUH). But later when being persuaded by Umar (RA) and other companions he asked for
companions’ opinion and it was decided by a major consensus that Quran should be compiled in booklet form.
 Example 2: Quran states that father will get his share from inheritance if son dies. This is proved by this verse:
 “Prescribed for you when death approaches [any] one of you if he leaves wealth [is that he should make] a
bequest for the parents and near relatives…” [02:180]
 But this verse was silent about grandfather so scholars made a consensus that if father is also not there,
inheritance will be transferred to grandfather.
 Consensus should never contradict the basic teachings of Quran and Hadith.

Q (b) Define the eligibility criteria for Jurists who are entitled to make consensus. [04]

Answer
 There is a strict eligibility criterion for those Jurists who will be allowed to perform Ijma. Some conditions are:
 Jurist has to be an adult male, Muslim, wise, pious and trustworthy person.
 Jurist must have knowledge of all sources of Islamic law specially must have ability to interpret Quran and
Sunnah.
 Jurist must have ability to differentiate between false and authentic Hadiths.
 Jurist must have knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence (Shariah).
 Jurist must have command on all components of Arabic language.

Q (b) How is the use of ijma’ (consensus) important to Muslims today? [04][J/2011][N/2012]

CAIE Marking Scheme

Good answers here will be able to mention briefly what ijma’ is – consensus of opinion of scholars, and go on to talk about how
this is important for Muslims today. Candidates could mention that there are circumstances in which the Qur’an and sunnah do
not give definitive answers and so new rulings are required, however, ordinary Muslims now are not well versed enough in the
Qur’an and sunnah, and so rulings made by reliable scholars allow them to continue following the principles of Islam. They could
also mention that Islamic rulings depend on the unity of Muslims so there has to be agreement with the scholars. Best answers
may include relevant examples to show how ijma’ could have an impact in Muslims’ lives.
Answer
 Ijma is consensus of opinion regarding something about which Quran and Hadith are silent or unclear. Ijma plays
vital role in understanding some verses of Quran and Hadith of Prophet (PBUH) which have double or unclear
meanings. Such as Quran mentions inheritance for father, Ijma added grandfather too or marrying daughter and
mother is forbidden according to Quran, Ijma added Grandmother and Granddaughter.
 Islam wants believers to brothers and hold uniformity in everything especially in principles they practice. Ijma
ensures that Muslims around the world follow the same rules and principles despite their different regions,
nations and cultures.
 Ijma has great impact on Muslims’ lives and it is the reason why Islam is called a universal religion. Ijma makes
 sure that Muslim jurists never find themselves trapped in dead end, but there will always be a way out in shape
of Ijma which will solve matters unanswered in primary sources.

Q (b) ‘My community will never agree upon an error’. In your opinion why is this Hadith important for the
practice of consensus (Ijma)? [4]

CAIE Marking Scheme

The focus of the answer needs to be on stating the candidate’s views on the importance of the Hadith given in the question for
the practice of ijma. It could be said that the Hadith gives legitimacy to the practice of Ijma whereas another viewpoint could be
that when a group of scholars well versed in the teachings of the Qur’an and Hadith reach a decision in the light of the primary
sources of Islamic law their chances of reaching a wrong decision are rare. Some strong candidates could develop the answer
even further by saying that ijma of one generation can be revised by another which helps to keep Sharia laws in tune with the
times. All valid answers are to be credited.
Answer
 Firstly, this Hadith states the legitimacy of Ijma as third source of Islamic law and motivates Muslims to use
consensus when primary sources do not provide clear guidance. Even Quran also highlights the importance of
Ijma:
 “…and consult them in the matter. And when you have decided, then rely upon Allah. Indeed, Allah loves
those who rely.” [03:159]
 Secondly, this Hadith states that when a group of Scholars/jurists well versed with Quran and Hadith and
fulfilling other criteria will make consensus, chances of error will be rare. This makes Ijma as very important and
vital tool for working out laws after Prophet’s (PBUH) demise.
 Deeper meaning of this Hadith is that there can be different social, psychological and regional needs for
different times. Ijma made by one generation can be revised by generations to come to keep Shariah laws in
tune with the times and gradual development of human intellect.

Qiyas and its collaboration with Quran

Q (a) Define Qiyas, mention its elements and describe How and in what circumstances is it used in Islamic
legal thinking alongside Quran. [10]

Structure of Answer
Para 1 (Introduction and elements) Para 2 (Working in legal structure)
 Definitions.  Quran and Hadith are primary sources.
 Ref  Qiyas is used when they are silent or unclear and even
 Kinds of Ijma. Ijma does not provide solution.
 Examples.

Answer
 The literal meaning of Qiyas is ‘To measure’ and ‘to equalize’.
 Qiyas (Analogy) is application of a clear ruling to a new issue about which Quran and Hadith are silent or
unclear. Qiyas does not require consensus which is why there is no need of a group or collective opinion,
individual opinions of Jurists (Legal Scholars) will be acknowledged.
 When Maaz bin Jabal (RA) was appointed the governor of Yemen, Prophet (PBUH) asked some questions to
check his vision regarding solution of legal matters and other problems. He mentioned Quran and Hadith,
Prophet (PBUH) then asked: “What if you do not find it there?” Maaz replied: “I will then use my own logic”.
Prophet (PBUH) got so happy and approved his stance.
 But Qiyas does not mean uncontrolled and free use of own logic and human intellect but it needs to be
supervised by primary sources. Therefore, it has some elements that are used in the process of Ijtihad.
 Asl: (Original Issue) the verse of Quran or Sunnah/Hadith of Prophet (PBUH) from where original ruling is taken.
 Far’a: (New Issue) the new problem which is not clearly mentioned in Quran and Sunnah.
 Illah: (Reason) the Common reason between Asl and Far’a.
After using all these 3 elements the result that is produced in shape of new ruling is called:
 Hukm: (New order)
 Jurists who will be eligible to perform Qiyas will have to fulfil the same criteria described for Qiyas. Actually, the
jurist performing Qiyas has to be better versed with fundamentals of Islam and his vision has to be superior to
the ones performing Ijma. Because Jurist performing Qiyas does not have a group who could rectify or shape up
his opinion and his opinion is going to impact a lot of lives. Therefore, some Muslims object on it as it involves
human intellect which is not free from error.
 Quran and Hadith are primary sources of Islamic law. Quran being the word of God and Hadith being the
word/actions of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) inspired by God are the basis of legal thinking in Islam.
 But Quran was meant to be kept short and precise and same way Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) being a human
being who lived for 63 years could not give solution of every minor problem of every era. Therefore, sometimes
primary sources do not give clear and direct instructions about some issues and this is the time when Ijma is
consulted.
 But there are times when even Ijma fails to solve the problem, then comes Qiyas to rescue and makes sure that
jurists do not find themselves in dead end. Jurist finds the solution of new problem in the light of Quran and
Sunnah by comparing new and unknown situation to the established and known situation.
 Ruling given by Analogy (Qiyas) has to be synced with the basic teachings of Quran and Hadith.
 Example: Quran states about intoxicants:
 “O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, [sacrificing on] stone alters, and divining arrows
are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful.” [05:90]
But there is no clear ruling regarding new drugs such as cocaine, heroin and other powdered drugs. Jurist will
find the similarity (Illah) between Asl (original ruling) and Far’a (new issue) and give a new Hukm (new order).
 Asl: Alcohol is Haram according to Quran.
 Far’a: What would be the status of Cocaine and other new drugs?
 Illah: Being intoxicant.
 Hukm: Cocaine and other new drugs will also be Haram.
 Another Example: Quran declares that selling something is forbidden after Friday Azaan:
 “O you who have believed, when [the adhan] is called for the prayer on the day of Jumu'ah [Friday], then
proceed to the remembrance of Allah and leave trade. That is better for you, if you only knew.” [62:09]
But this verse does not mention anything about buying stuff. Jurist found a common reason (illah) that is
possibility of missing Friday prayer. So, they gave a new ruling that buying will also be forbidden.
 Asl: Selling something is not permissible after Friday Azan according to verse 62:09 of Holy Quran.
 Far’a: what would be the ruling about buying stuff in the same period of time?
 Illah: remaining busy in trade (buying and selling both) may lead to missing Friday Prayer.
 Hukm: Buying transactions will also be prohibited.

Q (b) Why do some legal scholars reject the use of analogy (qiyas)? [J/2009]

Q (b) Some Muslim scholars have questioned the use of analogy (qiyas) in Islamic law. Why do you think they
have done so? [N/2015]

CAIE Marking Scheme

Candidates should not just describe what qiyas is but focus their answer on why some Muslim scholars have questioned the use
of qiyas. They could possibly say that identifying the ‘illa (cause) as the link between asl (root/fundamental teaching) and far’
(branch/new matter in question) can depend on the insight and ingenuity of the individual expert, as he identifies the link, other
experts may disagree with him and there may be major divergences of opinion, especially if some see one link ‘illa, between the
asl and the far’, and some see another and say that this is a major reason why Muslim scholars question the use of qiyas.
Candidates could give an example to explain this point though it is not necessary to get to the top level. Shi’i Muslims have
expressed more unease with the use of qiyas than many Sunnis, because qiyas can be subjective and in its place accept the use
of aql/reason which is the judgment of the legal expert on the basis of the Qur’an, sunna, and consensus. Shi’is have always
agreed that the duty of the expert is to keep to the way set by the Imams in making decisions. It is possible to reach the top
mark by giving either the Sunni or the Shi’i view. It is the clarity in the answer which will gain the higher levels.
Answer
 Their main objection is that Qiyas is not a divine source like Quran and Hadith, even Ijma that is done in the light
of Quran and Sunnah has almost no possibility of error as described by Prophet (PBUH). But the case of Qiyas is
different and it is not reliable (according to those who object)
 Another objection is that Qiyas solely depend upon human intellect which cannot be relied upon in legal
thinking. They believe that process of finding Illah common reason between original and new issue is carried out
by individuals and most of the time different people reach different conclusions which proves that Qiyas cannot
produce sufficient results.
 They also say that difference of opinions in Qiyas leads to further divide and confusion among Muslim Ummah
and affects the unity of Muslims. Therefore, Qiyas cannot be a reliable source in legal thinking.
 For instance: scholars’ opinions are still divided about organ donation, status of picture/videos, Music and
other issues.
Q (b) Do you think that both ijma’ and qiyas are equally important for solving present day issues? Give
reasons for your answer. [04][J/2016]

CAIE Marking Scheme

Candidates could say that yes, they are both equally important because, e.g. they are sources that have been used by previous
generations and give answers for different problems, or that one may not resolve all new issues so the other source is needed
too. Candidates could also say no, one is more important than the other, and have to give reason(s) as to why they say that.
Answer
 Although, Ijma has its own importance as it is even recommended by Prophet (PBUH) when he said:
 “My community will never agree upon an error”
 But in present day, Qiyas is more important in solving new problems that rising with the passage of time and
cultural and psychological development of human beings.
 Lack of unity among Muslims and their division among different sects has ended the possibility of whole
community agreeing on one point. This gives Qiyas edge over Ijma as different group can use Qiyas according to
their interpretations and learn to tolerate others’ opinion.
 The size of Muslim community has reached 1.6 billion people approximately and they are scattered in every
corner of the world. Their cultural, psychological, regional and emotional needs might differ and reaching to one
conclusion in answer of a universal problem might not be that much beneficial. For instance Problems of
Muslims living in west can be better understood and solved by scholars living there, while Middle Eastern
Muslims might have different perspective about it. Qiyas ensures that Islam fulfils the need of every Muslim
living in every corner of the world and they learn to coexist with difference of opnions.

Q (b) What are the differences between Ijma and Qiyas? [04]

Answer
Ijma Qiyas
rd th
 3 source of Islamic law.  4 source of Islamic law.
 Unanimous agreement of Muslims regarding issues
where Quran and Hadith are silent or unclear.
 Requires a group or whole Muslim community.
 Needs consensus and one opinion.
 Applying an established ruling to solve a new
problem that is not catered in Quran and Hadith
because of similarity (illah).
 Can be done by an individual jurist.
 Qiyas can cater 2 or more opinions about a single
issue.

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