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STATISTICS IN
NURSING
RESEARCH
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DEFINITION
▫ Statistics is the science of making effective use of numerical data
which is related to collection, analysis and interpretation of data.
Statistics is the study of how to collect, organizes, analyze, and
Interpret data.
IMPORTANCE
• Statistics plays a vitally important role in the research.
• It help to answer important research questions and field in study.
• Helps you understand how to apply statistical method
• Important to understand what tools are suitable for a particular
research study.
• Statistics enables to understand specified statistical concepts
and procedures.
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TYPES OF STATISTICS
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FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
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1. Histograms: A histogram is
constructed by drawing bars
2. Polygons: polygons
use dots connected by straight lines
to show frequencies.
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Conti..
3. Symmetric distribution (Normal )
It consist of two halves that are mirror images of
one another.
A distribution with the modal peak off to one side or the other is
described as skewed. The word skew literally means "slanted."
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5. Unimodal distribution
It has only one peak or high point
• (i.e., a value with small / high frequency),
6. Multimodal distribution
It has two or more peaks
(i.e., values of high frequency).
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CENTRAL TENDENCY
It is a statistical measure that identifies a single scor
e as representative for an entire distribution or group.
1. Mean
• The mean (or average) is adding all the numbers and then
divided by the number of observations in the data set.
Example: 3,4,5,6,7
▫ 3+4+5+6+7= 25, 25 N=5 The mean = 5
Exercise 1.
What is the average of these numbers?
567, 432, 902, 693, 356, 996
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2. Mode
The mode in a set of data is the number that occurs
the most. E.g 25 10 10 25 5 10 25 10 5
Exercise 2: Find the mode of these numbers.
100 95 100 90 75 100 85 95
3. Median
The median is a set of data , which is the middle
number. Also arrange all the data from lowest to highest and
then take the middle number.
E.g : odd : 3, 5, 8, 10, 11 median=8
even: 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 median=(4+5)/2=4.5
Exercise 3: Find the median
1. 67 34 85 33 84 & 2. 12 14 16 18
19 20
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VARIABILITY (Disperson)
Variability provides a quantitative measure of the degree t
o which scores in a distribution are spread out or clustered
together.
If data has two distributions (Bivariante) with the same
mean known as variability and have different shapes.
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Range
It is the difference between the lowest and highest
number in the set.
Range = Xhighest – Xlowest
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STANDARD DEVIATION
• VARIANCE
▫ The variance is simply the value of the standard
deviation before a square root has been taken
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CORRELATION
Correlation is a measure of association between two
variables. Correlations can be graphed on scatter plot or
scatter diagram
Scatter plot: It involves making a rectangular
coordinate graph with the two variables laid out at right
angles. plot (dots) are shown to help identify subjects.
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Positive Correlations : If the dots begins at the lower left corner and
extends to the upper right corner, the relationship is positive .
Correlations fall between .00 and 1.00 are positive
Negative Correlations: Dots from the upper left corner to the lower
right corner, the relationship is Negative. Correlations that fall
between .00 and 1.00 are negative,
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Pearson’s
Calculation…..
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INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
• Inferential statistics is a statistical method used to infer result s
of sample (statistic) to population (parameter).
It is a process of inductive reasoning based on the mathematical
theory of probability
- (Fowler, J., Jarvis, P. -2002).
• Component of inferential statistics.
▫ Hypothesis testing
▫ Estimation
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Type I error ()
Accepting the experimental hypothesis when the null hypothesis
is true
Type II error ()
Accepting the null hypothesis when the experimental hypothesis
is true
Errors
Reject H0 Don't reject H0
Truth
H1 Right decision Type II Error
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Hypothesis testing
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ESTIMATION
Forms:
Point estimation : Point estimation involves calculating a
single statistic to estimate the population parameter.
Point estimates convey no information about accuracy
Interval estimation : it indicates a range of values within
which the parameter has a specified probability of lying
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STATISTICAL TESTS
1. Parametric Tests
A parametric test is one which specifies certain conditions
about the parameter of the population from which a sample is taken.
E.g t-test, and F-test (ANOVA)
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Example:
Maternity patients on perceived maternal competence. We
administer a scale of perceived maternal competence at
discharge to 10 primiparas who remained in the hospital 48 to
72 hours (group A, regular discharge) and to 10 primiparas
discharged less than 48 hours after delivery (group B, early
discharge). The mean scale scores for these two groups are
25.0 and 19.0,
Degrees of freedom :
df = [(10 + 10) - 2] = 18
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Calculation…….
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Types
One way Anova, two way ANOVA, multifactor ANOVA
Calculation…..
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TYPES of ANOVA
• One-way ANOVA
▫ It is used with one independent variable and one dependent variable).
• Two-way ANOVA or Factorial Analysis of Variance
▫ Factorial analysis of variance permits the investigator to analyze the
effects of two or more independent variables on the dependent
variable.
• Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
▫ It is an inferential statistical test that enables investigators t adjusts
statistically for group differences that may interfere with obtaining
results that relate specifically to the effects of the independent
variable(s) on the dependent variable(s).
• Multivariate Analysis
▫ Multivariate analysis refers to a group of inferential statistical tests that
enable the investigator to examine multiple variables simultaneously.
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Thank You