Q What is weather and climate?

Ans: Daily atmospheric condition of an area is called weather. 30 years of

average weather conditions of an area is called climate.
Topic: Monsoon Winds.
Q Explain why the monsoon winds develop? (4)
Ans: During summer low air pressure is developed over Pakistan. While high air
pressure prevails over sea (Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea) so
moist (humid / wet) wind from Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea blow towards
land to fulfill the low air pressure. Wind from Indian Ocean reaches Pakistan
after crossing India called primary monsoon. Monsoon winds from Arabian Sea
are called secondary Monsoon which causes less rain. These winds cause rain
from July to September. The amount of rain decreases from northern area to
Southern areas.
Q Explain the importance of the arrival of the monsoon to people who live and
work in urban areas. (4) J 2011
Ans: Benefits: Climate became pleasant provide better living and working
conditions. Reduce air pollution and dust from the atmosphere. Provide water
for drinking, gardens and live stock.
Problems: May cause flooding, harms property. People cannot reach working
place due to heavy rain so decreases production of country.
Q Three types of rain is experienced in Pakistan monsoon, depression and
convection. (I) explain why rising air is needed to produce rain. (ii) For each of
three types explain how rising air is produced in Pakistan.
Ans: (I) Rising air is needed to produce rain because rising air cools at high
altitude and condensation take place. Clouds are formed and rain occurs.
(ii) Rising air is produced in three ways in Pakistan. Firstly summer monsoon
winds rise up along the northern hills and mountains. Secondly rising air occurs
in depression which is low air pressure cloud system. Air rises due to low air
pressure in depressions and clouds forms due to condensation. Thirdly warm
air rises because of convection. Heated land warm-up the air and it rises up,
cooling high altitude causes, condensation take place and clouds are formed.
This causes thunder storm and rainfall.
Q In the Indus plain the summer rainfall is not always reliable. What problems
are caused (I) if the rainfall arrives earlier. (ii) If the rainfall arrives late. (iii) If
amount of rain varies considerably from one year to another? J2002 (6)
Ans: (I) early arrival of monsoon means prolonged rainy season may cause
floods. Harvesting of Rabi crops may be affected. The sowing of Kharif crops
may be affected. (ii) Late arrival of summer rain means less than usual rain will
create drought conditions. It will badly affect crops in barani areas.
(iii) If amount of rain varies then farmer will be unable to plan sowing of crops
which depend upon rain. Irrigation method will be needed in case of low rain
and excessive rain can after sowing may damage young plants.
Topic: Western depression.
Q Explain why western depression causes rainfall during winter. (4) N2000.
Ans: The western areas receive rain in winter from western depression. These
depressions are low air pressure system developed on Mediterranean passes
through Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan and enter Pakistan causes rain in
Pakistan from December to March. Since Pakistan is at tail end brings light rain.
The amount of rain decreases from north to south of Pakistan and From West
to East.
Q Name the areas which receive high rain in both summer and winter.
Ans: Murree, Rawilpindi and Jhelum in northern Punjab. Peshawar in KPK
Quetta in Balochistan.
Q Why western depression are more useful for agriculture than monsoon?
Ans: Monsoon rainfall varies in timing, amount and distribution occurs in heavy
showers so it is absorbed in soil and mostly water is drains off. Vapor-
transpiration rate is high in summer. While rain due to western depression
occur in light shower absorbed by soil. Evapo-transpiration rate is low in
winter. Western depression is useful for Rabbi Crops. Monsoon is useful if
water is stored in dams and barrages.
Q What are advantages and disadvantages of winter rainfall in northern areas?
(6) J2011.
Ans: Advantages: Winter rainfall provides water in rivers and fills reservoirs.
Provide water for irrigation and hydro-electricity production. Water became
available for Rabi crops. Winter rain is in light shower so absorbed in soil.
Snowfall increases tourism. Later melting of this snow provides water in rivers
on melting.
Problems: Mostly snow falls in winter, rivers and lakes are frozen, temperature
is too cold for growth of crops and plants may cause floods, land sliding, roads
are closed or became slippery. Farmers are forced to adopt transhumance way
of livestock.
Q Why does snowfall instead of rain in winter? (1)
Ans: Low climatic temperature and high altitude of northern mountains and
western mountains are the main reason.
Q Name three climatic hazards which may occur in Pakistan. (3)
Ans: Floods, drafts, dust storms and thunder storms.
Topic: Cyclones.
Q Which name is given to the very violent storms which occasionally hit the
coastal areas of Pakistan?
Ans: Cyclones.
Q Which areas are affected by tropical cyclones? (2)
Ans: Coasts of Sindh and Balochistan.
Q What effect do cyclones may have on the economy and lives of the people
who live in the coastal areas? (5)
Ans: Cyclones are low pressure system with heavy rain and strong winds.
Strong winds create high sea waves which cover large coastal area with sea
water. Flooding may cause in several areas. Crops are destroyed, animals are
drowned, communication is disrupted, many human lives are lost, power cuts
off, people have to be evacuated, and industry may close down in these
conditions. Mud houses are destroyed. Lightening can also damage property.
Thunders storms:
Q In which part of the year thunder storm are experienced?
Ans: Thunder storms are experienced in April to June, and in the month of
October and November.
Q Which part of Pakistan experience thunder storm?
Ans: Only northern and north-western part of Pakistan experience thunder
storms. Ie Rawalpindi and Peshawar.
Q Explain the advantages and disadvantages of thunderstorm.
Ans: Advantages: Supply water, reservoirs are filled with water and increase
hydro-electricity production.
Disadvantages: May cause floods which damage and block roads. High winds
damage buildings and trees. Loss of power supply reduces production, disrupt
flights and fishing activities. Soil erosion caused by rain effects roads and
railway lines.
Q What type of rainfall does Murree receives in May-June and Oct-November?
How does it form? (4)
Ans: Murree receives rain due to convectional rain in these months. The land is
heated which warms up the layers of air close to the surface. Warm air rises up
and cools to the surface. Warm air rises up and cools down at high altitude and
condensation take place. Clouds are formed and rain occurs (take place).
Convectional rainfall is accompanied by thunder and lightning. The rainfall is
small in amount. October and November are the driest months.
Q Why no convectional rain occurs in lower Indus plain?
Ans: A temperature inversion layer does not allow condensation to take place
at the high of 1600 meters as a result warm air descends and no rainfall occurs.
Q How relief rainfall occurs (take place) in hilly areas?
Ans: Moist wind is blocked by mountain so air moves up and cooled down
cause's condensation and rainfall occurs on wind ward side. On the other side
of the mountain called leeward no rain occurs because as wind crosses the
mountain its altitude decreases and it warms down. Leeward side is called rain
shadow area.
Q Explain why Peshawar receives a higher annual rainfall than Quetta. (4)
N2000.
Ans: Quetta receives rainfall mainly in winter from western depression. Quetta
does not get rain from the summer monsoon winds. Peshawar is a rain fed
area and gets western depression rain in winter and also receives rain from
monsoon in summer. Peshawar is located at higher altitude than Quetta so
moist winds easily reach their.
Q Explain why Sialkot has over 250 mm of rain in July and August? (4) J2002
Ans: The summer monsoon blow with full strength in July and August.
Monsoon originates from the Bay of Bengal and enters Pakistan after crossing
India. Sialkot is located near foothill of Sub-Himalayas on the eastern most side
so receives good rainfall from monsoon.
Q Why Hyderabad receives less rain than Sialkot in July-August?
Ans: Hyderabad is located in the south of Pakistan and receives secondary
monsoon from Arabian Sea with less moisture. There is no mountain range
across monsoon winds to make wind rise up so condensation cannot take
place. While Sialkot is in northern Punjab at foot hill of Sub-Himalayan range
receives primary monsoon. Sialkot receives some rain due to convectional rain
while Hyderabad receives no convectional rain due to temperature inversion
layer.
Q Why Jacobabad is known as thermal pole of the subcontinent?
Ans: In summer maximum temperature reaches 53 C due to continental effect
and shortage of rainfall. Jacobabad is out of range of western depression and
monsoon winds are blocked by Suleiman range and Kirther range. No
convectional rain occurs due to temperature inversion layer.
Topic: Climatic factors.
Q State the main factors which influence climate of Pakistan.
Ans: Following are factors affecting climate of Pakistan.
(1) Latitude or distance from the equator which means that as we go
northward temperature will decrease. (2) Distance from sea means places
away from the sea are hot in summer and cool in winter. (3) Altitude or height
above sea level means temperature decreases with height. Mountainous areas
are cooler than plain areas. (4) In Pakistan summer monsoon rain and in winter
western depression brings rain.
Q Three types of storm which occur in Pakistan are thunder storms, dust
storms and snow storm. State location of an area where it is most likely to
occur.
Ans: (I) Thunder storm usually occurs in northern hilly regions and northern
Punjab. (2) Dust storm common in region adjoining deserts such as lower
Punjab, Upper Sindh and parts of Balochistan. (3) Snowfall is common in
northern High Mountain over 6000 meters.
(ii) State time of year when thunder storms, dust storms and snow storms are
most likely to occur.
Ans: (1) Thunder storm occurs in April-June and October-November. (2) Snow
storm occurs in winter season from December to March. (3) Thunder storm
occurs due to excessive heating and convection. Air close to land is heated up
and become light and rises up. Rising air forms clouds due to condensation and
thunder storm is formed.
Q Explain why dust storms and snow storm take place at time of year in the
area you have mentioned?
Ans: (1) Dust storm which creates due to low air pressure. Strong wind blow
surrounding to fill vacuum and pick up sand and dust with them so dust storm
is created. (2) Snow storm develops in high mountain regions in winter due to
low temperature precipitation is in the form of snow, if accompanied by strong
wind snow storm is formed.
Q Describe the characteristics of winter climate in northern areas. (3) J2000
Ans: The northern areas experience low temperature because of height which
varies in altitude. Winter is long and cold with temperature below 5 C
depending upon altitude (height). Valley bottoms are comparatively warm.
Mountain range is permanently covered with snow. In general at an altitude of
5000 meters the temperature remains below freezing point throughout the
year. Rain and snow in winter is due to western depression. Rainfall decreases
from west to east and north to south.
Topic: Effects of climate on life and economic activities.
Q In what ways does the winter climate make life difficult for people who live
in mountain areas?
Ans: snow covers ground so farming cannot be done, nothing grows so
shortage of food and fodder is created. Water freeze so fishing is difficult,
shortage of drinking water is created. Roads are blocked; power and telephone
lines may cutoff. No tourism is practiced because less income, air service is
restricted due to fog. Damage to buildings may cause due to land sliding and
avalanches. Pipes are damaged due to frozen water. Indoor activities are done
so heating of houses are needed.
Q Describe the characteristics of the summer climate of Thar Desert affect the
way that area is used. (3)
Ans: In Thar Desert summer season is very hot and long. June is the hottest
month. Day time temperature in above 50 ° C. Nights are not so hot. Rainfall is
below 125mm annually mostly during monsoon. In south it is slightly higher
250 mm due to nearness to sea. Desert storms are common in summer.
Q Explain how summer climate of Thar Desert affect the way that area is used.
(3)
Ans: Due to high temperature and low rainfall crop growing is impossible.
Livestock rearing like sheep, goat, camel and cattle rearing is common.
Nomadic way of livestock is practiced, people move in search of water and
fodder. Evapo-transpiration is high. In southern part crops like millet, pulses
are cultivated when rainfall is suitable.
Q Describe an account for the main features of the climate experienced along
the coastal areas of Pakistan. (6)
Ans: Coastal areas of Pakistan receives moderate climate due to nearness to
the sea. Summer season is hot but not as interior Sindh. Summer is long and
highly humid. Mean June temperature is 31 C. Rajasthan winds brought hot
spells in early summer. Winter is mild, warm and shot. Occasionally Quetta
winds bring short spells of cold season. The western half of the coastal area
receives less rain than 125mm. Most of it falls in winter due to western
depression. Eastern half (Sindh coast) gets more rain than 250 mm which
mostly occurs during summer due to monsoon.
Topic: Floods.
Q Why do many rivers in Pakistan are flooded in July? (3)
Ans: In July the summer monsoon enters Pakistan and causes heavy rainfall
which increases flow of water in rivers. Melting of snow is higher due to rising
temperature may cause floods in rivers.
Q State an advantage of flood.
Ans: Flood water carry alluvial material which is spread over land affected by
flood increases fertility, dams and barrages are filled by water, flood water fills
inundation canals, recharge ground water and flourish fishing industry.
Q How floods can be controlled?
Ans: Dams and barrages can store water. Dykes and embankments along river
banks prevent overflow of water from rivers. Flood monitoring and early
warning system are developed. Diversion canals reduce pressure of floods.
River channel can be widened and forestation in northern areas.
Q How and why economy of an area be affected by flooding?
Ans: Standing crops and orchids are washed away, loss of food supply, farmers
are unable to use land until water is drained away, mud houses are damaged
and cattle is swept away, communication is disrupted, roads and bridges are
damaged, telephone and electricity services are affected. Railway track is
damaged. Mud and bricks roads become unusable. People are evacuated from
flood hit areas. Emergency food, shelter and medical aid is needed which is a
Burdon on economy. Funds are needed for rehabilitation and rebuilding.
Industries are closed down, exports are reduced and tax collections decline.
Topic: Droughts.
Q What are the causes of drought?
Ans: Lack of monsoon rain, dry and hot winds reduce moisture in soil,
deforestation reduce rainfall. Water is wasted due to mismanagement and
unlined canals, overgrazing of land reduces transpiration and rainfall. Global
climate changes have changing climate of Pakistan.
Q What are the effects of droughts?
Ans: Tharparkar in Sindh and parts of Balochistan are affected by drought.
People and livestock die due to shortage of water and hunger. Crops are
destroyed due to shortage of water. People migrate to other areas. Lot of
funds is needed to set up camps to provide food shelter. In drought conditions
soil dries and blow away by winds so crop cultivation is effected in future, bring
diseases, famine and death