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. Annealing

Annealing means softening. This is done by heating

S

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the metal to high temperature, followed by slow cooling in
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a furnace.
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Purpos of
annealing

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increases the machinability.
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It
)It also removes the imprisoned gases.
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of annealing
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Types
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Annealing can be done in two ways
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Low temperature annealing (or) process annealing.
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High temperature annealing (or) full annealing.
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) Low temperaure annealing (r) process annealing
It involves in heating steel to a temperature below the
lower critical temperature followed by slow cooling.
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Purpose SW
N

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A

improves machinability by relieving the internal

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1.It

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stresses or internal strains.
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shock-resistance.
2. It increases ductility and
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3. It reduces hardness. @

(or) full-annealing
() High temperature annealing
heating steel to a temperature about 30
S

in
ER

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..It involves
critical temperature and holding
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SW

to 50° C above the higher

sufficien time to allow the internal
N

temperature for
A

it at that temperature
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then cooled to room

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changes to take place and

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approximate annealin temperatures of various

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The
steel are
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grades of carbon
@

steel = 840 870° C

1. mild
medium-carbon steel= 780- 840° C
2 2.
S

= 760-780° C- I
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Engineering Chemis
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mistry
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Purpose
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1 It increases the ductility and machinability.

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2. It makes the steel softer, together with
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an
appreciable increase in its toughness.
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2. Hardening (or) Quenching
S

S
ER

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ER
It is the process of heating steel beyond the critical
SW

SW

temperature and then suddenly cooling it either SW

N

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A

in oil or
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brine-water or some other fluid. Hardening increases

E
the
7R

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hardness of steel. The faster the rate of cooling,
01

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01
harder will
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be the steel produced. Medium and high-carbon steels
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can
be hardened, but low-carbon steels cannot
@

be hardened. @

Purpose
S

S
ER

ER

ER

1. It increases its resistance to wear,

SW

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SW

ability to cut other

metals and strength,
N

but steel becomes extra brittle.

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2.
E

It increases abrasion-resistance, so
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that it.can be used

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for making cutting tools.

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Normalising
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4.
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E
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It is the process of heating steel to a definite
01

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01
E2

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E2
temperature (above its higher critical temperature) and
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@

@
allowing it to cool gradually in air.

Purpose
S

S
ER

ER

ER
1. It recovers the homogeneity of the steel structure.
SW

SW

SW
2.It refines grains.
N

N
'
A

A
EG

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EG

It removes the internal stresses.

E
3.
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01

01

01
4. It increases the toughness.
E2

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E2
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EE
5. Normalised steel is suitable for the use in engineering
@

@
works.
Anormalised steel will not be as soft as
an annealed
iah of the same material. AISO normalising takes
S

much lesser
ER

ER

ER

time than annealing process.

SW

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E
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Common to all branches

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G